Evans v. Palmeter

ON CIVIL PETITION TO TRANSFER GIVAN, Justice. In an opinion reported in 509 N.E.2d 1180 (1987), the Court of Appeals affirmed in part and reversed in part a decision of the trial court in which it sustained a motion for summary judgment in favor of Transport International Pool, Inc. and rendered judgment on a jury verdict in favor of appellee Lewis E. Palmeter. The Court of Appeals approved the granting of summary judgment in favor of Transport International Pool, Inc. but reversed the judgment in favor of Palmeter. In a dissenting opinion, Judge Conover concurred with the granting of summary judgment but dissented as to the reversal of the judgment in favor of Palmeter. We are in complete agreement with Judge Conover's dissent ing opinion. The facts are: Just prior to the accident in question, Kenneth Wyant was north bound on his motorcycle on State Highway 29. Lewis Palmeter, who was driving a tractor-trailer, had been following Wyant at a distance of about 60 feet for approximately 25 to 30 miles at an estimated speed of between 55 and 60 miles per hour. For an unknown reason, Wyant suddenly slowed his motorcycle but remained upon the travelled portion of the highway. Palmeter testified that at that moment he had glanced in his rear view mirror, and when he again focused on the motorcycle, the brake light was on and he was too close to avoid a collision. Wyant died as a result *317 of the collision. Tests showed that Palme-ter had a blood alcohol content of .025 percent. The Court of Appeals opinion reversed the jury verdict on the ground that Palmeter was negligent as a matter of law, citing various statistics as to how far an automobile will travel in a second at 60 miles per hour and from that they deduced appellant was following too closely as a matter of law. As observed by Judge Con-over, the Indiana Legislature has never seen fit to establish a safe following distance at any given speed as a matter of law. It has been the wisdom of the legislature to leave such matters to be determined by individual juries in individual factual situations. This is not too surprising in view of the fact that most jurors operate motor vehicles on our highways and are conversant with the manner in which traffic moves and the ability of drivers to control their vehicles under varying conditions. All of the facts above recited were fully presented to the jury. It was for them to determine whether or not Palmeter was in fact negligent in the manner in which he was operating his truck. This was purely a factual situation to be weighed. Although Ind.Code § 9-4-1-78(a) provides that "[t]he driver of a motor vehicle shall not follow another vehicle more closely than is reasonable and prudent," many cases starting with Opple, et al. v. Ray (1935), 208 Ind. 450, 195 N.E. 81, have held that although a driver has a duty to watch the traffic ahead of him, he is not necessarily chargeable with negligence should he collide with a vehicle ahead of him if it should stop suddenly and unexpectedly without signaling. In the case at bar, Palmeter had been following Wyant for over 25 miles on a clear and open road. It was within the province of the jury to determine whether, under the cireumstanc-es, Palmeter could have anticipated a sudden slowing of the motorcycle under such conditions. The fact that Palmeter stated that he had looked in his rear view mirror at the moment the motorcycle slowed did not bind the jury to find that Palmeter was negligent. Proper operation of a vehicle die-tates that the driver maintain vigilance to either side and to the rear as well as to the front as he proceeds down the highway. The jury was entitled to take this into consideration in fixing liability. The fact that Palmeter had tested .025 percent blood alcohol content immediately following the accident was again a matter for the jury to take into consideration, especially due to the fact that the legislature has established that " '[rlelevant evidence of intoxication' includes evidence that at the time of an alleged violation there was at least five hundredths per cent (0.05%), ... of alcohol in the person's blood." Ind.Code § 9-11-1-7.5 For there to be prima facie evidence of intoxication, there must be "ten hundredths percent (10%), or more, by weight of alcohol in the person's blood. Ind.Code § 9-11-1-7. In the case at bar, Palmeter's blood alcohol content was only half that required to establish even relevant evidence of intoxication and was only one-fourth that required to show prime facie evidence of intoxication. This again was a fact to be weighed by the jury to determine whether or not Palmeter was negligent. In rendering its decision, the Court of Appeals necessarily weighed the facts. In doing so they invaded the province of the jury. State v. Lovett (1970), 254 Ind. 27, 257 N.E.2d 298. The Court of Appeals also held it was error for the trial court to instruct the jury on "sudden emergency." Although, it is true, the evidence in this case fails to demonstrate a dramatic and obvious sudden emergency such as vehicles colliding in Palmeter's path, there was evidence from which the jury might determine that Palm-eter was suddenly faced with the unexpected slowing of a vehicle in his path. Again, Judge Conover correctly observed that the sudden emergency doctrine is an affirmative defense. It is a primary responsibility of the trial court to instruct the jury concerning that defense if there is any evidence to support its application. Stein v. Yung (1985), Ind.App., 475 N.E.2d 52, trans. denied. We hold this record con *318 tains sufficient evidence to justify the trial court in giving the sudden emergency instruction. It was for the jury to apply that instruction to the facts before it. The opinion of the Court of Appeals is set aside and the trial court is affirmed. SHEPARD, C.J., and PIVARNIK, J., concur. DeBRULER and DICKSON, JJ., dissent without separate opinion.