Stanton v. Lloyd Hammond Produce Farms

R. M. Maher, J. Plaintiff claimed wage benefits and medical expenses after being injured while employed by defendant Hammond Produce Farms. In a three to two decision, the Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board ordered payment of medical expenses but not wage benefits. Plaintiff appeals by leave. Plaintiff drove a truck for defendant, delivering produce to cities in Southern Michigan and Indiana. His wages depended upon the amount of produce he delivered. On March 1, 1972, while returning from a delivery in Detroit to defendant’s farm in East Lansing, plaintiff’s truck hit a patch of ice. It rolled over and left the road, temporarily pinning defendant inside. A hearing was held in March, 1973. The referee awarded wage benefits from March 2, 1972. to May *281 4, 1972, and medical expenses. The appeal board, deciding against retroactive application of Gallegos v Glaser Crandell Co, 388 Mich 654; 202 NW2d 786 (1972), reversed the award of wage benefits. The board agreed with the referee that plaintiffs injuries arose out of and in the course of his employment and affirmed the award of. medical expenses. Defendants challenge that plaintiff’s injuries are, in any way, compensable. Plaintiff admitted that when the accident happened, he was on his way to his sister’s home to tell his brother-in-law that he would need a ride home from the farm. Plaintiff testified that he had worked too late the night before the accident to return to his sister’s, where he was staying, and that her phone had been out of order for some time. To reach his sister’s, plaintiff turned off 1-96 at M-52 and proceeded northward. He intended to turn from M-52 to M-78, but the accident happened on M-52 before he reached its intersection with M-78. The usual route taken to reach the farm from Detroit was to continue on 1-96 past M-52. The route taken by plaintiff would have added less than 10 miles to the total trip, but defendant claims the deviation took plaintiff out of the course of employment. Defendant correctly points out that, since there is no indication that plaintiffs employer approved, even through acquiesence, of the detour for personal business, the recent case of Thomas v Certified Refrigeration, Inc, 392 Mich 623; 221 NW2d 378 (1974), does not require a finding that plaintiffs injuries are compensable. Thomas consciously avoided deciding "the further issue whether injury is compensable which occurs off the employer’s premises during a personal activity unapproved by the employer but where the activity is reasonably *282 incidental to the employment relationship”. 392 Mich at 636. Nevertheless, Thomas did overrule Conklin v Industrial Transport, Inc, 312 Mich 250; 20 NW2d 179 (1945). Conklin offered the strongest support in Michigan jurisprudence for finding plaintiffs injuries to be noncompensable. Thomas also suggested that the rule of Crilly v Ballou, 353 Mich 303; 91 NW2d 493 (1958), be extended to apply to situations such as the one presented by the instant case. Crilly dealt with compensation for injury resulting from horseplay at the job site. Justice Smith wrote in Crilly: "Herein lies our answer. For the purposes of the compensation act the concept of course of employment is more comprehensive than the assigned work at the lathe. It includes an employee’s ministrations to his own human needs: he must eat; concessions to his own human frailties: he must rest, must now and then have a break, and he sometimes, even on the job, plays practical jokes on his fellows. Course of employment is not scope of employment. The former, as the cases so clearly reveal, is a way of life in a working environment. If the injury results from the work itself, or from the stresses, the tensions, the associations, of the working environments, human as well as material, it is compensable. Why? Because those are the ingredients of the product itself. It carries to the market with it, on its price tag stained and scarred, its human as well as its material costs. So says the statute. It does not become us to ignore its plain commands.” 353 Mich at 326. Plaintiffs injuries happened during what the appeal board appropriately called a "slight deviation”. The long hours he worked the night before were given by plaintiff as the reason he chose an alternate route that would take him past his sister’s home. If the deviation was not approved, it *283 could at least be expected that plaintiff, in the many miles of driving he did for defendant, would not always take the shortest route. Expectable deviations from the routine of work do not render injuries noncompensable, Crilly, supra, and we see no reason why, when the employment involves driving the employer’s vehicle, deviations which cannot be called unusual should deprive the employee-driver of compensation. Thomas points out that in Crilly, Justice Smith offered the following quote from Secor v Penn Service Garage, 19 NJ 315; 117 A2d 12 (1955): " 'An employee is not an automaton, and, even when he is highly efficient, he will to some extent deviate from the uninterrupted performance of his work. Such deviation, if it be considered minor in the light of the particular time, place and circumstance, is realistically viewed by the employer and the employee as a normal incidence of the employment relation and ought not in this day be viewed as legally breaching the course thereof. Fulfillment of the high purposes of our socially important and ever broadening workmen’s compensation act suggests this approach and nothing in the statutory terms dictates any narrower position.’ ” 353 Mich 303, 314. We hold that plaintiff’s injuries, which happened while he was travelling on a slightly longer alternate route in order to pass his sister’s home, were within the course of his employment. The appeal board denied wage benefits to plaintiff on the basis of MCLA 418.115(d); MSA 17.237(115)(d). The date of plaintiff’s accident preceded the decision in Gallegos v Glaser Crandall Co, supra, and the board opted for a prospective application of that decision. Plaintiff argues that Gallegos, since it found MCLA 418.115(d); MSA 17.237(115)(d) violative of equal, protection, must *284 be read as meaning that the agricultural workers exclusion has never had any effect. The provision, plaintiff maintains, is void ab initio. The void ab initio theory, though certainly well supported by the jurisprudence of this state, is an over-simplication that we need not apply here. The recent Supreme Court decision dealing with the guest passenger statute, Manistee Bank & Trust Co v McGowan, 394 Mich 655; 232 NW2d 636 (1975), points to the error of applying the theory automatically. Justice Levin’s opinion makes obvious the fact that equal protection and due process are flexible concepts and that legislation held constitutional under these standards may later be found constitutionally deficient. The void ab initio theory disregards the importance that changing factual contexts play in constitutional adjudication. Though declining plaintiff’s invitation to apply the void ab initio theory to the agricultural workers exclusion, we are of the opinion that the board improperly deprived this plaintiff of his rights by application of the exclusion. "There is no basis for distinguishing the work of a laborer who drives a truck at a factory from a laborer who drives one on the farm * * * .” Gallegos, supra, 667. There is even less basis for distinguishing solely on the contents of different trucks driven on public highways. Had plaintiff delivered pipe or automobile parts, and not potatoes, he would have been entitled to wage benefits under the statute. We only hold that the application of MCLA 418.115(d); MSA 17.237(115)(d) to an employee in .plaintiff’s position violates his rights to equal protection. In so doing, we are aware that situations 'may be presented in which we would not be inclined to disregard reliance upon statutes prior to *285 judicial pronouncements of their invalidity. See, e.g., Lemon v Kurtzman, 411 US 192; 93 S Ct 1463; 36 L Ed 2d 151 (1973). As the opinion of the appeal board notes, however, defendants apparently rested their appeal primarily on the deviation issue. Defendants did not present a sufficient case in this instance for nonretroactivity of Gallegos to either the board or to this Court. The board should not have decided in favor of blanket nonretroactivity in this case. Affirmed on the issue of medical expenses. Reversed and remanded to the Workmen’s Compensation Commission for reinstatement of the referee’s award. No costs.