Viking Yacht Co. v. COMPOSITES ONE LLC

OPINION IRENAS, Senior District Judge: Presently before the Court is Plaintiffs’ Motion to Exclude Portions of the Report and Testimony of Defendant’s Chemical Expert A. Brent Strong, Ph.D. (Docket No. 159). The Court has reviewed the submissions of the parties, and for the reasons set forth below, Plaintiffs’ Motion is granted in part and denied in part. I. Viking Yacht Company (“Viking”) and Post Marine Co., Inc. (“Post”) (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) are luxury yacht manufacturers. They brought suit against Defendant Cook Composites and Polymers, Co. (“CCP”) to recover damages resulting from the cracking of gel coats on yachts Plaintiffs manufactured using CCP’s 953 Series gel. The Court has extensively discussed the facts and history of this case in its previously issued opinions on cross Motions for Summary Judgment, Motions for Reconsideration, the more recent Motion to Bifurcate the Trial of Liability and Damages. 1 As a result of this Court’s previous holdings, Plaintiffs’ surviving claims are: (1) breach of express warranty, (2) fraudulent misrepresentation, and (3) violation of the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act, N.J. Stat. Ann. § 56:8-2. CCP retained Dr. Strong, who holds a Ph.D. in chemistry and is a professor of mechanical engineering technology at Brigham Young University, as a liability expert. He was asked to do the following: (1) examine the chemical natures of the 952 Series and 953 Series gel coats and to determine, from the basic chemical principles, which of the gel coats is more likely to have a higher elongation; (2) examine the proprietary test for elongation used by CCP (called the PE-210 test) to determine if the test procedures are appropriate for such determinations, and to use the test in conducting a study using statistical methods to verify the elongations of the 952 Series and 953 Series gel coats; and (3) comment on the opinion given by Professor Caruthers who has been retained by the Plaintiffs and their counsel as a scientific liability expert in this case. (Strong Rep. ¶ 3.) In preparing his report, Dr. Strong visited both of Plaintiffs’ facilities, visually inspected several boats at a marina on the New Jersey shore, performed a statistical analysis of the PE-210 test, consulted other scholars’ works, and reviewed other evidence in this case. Dr. Strong’s report is divided into several sections: an “Introduction” (Id. ¶¶ 1-6), “Chemical Theory Related to Gel Coats and Composite Materials” (Id. ¶¶ 7-37), “Chemical Formulation Analysis for Elongation” (Id. ¶¶ 38-50), “Elongation Testing” (Id. ¶¶ 51-72), “Weathering, UV Degradation, and Thermo-oxidative Degradation” (Id. ¶¶ 73-88), and a “Summary of Conclusions” (Id. ¶¶ 89-93). In the instant Motion, Plaintiffs object to the majority of the “Chemical Theory” section as well as two of Dr. Strong’s overall “Conclusions.” Specifically, they seek to exclude (1) paragraphs 12, 17-32, 34, 36-37, 91, and 92 in their entirety, (2) all but the first three sentences of paragraph 33, (3) all but the first sentence of paragraph 35, and (4) the first phrase of paragraph 38. *640 For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs’ Motion will be granted in part and denied in part. II. “Under the Federal Rules of Evidence, it is the role of the trial judge to act as a ‘gatekeeper’ to ensure that any and all expert testimony or evidence is not only relevant, but also reliable.” Kannankeril v. Terminix Int’l, Inc., 128 F.3d 802, 806 (3d Cir.1997) (citing Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 589, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993)). Federal Rule of Evidence 702 “has three major requirements: (1) the proffered witness must be an expert, i.e., must be qualified; (2) the expert must testify about matters requiring scientific, technical or specialized knowledge; and (3) the expert’s testimony must assist the trier of fact.” Pineda v. Ford Motor Co., 520 F.3d 237, 244 (3d Cir.2008) (Irenas, S.D.J., sitting by designation). 2 Admissibility under the third requirement, the “fit” requirement, “depends in part on ‘the proffered connection between the scientific research or test result to be presented and particular disputed factual issues in the case.’” In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litig., 35 F.3d 717, 743 (3d Cir.1994) (quoting United States v. Downing, 753 F.2d 1224, 1237 (3d Cir.1985)). “The burden is on the proponent of the testimony to prove its admissibility by a preponderance of proof.” NN&R, Inc. v. One Beacon Ins. Group, No. 03-5011, 2006 WL 2845703, at *2 (D.N.J. Sept.29, 2006). “An expert opinion is not admissible if the court concludes that an opinion based upon particular facts cannot be grounded upon those facts.” Fedorczyk v. Caribbean Cruise Lines, Ltd., 82 F.3d 69, 75 (3d Cir.1996). Further, “if an expert opinion is based on speculation or conjecture, it may be stricken.” Id.; see also Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 146, 118 S.Ct. 512, 139 L.Ed.2d 508 (1997) (“But nothing in either Daubert or the Federal Rules of Evidence requires a district court to admit opinion evidence which is connected to existing data only by the ipse dixit of the expert. A court may conclude that there is simply too great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion proffered.”). III. A. The majority of Plaintiffs’ objections to Dr. Strong’s report relate to his conclusion that something other than the failure of the 953 Series gel caused the cracking, 3 *641 and his general discussion of alternative causes for gel coat cracking which, in part, formed the basis of that opinion. 4 Plaintiffs argue that Dr. Strong’s conclusions are unreliable because they were outside the scope of his engagement, that he did not test his opinions, and that his methodology of relying extensively on others’ research and reports was inappropriate. 5 However, CCP argues that the opinions Dr. Strong intends to offer are both limited in nature, and within the scope of his engagement. Specifically, CCP states in its brief that Dr. Strong is not being offered to pinpoint what the cause of the gel coat cracking was, but rather, for the opinion that because “a gel coat formulation error was not the cause of cracking ... that the cause of the gel coat cracking was therefore likely one of the other well-documented general causes of gel coat cracking.” (Def. Br. at 6.) Importantly, Plaintiffs do not challenge the testing Dr. Strong did perform on the gel, 6 nor his direct refutation of Dr. Caruthers’s conclusions. 7 Additionally, CCP argues that it was appropriate under Rule 703 for Dr. Strong to have relied on the available literature and other evidence in the case in forming his opinions. In their brief, Plaintiffs attempt at length to persuade the Court that Dr. Strong’s conclusion, that “[t]he formulation of the 953 Series gel coat is appropriate,” is outside the scope of his engagement, and that no testing was done to support this conclusion. (Strong Rep. ¶ 91.) Plaintiffs both misconstrue Dr. Strong’s conclusion, and' seemingly overlook the testing Dr. Strong did perform. Dr. Strong was engaged by CCP for the purpose of examining the formulations of the 952 and 953 Series gels to see which has a greater flexibility, examine CCP’s proprietary testing to verify the results, and to directly refute the opinions of Plaintiffs’ *642 chemicals expert Dr. Caruthers. (See Strong Rep. ¶ 3.) Dr. Strong does not deny that he did not conduct any testing to determine whether the other possible causes were the actual cause of the cracking in this case. (See, e.g., Strong Dep. 124:16-125:13, 139:16-23, 188:17-23, 231:21-232:11.) However, he also explains that he was not engaged for the purpose of rendering an opinion on the ultimate cause of the gel cracking. (See Strong Rep. ¶ 3; see, e.g., Strong Dep. 13:7-10, 15:18-16:8, 261:12-262:16.) This point is important because it explains why Dr. Strong did not conduct any additional tests. (See, e.g., Strong Dep. 125:11, 139:22-23.) Rather than impugn the reliability Dr. Strong’s conclusions, this supports CCP’s explanation of their limited nature: “[T]hat the cracking experienced in some Viking and Post yachts was not caused by a relative lack of flexibility in 953 Series gel coat, but rather resulted from ‘some factor beyond or outside CCP’s control (such as the design, manufacturing, use, environment, etc.)’ ” (Def. Br. at 21-22 (quoting Strong Rep. ¶ 91).) Simply stated, Dr. Strong offers an opinion on what the cause was not, but no conclusive opinion on what the cause was. With this limitation on Dr. Strong’s opinion in mind, the Court will examine whether the testing Dr. Strong performed form a reliable basis for his opinion. As noted above, Dr. Strong did in fact repeat the PE-210 test, as well as conduct a statistical analysis of the results, and Plaintiffs do not object to this portion of his report. See supra Note 6. 8 Plaintiffs’ more serious objection seems to be to Dr. Strong’s corollary opinion that the cracking was likely caused by something other than a defect in the formulation of the 953 Series gel coat. To that end, Plaintiffs point to instance after instance in Dr. Strong’s deposition where he states that he did not test any particular alternative cause. (See, e.g., Strong Dep. 124:16-125:13, 139:16-23, 188:17-23, 231:21-232:11.) While Dr. Strong did not test each of these alternative causes, he did rely heavily on industry publications, academic articles, and the record evidence in concluding that it was possible that they could have contributed to the cracking. CCP is not required to prove that any of these alternative causes was the actual cause. Rather, as a defense to Plaintiffs’ claim that the relative lack of flexibility was the cause, CCP is merely attempting to introduce evidence that other causes are possible and known to occur frequently. This is not a case where Dr. Strong is offering testimony of specific causation, but quite the opposite. Dr. Strong is offering testimony that one particular thing, namely a relative lack of flexibility in the 953 Series gel coat, was not the cause, and therefore it stands to reason that any of the other known causes might have played a role. Similarly, the references that Dr. Strong makes to the Performance Cruising’s successful use of the 953 Series gel coat is a direct challenge to Dr. Caruthers’s opinion that the lack of cracking in those boats is “irrelevant.” 9 *643 Plaintiffs argue that this case is similar to Oddi v. Ford Motor Co., where the Third Circuit affirmed the district court’s exclusion of expert testimony because the purported expert had not tested his hypotheses and his inquiry was “haphazard” and “intuitive.” 234 F.3d 136, 156 (3d Cir.2000). In Oddi, a truck driver was injured in an accident, and the plaintiff wanted to offer an “accident reconstruction/design engineer ... to testify that the truck was defectively designed.” Id. at 146. As is the case here, the expert’s qualifications were not challenged, but rather the methodology used in reaching his conclusions. There, the purported expert offered several possibilities for how the defect in the plaintiffs truck could have been fixed to avoid an injury. However, upon review of his deposition testimony, the court concluded that he had conducted no testing to support his theories. Furthermore, the expert failed to properly consider alternative theories. Id. at 158. Unlike the expert in Oddi, Dr. Strong did actually perform his own tests to reach his primary conclusion that the 953 Series gel coat was more flexible than the 952 Series. Additionally, he relied on other scientific reports and articles to reach the corollary conclusion that the gel cracking was likely caused by something other than a lack of elongation in the 953 Series. It may be true that Dr. Strong’s conclusions would be more strongly supported if he had confirmed his theories regarding alternative causes via a laboratory experiment. However, the Third Circuit has been clear that an expert’s testimony resting on “good grounds” is admissible, “even if the judge thinks that there are better grounds for some alternative conclusion, and even if the judge thinks that a scientist’s methodology has some flaws such that if they had been corrected, the scientist would have reached a different result.” Paoli, 35 F.3d at 744. In ’ addition to challenging the overall conclusions in paragraph 91 of Dr. Strong’s report, discussed above, Plaintiffs also challenge the materials he used to support his conclusions. Paragraphs 12, 17-30, 34, 36, and 37, and all but the first sentence of paragraph 35, discuss the general chemical theory of gel coats and composites, as well as common causes of cracking, and contain many restatements of, and quotations from, other scholarly articles and reports. Plaintiffs argue that Dr. Strong was not justified in relying on these various scholarly reports and articles in formulating his opinion that something other than a failure of the 953 Series gel caused the cracking. Thus, Plaintiffs maintain that Dr. Strong’s opinion is unreliable because he incorporated unreliable data into his methodology when he included excerpts of these other scholarly works in his report. Plaintiffs likewise challenge that Dr. Strong cannot rely on hearsay evidence in forming the basis of his opinion. Plaintiffs’ challenge to the reliability of the data underlying Dr. Strong’s opinion implicates Federal Rule of Evidence 703. Rule 703 provides, in relevant part: The facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion or inference may be those perceived by or made known to the expert at or before the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts or data need not be admissible in evidence in order for the opinion or inference to be admitted. To determine whether “an expert’s data is of a type reasonably relied on by experts in the field,” the Court must “as *644 sess whether there are good grounds to rely on this data to draw the conclusion reached by the expert.” Montgomery County v. Microvote Corp., 320 F.3d 440, 448 (3d Cir.2003) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “If the data underlying the expert’s opinion are so unreliable that no reasonable expert could base an opinion on them, the opinion resting on that data must be excluded.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Plaintiffs challenge that they should not be admitted because Dr. Strong did not specifically test whether each of the proffered potential causes for cracking were actually present in this case. As discussed above, Dr. Strong is not opining that any of these alternative causes were the actual cause, but merely that they are other known causes of gel coat cracking. Furthermore, as can be seen, Dr. Strong has supported his opinions with precisely the type of facts and data “relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject.” Fed.R.Evid. 703. One example, 10 Paragraph 12, discusses and quotes Yeagley on the importance of daily calibration of the spraying equipment. Dr. Strong a basis for believing that Plaintiffs’ equipment was not properly calibrated. In his deposition he stated that “[i]n my inquiries of both Post and Viking personnel, they did not calibrate their equipment properly. And it is my, my assertion and belief that because they did not calibrate it properly, it was unknown to them whether [the gel coat] was being applied properly, and therefore, it was not.” (Strong Dep. 45:4-11.) Dr. Strong provides the quote from Yeagley as scholarly support to connect his observation to his opinion that it is possible that calibration problems could have led to cracking. Similarly, paragraph 19, which discusses both the need to stir the gel coat prior to use and the temperature at which the gel coats should be stored, contains lengthy quotes from both the Yeagley and Laeovara papers. Dr. Strong suspected that there was a problem with the mixing (Id. 230:8-14), and felt that “the temperature uniformity was not properly controlled” at the Post facility (Id. 238:5-7). The quoted articles support the proposition that if the cracking was not caused by the relative lack of flexibility of 953 Series gel coat, it could have been caused by something done by Plaintiffs. This Court has previously noted the importance of experts examining relevant literature in forming a basis for their opinions. See Milanowicz v. The Raymond Corp., 148 F.Supp.2d 525, 533 (D.N.J.2001) (“Courts should determine whether an expert has supported his conclusions through discussion of the relevant literature, broadly defined. This component could be satisfied by general design manuals or industry-specific journals.... Surveying relevant literature is one aspect of Daubert’s peer review prong.”). That is precisely what Dr. Strong has done in the “Chemical Theory” portion of his report. The issue in paragraphs 36 and 37, which discuss boats that did not exhibit cracking made by Plaintiffs as well as another manufacturer, Performance Cruising, using the same batches of 953 Series gel where there was not cracking is slightly different than the other paragraphs discussed above. Unlike those statements based on considerable scientific research, the statements in these two paragraphs are not based on Dr. Strong’s direct observation of any yachts, nor on general scientific knowledge. Rather, they are based *645 on representations by Viking and Post personnel and “the deposition and declaration of Tony Smith.” (Strong Dep. 122:22-23.) In all likelihood, Tony Smith’s deposition and certification were the only sources available to Strong to provide evidence of whether there had been cracking in boats made by other manufacturers using 953 Series gel. Additionally, Smith’s deposition and certification are undoubtedly part of the record in this case, and CCP intends to offer his testimony at trial. Thus, the Court concludes that the representations made by Smith were sufficiently reliable to permit Strong to incorporate them into his analysis. Overall, the challenged portions as a whole are very informative when it comes to other possible causes of gel coat cracking, and could be very helpful to jury for that reason alone. Furthermore, there can be little question that the scholarly articles and reports on which Dr. Strong relies satisfy the requirements of Rule 703. Plaintiffs, of course, will have an opportunity to explore Dr. Strong’s reliance on both the scholarly works and Smith’s testimony via cross-examination. 11 , 12 As such, Plaintiffs’ Motion is denied with regard to paragraphs 12, 17-30, 35-38, and 91. 13 B. Paragraphs 31, 32, and all but the first three sentences of paragraph 33 deal with a different issue, namely offering conclusions on an ultimate issue before the jury outside of Dr. Strong’s area of expertise. One of the remaining claims is for breach of express warranty. In the previous motions before the Court, summary judgment was denied on the issue of the precise meaning of CCP’s warranty. 14 In paragraph 31, Dr. Strong opines that, “[i]n *646 light of these issues of design and manufacturing, it is not surprising that CCP only warrants that the product will meet CCP’s specifications at the time of shipment.” (Strong Rep. ¶ 31.) Dr. Strong then continues by quoting portions of the warranty. He also states that “[w]arranty limitations in areas that are out of the control company are certainly reasonable. Likewise, boat manufacturers limit their warranties for situations that are outside their control.” (Id. ¶ 32.) While it is true that in certain instances, an expert with particular expertise in a complex field may be permitted to give an opinion on whether a particular course of conduct was reasonable, Dr. Strong is not an expert in the field of manufacturers’ warranties. 15 His expertise is offered in the field of chemical engineering, and his credentials support expertise only in that area. Additionally, Dr. Strong does not provide any basis for these conclusions. Therefore, the content or meaning of any warranty representations made by CCP or Plaintiffs are clearly beyond the scope of his expertise. Accordingly, paragraphs 81 and 32 will be excluded. 16 C. Paragraph 92 states: “Therefore, I conclude that CCP acted responsibly in the development and testing of the 953 Series gel coat product.” (Strong Rep. ¶ 92.) Plaintiffs challenge this conclusion on the grounds that it is a legal conclusion relating to the CCP’s duty of care. It is not disputed that “[t]he district court must limit expert testimony so as to not allow experts to opine on ‘what the law required’ or ‘testify as to the governing law.’ ” Holman Enters. v. Fidelity & Guar. Ins. Co., 563 F.Supp.2d 467, 472 (quoting United States v. Leo, 941 F.2d 181, 196-97 (3d Cir.1991)). However, the Court is not required to exclude Dr. Strong’s opinion merely because he used the word “responsibly.” See Crowley v. Chait, 322 F.Supp.2d 530, 550 (D.N.J.2004) (“[T]he Court is not prepared to exclude [the expert]^ reports on Daubert grounds merely because he made occasional use of the word ‘negligent’ or the phrase ‘should have known.’ ”). One of the fundamental issues in this case, is what did, or did not cause the gel coat cracking in this case. 17 However, the jury in this case is simply not being asked whether to determine whether “CCP acted responsibly.” Additionally, the word “responsibly” can have a different meaning to different lay jurors, and there is a high *647 likelihood that Dr. Strong using that word will cause confusion. CCP argues that Dr. Strong is merely “summarizing his opinions that CCP’s testing methodology was a reliable means of measuring gel coat elongation, that CCP developed the 953 Series gel coat’s formulation through responsible application of chemical principles, and that 953 Series gel coat, just as CCP represented, possessed greater elongation than 952 Series gel coat.” (Def. Br. At 33.) However, if that is true, paragraph 92 would merely be duplicative of the opinions in paragraph 91. Likewise, to the extent that paragraph 92 has a meaning other than the one proffered by CCP, it would be both confusing to the jury, and sounds dangerously close to being a legal conclusion. Therefore, any opinion on whether or not “CCP acted responsibly” (Strong Rep. ¶ 92), simply will not “assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact at issue,” and is therefore excluded. Fed R. Evid. 702. IV. For the reasons set forth above, Plaintiffs’ Motion to Exclude Portions of the Report and Testimony of Defendant’s Chemical Expert A. Brent Strong, Ph.D. is granted in part and denied in part. Plaintiffs’ Motion is denied with respect to paragraphs 12, 17-30, 35-38, and 91. Plaintiffs’ Motion is granted, and Dr. Strong’s opinions are excluded with respect to paragraphs 31, 32, 92, and the last three sentences of paragraph 33. ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION TO EXCLUDE PORTIONS OF THE REPORT AND TESTIMONY OF DEFENDANT’S CHEMICAL EXPERT A. BRENT STRONG, PH.D. (Docket No. 159) This matter having appeared before the Court on Plaintiffs’ Motion to Exclude Portions of the Report and Testimony of Defendant’s Chemical Expert A. Brent Strong, Ph.D. (Docket No. 159). The Court having considered the submissions of the parties, and for the reasons set forth in an opinion issued by this Court on even date herewith, and for good cause appearing; IT IS on this 14th day of May, 2009, ORDERED THAT: 1. Plaintiffs’ Motion to Exclude Portions of the Report and Testimony of Defendant’s Chemical Expert A. Brent Strong, Ph.D. (Docket No. 159) is hereby GRANTED insofar as Plaintiffs seek to exclude paragraphs 31, 32, 92, and the last three sentences of paragraph 33. Plaintiffs’ Motion is hereby DENIED insofar as Plaintiffs see to exclude paragraphs 12, 17-30, 35-38, and 91. Footnotes [1] See Viking Yacht Co. v. Composites One, LLC, 2008 WL 5244411, No. 05-538 (D.N.J. Dec. 16, 2008); Viking Yacht Co. v. Composites One, LLC, 2007 WL 2746713, No. 05-538 (D.N.J. Sept. 18, 2007); Viking Yacht Co. v. Composites One, LLC, 496 F.Supp.2d 462 (D.N.J.2007). [2] Rule 702 specifically provides: If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as- an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case. Fed.R.Evid. 702. [3] Paragraph 91 of Dr. Strong's report states: The formulation of the 953 Series gel coat is appropriate. The performance of boats made by other boat manufacturers, such as Anthony Smith at Performance Cruising, shows that the 953 Series gel coat performs well. This excellent performance suggest that the cracking difficulties encountered in boats made by Viking and Post are not in the gel coat, but, rather, in some other factor beyond or outside CCP's control (such as design, manufacturing, use, environment, etc.). The performance of the gel coat, especially in light of the many good cases of 953 Series gel coat usage, is chiefly a function of the design and manufacturing of the boat or the environment in which it is used. Therefore, the cause of the cracking problem lies with Post or Viking, or possibly, with the ultimate consumer who *641 has not used the boat properly, or it could also be the result of environmental factors. (Strong Rep. ¶ 91.) [4] The alternative causes of gel coat cracking discussed in Dr. Strong’s report include: calibration of the spraying equipment (Strong Rep. ¶ 12), gel coat storage (Id. ¶¶ 19-20), cure time (Id. ¶ 22), gel coat thickness (Id. ¶¶ 23-24), walking on the gel coat (Id. ¶ 26), sticking during removal from the mold (Id.), temperature (Id. ¶ 28), and, the addition of color pigments or dyes (Id. ¶ 34). [5] Dr. Strong quotes the following articles in the challenged paragraphs: Hank Yeagley, Achieving the Ultimate Marine Gel Coat Finish, Composites Manufacturing, April 2006 (Strong Rep. ¶¶ 12, 19, 20, 23, 30, 35); James W. Smith, Cracking of Gel Coated Composites I: Macroscopic and Fractographic Analysis, 43rd Annual Conference, Composites Institute, The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., Feb. 1-5, 1988, at Session 15-E/1 (Strong Rep. ¶ 17); W.H. Brueggemann et al., Cracking of Gel Coated Composites II: Practical Steps for Prevention, 43rd Annual Conference, Composites Institute, The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., Feb. 1-5, 1988, at Session 15/F-1 (Strong Rep. ¶ 18); Bob Lacovara, Getting a Handle on Gel Coat Cracking, Composites Fabrication, CFA, 1996 (Strong Dep. ¶¶ 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 34). [6] Dr. Strong repeated CCP’s tests to determine the relative flexibility of the 953 Series gel. As Dr. Strong discussed in paragraphs 61 through 67 of his report, he "observed the performance of the PE-210 test and [has] reviewed the test procedures.” (Strong Rep. ¶ 61.) He then consulted with a statistician to perform a "gage reliability and repeatability (R & R) study ... for investigating the reliability of the PE-210 test in determining a difference of elongation between 952 Series and 953 Series gel coats.” (Strong Rep. ¶ 62.) Paragraphs 39 through 90 of Dr. Strong’s report remain wholly unchallenged by this Motion. See Pl. Br. at 3. [7] Dr. Caruthers concluded that the PE-210 test did not accurately measure the long term flexibility of the 953 Series gel coat under Plaintiffs’ use conditions, and that the 953 Series gel coat was not properly formulated, particularly because of the inclusion of adipic acid, and the exclusion of a UV stabilizer. [8] While the Plaintiffs do not actually challenge these portions of his report, the Court nonetheless notes that the reliability factors set out in Daubert and United States v. Downing, 753 F.2d 1224 (3d Cir.1985), support the admissibility of Dr. Strong's conclusion. See Paoli, 35 F.3d at 742 n. 8. Of particular importance here is that Dr. Strong’s qualifications have not been challenged, he identified a testable hypothesis, performed a scientific test, and consulted with a statistician to help analyze the results. [9] Plaintiffs argue that evidence regarding Performance Cruising is irrelevant because Performance Cruising manufactures trimarans and catamarans, which are at least arguably distinguishable from the power yachts made by Post and Viking. Plaintiffs are free to address Dr. Strong’s reliance on evidence *643 about Performance Cruising's boats on cross-examination. [10] It is not necessary to discuss each of these paragraphs individually, as Plaintiffs allege that the same the problems are common to them all. [11] Plaintiffs also challenge that the scholarly articles and Smith’s testimony are hearsay, and therefore an impermissible basis for Dr. Strong’s opinion. However, Rule 703 expressly contemplates the use of hearsay evidence by experts. The Rule states in pertinent part: If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts or data need not be admissible in evidence in order for the opinion or inference to be admitted. Facts or data that are otherwise inadmissible shall not be disclosed to the jury by the proponent of the opinion or inference unless the court determines that their probative value in assisting the jury to evaluate the expert's opinion substantially outweighs their prejudicial effect. Fed.R.Evid. 703. As discussed above, there is little question that it was appropriate for Dr. Strong to rely on the scholarly works and other evidence that he did as they are “of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject.” The fact that they may be hearsay in no way impugns their presence in his report. The Court reserves judgment on whether and of the actual alleged hearsay is itself admissible until either party seeks to admit it at trial. [12] Plaintiffs also object to the first phrase of paragraph 38. Dr. Strong begins his critique of Dr. Caruthers's conclusions with the phrase "In spite of these obvious boat manufacturer- or use-related issues.... ” (Strong Rep. ¶ 38.) While it is unclear from their briefs, Plaintiffs presumably object to the use of the word "obvious” when referring to the other causes of gel coat cracking. If Dr. Strong uses the word "obvious” in his testimony, Plaintiffs are free to explore the accuracy of the statement in cross-examination. [13] As Plaintiffs themselves note in their reply brief, “Daubert does not set up a test of which opinion has the best foundation, but rather whether any particular opinion is based on valid reasoning and reliable methodology.” Kannankeril, 128 F.3d at 806. The disagreement on this issue between Drs. Caruthers and Strong is precisely within "the range where experts might reasonably differ, and where the jury must decide among the conflicting views of different experts....” Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 153, 119 S.Ct. 1167, 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999). [14] See Viking, 496 F.Supp.2d at 470 (“The Court, having held that CCP's representations *646 in the PB-58 created an express warranty that was not disclaimed, cannot decide as a matter of law whether this warranty was breached. The warranty for ‘improved flexibility’ is vague. A reasonable jury could find that a warranty for improved flexibility does not include a warranty against cracking after use and/or storage in cold climates by the end purchaser of the yachts.”). [15] Cf. Berckeley Invest. Group, Ltd. v. Colkitt, 455 F.3d 195, 218 (3d Cir.2006) (expert testimony from former SEC attorney regarding securities industry custom with respect to exemption from registration requirements was admissible as probative of buyer’s scienter at the time of the agreement, but not outcome determinative). [16] The challenged portions of paragraph 33 also relate to what manufacturers exclude from their warranties. Dr. Strong cites to warranties offered by two other manufacturers to support his assertion. However, the meaning of those warranties are not at issue in this case, and as discussed above, the interpretation of warranties is outside of Dr, Strong’s expertise. Accordingly, the all but the first three sentences of paragraph 33 will also be excluded. [17] It is precisely for that reason that Dr. Strong's testimony relating to the ‘‘Chemical Theory” section and paragraph 91 is relevant.