Williams v. Duke Energy International, Inc.

OPINION AND ORDER EDMUND A. SARGUS, JR., District Judge. This matter is before the Court for consideration of the Motions to Dismiss filed by the Defendant, Duke Energy Corporation dba Duke Energy International, Inc., Duke Energy, Inc., and Duke Energy Corp. (hereinafter “Duke Energy” or “the Defendant”) 1 and the General Motors Corporation (“GM”). For the reasons that follow, the Motions to Dismiss are GRANTED, as explained below. I. The Plaintiffs, seeking certification as a class, bring a series of federal and state claims. All of the claims are based upon the Plaintiffs’ allegations that Duke Energy, a state-regulated public utility, has through its subsidiaries paid unlawful rebates to certain large customers, including GM. The Plaintiffs charge that Duke Energy paid such rebates only to customers who had first filed objections before the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio (“PUCO”) in a pending case regarding rate changes sought by the Duke Energy. In exchange for withdrawal of the objections, the Plaintiffs contend those parties were paid substantial rebates, in violation of federal and state law. The Plaintiffs seek relief under two federal statutes. The first claim is brought under the Robinson-Patman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 13(a), an antitrust statute that prohibits price discrimination damaging smaller competitors. In the second claim, the Plaintiffs allege violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). In the third claim, the Plaintiffs allege that the Defendants violated the Ohio Pattern of Corrupt Activities Act, O.R.C. § 2923.31, et seq. Finally, the Plaintiffs allege in the Amended Complaint state-law claims of fraud, while seeking disgorgement of alleged rebates paid to GM and other large customers. The Defendants contend pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) that the claims set forth are not within the subject-matter jurisdiction of this Court. In addition, the Defendants seek dismissal of the Amended Complaint under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), asserting that the claims fail to state legally sufficient causes of action. II. A certain amount of background information is necessary to address the issues raised by the parties. In 1999, the Ohio General Assembly enacted legislation which “restructured Ohio’s electric-utility industry to increase retail competition.” Ohio Consumers’ Counsel v. Pub. Util. *785 Comm’n., 111 Ohio St.3d 300, 301, 856 N.E.2d 213 (Ohio 2006). The restructuring legislation also provides for a transition period, termed “market development period,” not to exceed five years, which was to end when specified numbers of residential and non-residential customers switched suppliers of electricity. Id. Essentially, after the market development period, the legislation removed the authority of the PUCO to set electric rates and instead created a structure designed for competition and market-based rates. 2 Relevant to this case, on January 10, 2003, Duke Energy’s predecessor, Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company (“CG & E”), filed an application with the PUCO seeking to establish marked-based pricing of electrical rates. Id. Thereafter, the PUCO directed CG & E to file a proposed rate-stabilization plan, which was then scheduled for public hearing. Id. at 302, 856 N.E.2d 213. During the evidentiary hearing that followed, an adjournment was ordered to facilitate ongoing settlement negotiations. Thereafter, CG & E filed a stipulation regarding the outstanding rate issues. The stipulation was agreed to by a number of parties, including GM. Id. The Ohio Consumers’ Counsel (“OCC”) opposed the stipulation. Id. Shortly after the stipulation was filed, the OCC sought discovery from CG & E to determine whether the utility had entered into side agreements not filed with the PUCO, which caused GM and others to withdraw their objections to the rate-stabilization plans. Id. The PUCO denied the request for discovery of any side agreements. The Supreme Court of Ohio reversed the PUCO and held: OCC argues that the existence of side agreements could be relevant to a determination that the stipulation was not the product of serious bargaining. OCC suggests that if CG & E and one or more of the signatory parties agreed to a side financial arrangement or some other consideration to sign the stipulation, that information would be relevant to the commission’s determination of whether all parties engaged in “serious bargaining.” We agree. Both the commission and intervenor IEU-0 contend that the possible existence of separate, undisclosed agreements among some of the parties is irrelevant to the commission’s evaluation of the reasonableness of the stipulation. They urge this court to conclude that the commission’s reasonableness review is limited to the written stipulation.... Whether the stipulation was the product of serious bargaining, however ... cannot be resolved solely by reviewing the proposed stipulation. The commission cannot rely merely on the terms of the stipulation but, rather, must determine whether there exists sufficient evidence that the stipulation was the product of serious bargaining. Any such concessions or inducements apart from the terms agreed to in the stipulation might be relevant to deciding whether negotiations were fairly conducted. The existence of concessions or inducements would seem particularly relevant in the context of open settlement discussions involving multiple parties, such as those that purportedly occurred here. If there were special considerations, in the form of side agreements among the signatory parties, one or more parties may have gained an unfair advantage in the bargaining process. Therefore, we hold that the commission erred in denying *786 discovery of this information based on lack of relevancy. Ohio Consumers’ Counsel v. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 111 Ohio St.3d at 320-21, 856 N.E.2d 213. On remand, the PUCO ordered discovery of any documents relevant to side agreements between CG & E and its customers. Thereafter, the PUCO conducted an evidentiary hearing on the issue of whether the rate-stabilization plan was reasonable. In re Cincinnati Gas & Elec. Co., 2007 WL 3197045 (Ohio P.U.C., Oct. 24, 2007). The PUCO expressly rejected any consideration of the earlier stipulations. Id. With additional modifications, the PUCO approved a rate-stabilization plan designed to lead into market-based rates. Id. The OCC again appealed to the Ohio Supreme Court, contending that the PUCO limited the consideration of the side agreements to whether serious bargaining occurred. Ohio Consumers’ Counsel v. Pub. Util. Comm’n., 121 Ohio St.3d 362, 904 N.E.2d 853, 859-60 (Ohio 2009). The OCC contended that the PUCO should have considered whether CG & E engaged in unlawful discounting or discrimination in the supply of electricity. Id. The Ohio Supreme Court disagreed and recently held on February 19, 2009, that the PUCO was correct in limiting consideration of the side agreements to the only issue before it — whether to approve or modify the application for a market-based standard service. 3 The Ohio Supreme Court held: Pursuant to our remand, the side agreements were relevant to the commission’s evaluation of the serious bargaining aspect of the reasonableness review for stipulations before the commission. Because the side agreements included agreements that the signatory parties would support the stipulation, they raised serious doubts about the integrity and openness of the stipulation-negotiation process. Therefore, the commission rejected the stipulation. But in the absence of the stipulation, the commission was still required to consider Duke’s rate-stabilization application and set the market-based standard service offer. The side agreements are not relevant to this task. OCC may still raise additional issues arising from the side agreements, including its allegations of discrimination, inadequate corporate separation, and unlawful discounting of charges. Specifically, the OCC can use the complaint process set forth in R.C. 4928.16 or 4928.18, should any of the issues negatively impact its clients.... Id. at 857-58. In summary, the side agreements forming the basis of the Amended Complaint in this case have been considered by the PUCO, but only in reference to the application filed by CG & E for market-based standard service. The Ohio Supreme Court ultimately concluded that claims of price discrimination and unlawful discounting of charges may be brought before the PUCO under O.R.C. § 4928.16 and § 4928.18, but only in a separate proceeding. III. Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, motions to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction fall into two categories: facial attacks and factual attacks. Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1); United States v. *787 Ritchie, 15 F.3d 592, 598 (6th Cir.1994). A facial attack challenges the sufficiency of the pleading itself. Upon receiving such a motion, the Court must take all of the material allegations in the complaint as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Id. (citing Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 235-37, 94 S.Ct. 1683, 40 L.Ed.2d 90 (1974)). In contrast, a factual attack of a pleading under Rule 12(b)(1) challenges the factual existence of subject-matter jurisdiction. See Ohio Hosp. Ass’n v. Shalala, 978 F.Supp. 735, 739 (N.D.Ohio.1997). When a Court is inquiring about whether it has subject-matter jurisdiction, “no presumptive truthfulness applies to the factual allegations, and the court is free to weigh the evidence and satisfy itself as to the existence of its power to hear the case.” United States v. Ritchie, 15 F.3d 592, 598 (6th Cir.1994); see also RMI Titanium Co. v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 78 F.3d 1125, 1135 (6th Cir.1996). In reviewing such a motion, a district court is to probe the facts and assess the validity of its own jurisdiction. In doing so, the Court has “wide discretion to consider affidavits and documents outside the complaint, and may even conduct a limited evidentiary hearing if necessary.” Shalala, 978 F.Supp. at 739 (citations omitted). The plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that the Court has and may appropriately exercise jurisdiction over the subject matter. RMI Titanium, 78 F.3d at 1134. The Court may examine evidence of its power to hear a case, and must make any factual findings to determine whether it has jurisdiction. Kroll v. United States, 58 F.3d 1087, 1090 (6th Cir.1995); Rogers v. Stratton Inds., Inc., 798 F.2d 913, 915 (6th Cir.1986). A Rule 12(b)(1) motion is not converted into one for summary judgment under Rule 56 when a court examines evidence for this purpose. Rogers, 798 F.2d at 915. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits a defendant, by motion, to raise the defense of a plaintiffs “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” When considering a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the Court “must construe the complaint in the light most favorable to plaintiffs [and] accept all wellpled factual allegations as true.” League of United Latin Am. Citizens v. Bredesen, 500 F.3d 523, 527 (6th Cir.2007). While this standard is “decidedly liberal,” it nonetheless “require[s] more than bare assertions of legal conclusions.” Bredesen, 500 F.3d at 527. Rule 12(b)(6) must be read in conjunction with Rule 8(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure which provides that a pleading for relief shall contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Although a complaint need not contain detailed factual allegations, “a plaintiffs obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of a cause of action’s elements will not do. Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level on the assumption that all of the complaint’s allegations are true.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1964-65, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007); Bredesen, 500 F.3d at 527. “The factual allegations, assumed to be true, must do more than create speculation or suspicion of a legally cognizable cause of action; they must show entitlement to relief.” Id. To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain either direct or inferential allegations respecting all the material elements to sustain recovery under some viable legal theory. Twombly, 127 S.Ct. at 1969. IV. The Defendants move to dismiss the Amended Complaint on two grounds. In *788 the first, Duke Energy and GM contend under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) that this Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction to hear the claims. In the second, the Defendants submit under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) that the Amended Complaint fails to state claims upon which relief may be granted. 4 Although seeking dismissal of the Amended Complaint on two separate theories, the Defendants’ Motions, in large part, turn on the claim that the filed rate doctrine, described below, bars Plaintiffs from pursuing any of their claims. As to the federal claims, Defendants contend that this Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction insofar as the Plaintiffs cannot establish injury in fact. This is so if the filed rate doctrine governs in this case. If it does, the Plaintiffs cannot maintain federal antitrust or RICO claims, given that the doctrine holds that no cognizable injury arises when a defendant conforms to the filed rate. Given this posture, the Motions to Dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction essentially raise the same issue as the Motions to Dismiss for failure to state a claim. The Plaintiffs respond by noting that the Amended Complaint does not challenge any rate filed with the PUCO. According to the Plaintiffs, their Complaint alleges rebates and kickbacks not filed with the PUCO, rendering the filed rate doctrine inapplicable. As an initial matter not addressed by the parties, the Amended Complaint seeks to invoke the subject-matter jurisdiction of this Court on two independent grounds. The Plaintiffs allege that the case involves parties from different states, and is a controversy exceeding $75,000, thereby invoking this Court’s diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. The Plaintiffs also seek to invoke this Court’s federal question jurisdiction as to the antitrust and RICO claims, which are based upon federal law, as provided in 28 U.S.C. § 1331. The Amended Complaint also alleges that the state claims are properly before this Court under supplemental jurisdiction provided by 28 U.S.C. § 1367. The briefing by the Defendants fails to distinguish the two separate grounds of subject-matter jurisdiction asserted by the Plaintiffs; the distinction is of significance. For example, a state statute placing exclusive jurisdiction over in-state electric rates or regulations affects the scope of this Court’s diversity jurisdiction, but cannot by itself divest this Court of the jurisdiction expressly granted by Congress to hear claims under the Clayton Act or RICO. That is because, in diversity claims, this Court applies state law; for federal-question claims, this Court applies federal law. The Court analyzes separately the claims that this Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction. A. Federal Question Jurisdiction This Court has jurisdiction to hear claims arising under federal statutes, as provided in 28 U.S.C. § 1331. The Clayton Act, in 15 U.S.C. § 15, and RICO, in 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c), provide for private causes of action and both specifically grant jurisdiction to the district courts to hear such claims. Neither the Clayton Act nor RICO provides any exemption or exclusion for rates or utility charges established by state, or for that matter, federal regulatory agencies. *789 The Clayton Act was enacted in 1914 and amended by the Robinson-Patman Act in 1936, and contains exceptionally broad language prohibiting “any person engaged in commerce, in the course of such commerce, either directly or indirectly, to discriminate in price between different purchases of commodities of like and equal grade and quality....” 15 U.S.C. § 13(a). In turn, the Clayton Act amended the Sherman Act, which was enacted in 1890 and is of continued vitality, which even more broadly prohibits “[e]very contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce.... ” 15 U.S.C. § 1. Neither the Clayton Act nor the Sherman Act exempts from its broad reach rates set by federal agencies, such as the former Interstate Commerce Commission (“ICC”) 5 or state public utility commissions. In turn, statutes establishing the power of the ICC to set rates contained no exemption from the reach of the antitrust statutes. In 1922, the Supreme Court confronted this conflict in Keogh v. Chicago & N.W. Ry. Co., 260 U.S. 156, 43 S.Ct. 47, 67 L.Ed. 183 (1922). In Keogh, the plaintiff sued several railroads, claiming that the rates charged were so unreasonable and arbitrary as to eliminate competition. Justice Brandéis concluded: Section 7 of the Anti-Trust Act gives a right of action to one who has been “injured in his business or property.” Injury implies violation of a legal right. The legal rights of shipper as against carrier in respect to a rate are measured by the published tariff. Unless and until suspended or set aside, this rate is made, for all purposes, the legal rate, as between carrier and shipper. The rights as defined by the tariff cannot be varied or enlarged by either contract or tort of the carrier. Id. at 163, 43 S.Ct. 47. According to the Supreme Court, because the rates approved by the ICC were found to be fair and reasonable, a plaintiff could suffer no cognizable legal injury under the antitrust laws by being charged the filed rate. Courts have found various reasons to give broad application to the filed rate doctrine. See Knevelbaard Dairies v. Kraft Foods, Inc., 232 F.3d 979, 992 (9th Cir.2000) (discussing history and evolution of the doctrine). In early cases involving the issue, the challenged rates had been set by a regulatory agency, and were subject to appeal. In the case of the ICC, Congress expressly provided that only the agency could set rates. Congress also provided to the ICC authority to sanction rebates, which deviated from the filed rate. Congress provided no other remedies, implying that the relief available before the ICC was exclusive. The filed rate doctrine expanded in several regards relevant to this case. The doctrine has been held to apply in cases involving state as well as federal regulatory agencies. Wegoland Ltd. v. NYNEX Corp., 27 F.3d 17 (2d Cir.1994); Blaylock v. First American Title Ins. Co., 504 F.Supp.2d 1091 (W.D.Wash.2007). The filed rate doctrine has been found to apply in RICO cases. In Wah Chang v. Duke Energy Trading and Marketing, LLC, 507 F.3d 1222, 1225-26 (9th Cir.2007), the court held: The filed rate doctrine’s fortification against direct attack is impenetrable. It turns away both federal and state antitrust actions; it turns away Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization *790 Act actions; it turns away state tort actions; and it even turns away state attempts to assert sovereign power to commandeer power contracts. In short, it turns away attempts like Wah Chang’s, which necessarily hinge on a claim that the FERC approved rate was too high and would, therefore, undermine FERC’s tariff authority through the medium of direct court actions against the Energy Companies, (footnotes omitted) From this, it is clear that the filed rate doctrine bars essentially all claims which seek judicial relief dependent upon an attack on rates found by a regulatory agency to be fair and reasonable. Two issues remain. The first is whether the Amended Complaint challenges filed rates. The Plaintiffs contend that their claims involve only rebates and kickbacks which were neither filed with nor approved by the PUCO. The Court disagrees. Whether payments are rebates or kickbacks depends upon an analysis of the filed rate. A party claiming rate discrimination is contending that the effective rate charged one party is too low, while the charges to the plaintiffs are too high. More fundamentally, as described below, these issues are relegated to the PUCO. The second is a more difficult question. The filed rate doctrine evolved at a time rates were regulated by a public body. In this case, for the period at issue, Duke Energy was transitioning from regulated to market-based rates. In large part, this case involves market-based electric rates. Many, if not all, of the reasons for the filed rate doctrine are lacking in market-based, as opposed to regulated, rates. To be clear, a state is free to determine how to regulate or deregulate the price of electricity. The question here is whether courts should find an implied exception to the application of the antitrust and RICO statutes on the filed rate theory, when the rate is not established by a regulatory agency. This Court does not write on a clean slate. In Square D Co. v. Niagara Frontier Tariff Bureau, Inc., 476 U.S. 409, 417, 106 S.Ct. 1922, 90 L.Ed.2d 413 (1986), the Supreme Court considered whether a filed rate, not subject to regulatory approval, acted as a bar to an antitrust action. The Supreme Court held that the filed rate doctrine did apply to an unregulated, filed rate, but only because of the force of prior precedent. Id. at 421, 106 S.Ct. 1922. The Court left no doubt that it would have preferred not to extend Keogh to unregulated rates but found itself bound by the doctrine of stare decisis. More recently, a number of courts of appeals have addressed whether the filed rate doctrine applies to market-based rates. Of the four courts of appeals that have spoken on the issue, all have held that the doctrine does apply in a market-based regime. Town of Norwood, Mass. v. New England Power Co., 202 F.3d 408, 419 (1st Cir.2000); Utilimax.com, Inc. v. PPL Energy Plus, LLC, 378 F.3d 303, 306 (3rd Cir.2004); Public Utility District No. 1 of Snohomish County v. Dynegy Power Marketing, Inc., 384 F.3d 756, 760-61 (9th Cir.2004); Texas Commercial Energy v. TXU Energy, Inc., 413 F.3d 503, 509 (5th Cir.2005). The Court of Appeals for the First Circuit emphasized that, while the rates were unregulated, a public-regulatory body continued to have oversight over rates. In Town of Norwood, the court concluded that, if the FERC had no supervisory powers to insure “just and reasonable rates,” the filed rate doctrine would not apply. 202 F.3d at 419. Similarly, the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held in Texas Commercial Energy, that if rates are market-based and no regulatory agency has ultimate, supervisory authority, the filed *791 rate doctrine is inapplicable. 413 F.3d at 509-10. As to the PUCO, the Ohio Supreme Court recently emphasized that the “claims” of the OCC that Duke engaged in unlawful discounting, claims which included the allegations in this case, could be reviewed by the PUCO. Ohio Consumers’ Counsel v. Pub. Util. Comm’n., 121 Ohio St.3d 362, 904 N.E.2d 853, 857-58. Specifically, the Court found that the PUCO appropriately directed the OCC to file a complaint pursuant to O.R.C. § 4928.18 to raise the issues of price discrimination, inadequate corporate separation and unlawful discounting of charges that it alleges results from the side agreements. Moreover, the PUCO has jurisdiction under O.R.C. § 4928.16 to hear such complaints. The PUCO has the power to order rescission of contracts or restitution to customers. O.R.C. § 4928.16(B)(1). It is true, as Plaintiffs contend, that O.R.C. § 4905.32, a specific statute prohibiting the collection of other than the filed rate, no longer applies to market-based electric utilities. The Court notes, as did the Ohio Supreme Court, that the power vested in the PUCO to prevent discriminatory rates gives it authority to address “allegations of discrimination, inadequate corporate separation, and unlawful discounting of charges.” Ohio Consumers’ Counsel, 904 N.E.2d at 858. Although the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has not spoken on the issue, this Court is constrained to conclude that the filed rate doctrine does apply to market-based rates, particularly in light of the United States Supreme Court decision in Square D, supra. In a market-based regime, however, application of the filed rate doctrine does not advance the purposes for which the theory was developed. An agency has not approved the rates; a consumer may not challenge the rate itself, other than to claim unjust discrimination; the actual rate charged may vary from customer to customer. 6 Moreover, the filed rate doctrine is a judicially crafted exception to federal antitrust laws, which otherwise would on their face apply to *792 claims brought in this case. Despite these concerns, the Court is bound by precedent and finds that the filed rate doctrine precludes consideration of the Plaintiffs’ federal claims. This conclusion is based upon the assumption that the PUCO has the authority to determine whether the rates are discriminatory or involve unlawful discounting of charges. If the PUCO lacks jurisdiction to address this question, or if the jurisdiction of the PUCO does not extend to fully resolve the Plaintiffs’ claims, then this Court holds that the filed rate doctrine would be inapplicable. B. Diversity Jurisdiction The Plaintiffs contend that this Court has independent diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. The parties are from different states and the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. In exercising diversity jurisdiction, this Court essentially sits a state court enforcing state law. As explained by the Supreme Court in Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938) and again in Bernhardt v. Polygraphic Co. of America., 350 U.S. 198, 203, 76 S.Ct. 273, 100 L.Ed. 199 (1956), a district court exercising diversity jurisdiction applies the state law in the same manner as if the action had been brought in state court. In O.R.C. § 4905.05, the law of the State of Ohio vests exclusive jurisdiction in the PUCO regarding matters relating to the operation of public utilities. Appeals from decisions of the RUCO are made directly to the Ohio Supreme Court. O.R.C. § 4903.12. By the terms of this statute, the state courts in Ohio are excluded from exercising jurisdiction to “... review, suspend, or delay any order made by the public utilities commission, or enjoin, restrain, or interfere with the commission .... A writ of mandamus shall not be issued against the commission or any commissioner by any court other than the supreme court.” O.R.C. § 4903.13. The Ohio Supreme Court has held that, “[t]he commission has exclusive jurisdiction over various matters involving public utilities, such as rates and charges, classifications, and service, effectively denying to all Ohio courts (except this court) any jurisdiction over such matters.” State ex rel. Cleveland Elec. Illum. Co. v. Cuyahoga Cty. Court of Common Pleas, 88 Ohio St.3d 447, 727 N.E.2d 900 (Ohio 2000). The Supreme Court of Ohio has also held “ ‘the jurisdiction specifically conferred by statute upon the Public Utilities Commission over public utilities of the state ... is so complete, comprehensive and adequate as to warrant the conclusion that it is likewise exclusive.’ ” State ex rel. Northern Ohio Tel. Co. v. Winter, 23 Ohio St.2d 6, 9, 260 N.E.2d 827 (Ohio 1970) (quoting State ex rel. Ohio Bell Telephone Co. v. Court of Common Pleas, 128 Ohio St. 553, 557, 192 N.E. 787 (Ohio 1934)). As described, supra, the Court concludes that the relief sought by the Plaintiffs is integrally related to the rates charged by Duke Energy. For the same reasons, this Court finds that rebates alleged by the Plaintiffs, for Ohio law purposes, are within the subject-matter jurisdiction of the PUCO. The Plaintiffs raise an additional issue which they contend is outside of the PUCO’s jurisdiction. Ohio law contains the following anti-rebate provisions: No public utility shall charge, demand, exact, receive, or collect a different rate, rental, toll, or charge for any service rendered, or to be rendered, than that applicable to such service as specified in its schedule filed with the public utilities commission which is in effect at the time. No public utility shall refund or remit directly or indirectly, any rate, rental, toll, or charge so specified, or any part thereof, or extend to any person, firm, *793 or corporation, any rule, regulation, privilege, or facility except such as are specified in such schedule and regularly and uniformly extended to all persons, firms, and corporations under like circumstances for like, or substantially similar, service. O.R.C. § 4905.32. The deregulation amendments enacted in 1999 includes a provision that, once market-based rates are implemented, the PUCO’s authority becomes more limited. O.R.C. § 4928.05(A)(1) provides: On and after the starting date of competitive retail electric service, a competitive retail electric service supplied by an electric utility or electric services company shall not be subject to supervision and regulation by a municipal corporation under Chapter 743. of the Revised Code or by the public utilities commission under Chapters 4901. to 4909., 4933., 4935., and 4963. of the Revised Code, except sections 4905.10 and 4905.31, division (B) of section 4905.33, and sections 4905.35 and 4933.81 to 4933.90; except sections 4905.06, 4935.03, 4963.40, and 4963.41 of the Revised Code only to the extent related to service reliability and public safety; and except as otherwise provided in this chapter. There is no gainsaying that O.R.C. § 4905.32, which expressly prohibits rebates, is no longer enforceable by the PUCO as to utilities operating with market-based rates. According to Plaintiffs, since the anti-rebate statute is not otherwise repealed, courts are the proper forum to enforce O.R.C. § 4905.32. This Court disagrees for several reasons. First, the limitation on the applicability of O.R.C. § 4905.32 is part and parcel of a broad deregulation statute. The fact that the PUCO lost jurisdiction to enforce O.R.C. § 4905.32 demonstrates that the General Assembly did not intend that the same statute now creates a private cause of action in state or federal court. In these circumstances, there is no explicit or implicit private cause of action for the enforcement of the anti-rebate statute. Second, Ohio courts have held that a legislative requirement, not imposed by the United States or Ohio Constitutions, is not enforceable in the absence of an expressed remedy. For example, in State v. Myers, 26 Ohio St.2d 190, 271 N.E.2d 245 (Ohio 1971), the defendant claimed that a state law required a police officer to advise him of his right to have his own blood alcohol test taken by a physician or technician of his choosing. The defendant contended that because no such advice was given, the test results obtained by the officer must be suppressed. The statute did not contain any remedy for a violation of its terms. Justice Duncan, later a judge of this Court, disagreed and found “this was, and is, a matter for the General Assembly. In our view there is no judicial machinery available to produce the missing sanction.” Id. at 197, 271 N.E.2d 245. Similarly, O.R.C. § 4905.32 does not address a constitutional requirement and contains no judicial remedy. It is therefore left to the legislature to draft a remedy, which it has not. Finally, as the Court noted above, the Ohio Supreme Court has held that the virtually identical issues raised unsuccessfully in Ohio Consumers’ Counsel v. Pub. Util. Comm’n., 904 N.E.2d at 857-58, are within the jurisdiction of the PUCO. The Court noted that a party raising “issues arising from the side agreements, including the allegation of discrimination, inadequate separation, and unlawful discounting of charges ... can use the complaint process set forth in O.R.C. §§ 4928.16 or 4928.18 ...” Id. *794 Based on this analysis, this Court, sitting in diversity, lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over the claims of the Plaintiffs. V. Based upon the foregoing, the Court finds under Rule 12(b)(1), that the filed rate precludes all claims of damages allegedly incurred by the Plaintiffs, thereby depriving them of standing and this Court of subject-matter jurisdiction. 7 Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss are GRANTED. The Clerk is DIRECTED to enter JUDGMENT in favor of Defendants. IT IS SO ORDERED. Footnotes [1] The name of Duke Energy is not at issue in this motion proceeding. The Defendant submits that the proper party is Duke Energy, Inc. [2] In a manner not implicated in this case, legislative changes have subsequently occurred in the market-based regime enacted in 1999. [3] Because the original rate-stabilization plan had expired on its own terms, the PUCO moved to consider a market-based standard service agreement. The rate-stabilization plan was intended to cover the transition period from regulated rates to market-based rates. 904 N.E.2d at 856-57, 858-59. [4] The Defendants also contend that, in the event the Court determines that the Motions to Dismiss should be denied, the Court should abstain and permit the PUCO and the Ohio Supreme Court to interpret and enforce Ohio law, citing Burford v. Sun Oil Company, 319 U.S. 315, 63 S.Ct. 1098, 87 L.Ed. 1424 (1943). Given the resolution of the Motions to Dismiss, the Court declines to address this issue. [5] The functions of ICC, greatly reduced over the years, are now placed in the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”). [6] In an early decision, the Supreme Court emphasized the role of filed rates: Prior to the enactment of the act of February 4, 1887, (24 St. p. 379,) to regulate commerce, commonly known as the 'Interstate Commerce Act,’ railway traffic in this country was regulated by the principles of the common law applicable to common carriers, which demanded little more than that they should carry for all persons who applied, in the order in which the goods were delivered at the particular station, and that their charges for transportation should be reasonable. It was even doubted whether they were bound to make the same charge to all persons for the same service ... ... the evils which grew up under a policy of unrestricted competition, suggested the necessity of legislation by congress under its constitutional power to regulate commerce among the several states. These evils ordinarily took the shape of inequality of charges made, or of facilities furnished, and were usually dictated by or tolerated for the promotion of the interests of the officers of the corporation or of the corporation itself, or for the benefit of some favored persons at the expense of others, or of some particular locality or community, or of some local trade or commercial connection, or for the destruction or crippling of some rival or hostile line. The principal objects of the interstate commerce act were to secure just and reasonable charges for transportation; to prohibit unjust discriminations in the rendition of like services under similar circumstances and conditions; to prevent undue or unreasonable preferences to persons, corporations, or localities; to inhibit greater compensation for a shorter than for a longer distance over the same line; and to abolish combinations for the pooling of freights. ICC v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co., 145 U.S. 263, 12 S.Ct. 844, 36 L.Ed. 699 (1892). This description does not encompass privately negotiated rates in a market-based pricing regime. [7] Again, Defendants move under Rule 12(b)(1) as to the federal claims, asserting that Plaintiffs lack antitrust standing because the filed rate doctrine precludes a finding of injury. Because the Court concludes the filed rate doctrine applies, to the extent provided above, the Motions to Dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) are granted. As to Defendants motions pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim, the Court would find under the filed rate doctrine, Plaintiffs' claims are barred.