TRAVELERS CASUALTY AND SURETY COMPANY OF AMERICA v. Wells Fargo Bank

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER KENNELLY, District Judge. Plaintiff Travelers Casualty and Surety Company of America, assignee and subro-gee of Allianz Life Insurance of North America, has sued Wells Fargo Bank and Charles Schwab & Company, Inc. for improper payment of a forged and counterfeit check. The case is before us on Schwab’s motion to dismiss count 2 of the complaint, the only count directed against it. For the reasons stated below, we deny Schwab’s motion. Facts In mid-July, 2000, a man using the name James Carden successfully absconded with approximately $271,000 from a checking account set up in the name of the Allianz Employees’ Medical Plan. Allianz had established this checking account with Wells Fargo in order to reimburse its employees for covered medical expenses. The account was managed by a third party administrator, First Health Strategies, Inc., and the only authorized signatories on the account were Mary Anne Carpenter and Jerry Seiler, employees of First Health. On July 18, 2000, “James Carden” opened a personal brokerage account with Schwab using a forged and counterfeit check drawn on the Allianz account. The check was made payable to Schwab in the amount of $287,651.23. Although the cheek contained the purported signatures of Carpenter and Seiler, these signatures were not genuine. Additionally, the check was missing an imbedded watermark and *922 magnetic ink containing check-processing information, both of which the genuine. Al-lianz checks contained. That same day, Schwab presented the check to Wells Fargo for payment; Wells Fargo paid the check and debited the Allianz account. Sometime after that date, Carden withdrew $271,238.22 from the Schwab account he opened with the check. In August 2000, Wells Fargo learned from Allianz that the Schwab check was unauthorized. Schwab was also notified of the fraud and it accordingly returned to Wells Fargo the balance remaining in Car-den’s account at that time — $16,413.01. Wells Fargo credited Allianz’s account with that sum, but refused to credit the remaining $271,000. Allianz subsequently recovered the remaining $271,000 from its insurer, Travelers Casualty, which had insured Allianz against losses resulting from forgery or alteration of negotiable instruments. Travelers, as assignee and subro-gee of- Allianz, brings this lawsuit against Wells Fargo and Schwab to recover the $271,000 it paid to Allianz. Discussion On a motion to dismiss, the Court reads the complaint liberally, granting the motion only “if it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which entitles him to relief.” Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957). Although count 2 of the complaint does not specify a legal theory, 1 in its brief, Travelers clarifies that it asserts a claim against Schwab under § 3-306 of the Illinois version of the Uniform Commercial Code. Section 3-306 provides: “A person taking an instrument, other than a person having rights of a holder in due course, is subject to a claim of a property or posses-sory right in the instrument or its proceeds....” 810 ILCS 5/3-306. Schwab argues that when it accepted the forged check without notice of the fraud, it took the instrument as a “holder in due course” and is therefore shielded from liability for the loss. Under the Code, a “holder in due course” is one who takes an instrument for value, in good faith, and without notice of any claim to the instrument. Id. Moreover, “[a] person having rights of a holder in due course takes free of the claim to the instrument.” Id. As an initial matter, the complaint does not allege that Schwab had any actual notice that the check was fraudulent. That, however, is not the end of the story. The Seventh Circuit recently reaffirmed the common law principle that a payee bank owes to the drawer of a check made payable to the bank a duty of care beyond that owed by an ordinary payee. In Mutual Service Casualty Insurance Company v. Elizabeth State Bank, 265 F.3d 601 (7th Cir.2001), the Court stated: [Wlhen a drawer owes nothing to a bank but writes a check payable to the bank’s order, the drawer places that check in the bank’s custody, with the expectation that the bank will negotiate the check according to the drawer’s wishes; the bank may not, therefore, treat the check as bearer paper and blindly disburse the proceeds according to the instructions of any individual who happens to present the check to the bank. Mutual Service, 265 F.3d at 613-14 (emphasis in original). See also Douglass v. Wones, 120 Ill.App.3d 36, 46, 76 Ill.Dec. *923 114, 458 N.E.2d 514, 523 (1983) (a banking institution “is required to hold the proceeds of the instrument subject to the order of the drawer, and not the presenter, and [the bank] generally cannot be a holder in due course as against the drawer”). In these circumstances, the bank’s “notice” of potential claims to the check’s proceeds is presumed, and the bank cannot be a holder in due course. Mutual Service, 265 F.3d at 621. Indeed, the “check itself poses an unanswered question as to whom the bank is to pay.” Id. 2 Schwab attempts to distinguish Mutual Service on the grounds that it involved a bank that had an existing contractual relá-tionship with the drawer, arguing that the heightened duty of care discussed in that case was contingent on that relationship. However, a careful reading of Mutual Service indicates that a contractual relationship is not necessary to give rise to this duty. Id. at 621-22. Indeed, no such relationship existed in Douglass or other Illinois cases relied upon in Mutual Service. See, e.g., People ex rel. Nelson v. Peoples Bank and Trust, 271 Ill.App. 41, 1933 WL 4479 (1933); Milano v. Sheridan Trust & Savings Bank, 242 Ill.App. 362 (1926). Schwab additionally argues that it is not a “bank” and therefore has no more obligation to the drawer than a garden-variety payee. In Douglass, the court, quoting Milano, described some of the distinctions between a banking institution and a individual: “[t]he latter does not ordinarily receive checks payable to his order from persons not indebted to him; he is not the custodian of funds in which he has no interest; nor is he a depositary for such members of the public as wish to avail themselves of his services. On the other hand, a bank is all of these.” Douglass, 120 Ill.App.3d at 46, 76 Ill.Dec. 114, 458 N.E.2d at 522. The Code itself broadly defines a “bank” to include any entity “engaged in the business of banking, including a savings bank, savings and loan association, credit union, or trust company.” See 810 ILCS 5/4-105(1). It not a foregone conclusion, as Schwab suggests, that it performs no “banking” services. The complaint alleges that Schwab is “engaged in the business of providing securities brokerage and related financial services.” Complaint, ¶ 28 (emphasis added). This description is somewhat vague, but it certainly does not rule out the possibility that Schwab performs functions like those of a traditional bank and thus should be held to the same standard. In any event, at this point we cannot conclude that Travelers can prove no set of facts which would entitle it to relief. Conley, 355 U.S. at 45, 78 S.Ct. 99. Schwab’s motion also fails for another reason. An instrument that is taken by a “holder in due course” must also be free from “such apparent evidence of forgery or alteration or is not otherwise so irregular or incomplete as to call into question its authenticity.” 810 ILCS 5/3-302(a)(l). Travelers alleges that Schwab should have been alerted to the fraud because the check did not contain the “usual and customary magnetic ink containing check-processing information” nor the “usual and customary anti-forgery and anti-copying measures, including but not limited to an imbedded artificial watermark.” Complaint, ¶ 40(b), (c). It is not clear the extent to which Schwab should have been looking for these alleged “usual” signs of *924 authenticity; at this point, however, Travelers has alleged enough to survive dismissal of its claim against Schwab. Schwab finally argues that Wells Fargo should bear full responsibility for the loss under the so-called “finality rule” of Section 3-418 of the Code; the finality rule provides that a drawee (here, Wells Fargo) who pays on a forged instrument is bound by that payment. See 810 ILCS 5/3-418. It is entirely possible that Wells Fargo will ultimately bear responsibility for the loss vis-a vis Schwab. However, this argument is premature as neither Wells Fargo nor Schwab have made any claims against each other. Conclusion For the foregoing reasons, defendant Charles Schwab and Company, Inc.’s motion to dismiss count 2 [item #4-1] is denied. Schwab is ordered to answer Count 2 on or before June 14, 2002. Footnotes [1] Nor does it need to; a plaintiff is not required to plead a legal theory. E.g., Slaney v. The International Amateur Athletic Federation, 244 F.3d 580, 600 (7th Cir.2001). On a motion to dismiss, a court determines whether the plaintiff can recover under any set of facts that could be established consistent with the allegations of the complaint. Id. (citations omitted). [2] In. support of its argument that a payee owes no duty to the drawer of a check, Schwab cites cases from other districts and one from this district that precedes Mutual Service. However, Mutual Service is controlling precedent for this case. In any event, the cases cited by Schwab involved individuals as payees. E.g., Simmons v. Lennon, 139 Md.App. 15, 773 A.2d 1064 (2001).