Trabucco v. Intesa Sanpaolo, S.P.A.

OPINION DENNY CHIN, District Judge. This diversity action was instituted for breach of contract and fraud. Defendants *101 move, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(2), to dismiss the complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction. They also move, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), to dismiss the action for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. For the reasons set forth below, the motion is denied in part and granted in part. BACKGROUND I. The Facts The facts alleged in the complaint are assumed to be true for purposes of this motion. A. The Parties Plaintiffs Ermanno Trabucco and Angelina Panvini (the “Trabúceos”) are citizens of the United States, domicilaries of Nassau County, New York, and joint owners of a brokerage account managed by Intesa Sanpaolo Private Banking, S.p.A. (“Private Banking”). (Am. Compl. ¶¶2-3). Private Banking is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Intesa Sanpaolo, S.p.A. (“Intesa”), an Italian Banking corporation. (Id. ¶ 5). Private Banking does not maintain an office in the State of New York. (Id.). The parent corporation, Intesa, maintains a branch office in New York and is licensed to conduct banking business in New York. (Id.). The Trabúceos opened an account with Banca Commerciale Italiana (“BCI”), a predecessor company to Intesa, over 30 years ago. (Id. ¶ 8). Since that time the Trabúceos have maintained an account with BCI and its successor companies. (Id.). These entities have regularly sent statements and other account-related information by fax and mail to the Trabúceos’ home in New York. (Id. ¶ 12). By March 2005 Intesa had replaced BCI as the parent corporation of the banking group and began the process of transferring the Trabucco account to Intesa’s Private Banking subsidiary. (Id.). As part of the transfer process, Private Banking sent the account agreement that governed the relationship during the disputed period to the Trabúceos’ address in New York. (Id.). Among these documents were U.S. tax documents and a document that declared the Trabúceos to be non-residents of Italy. (Id.). B. The February 22, 2007 Sale of Newmont Stock On or about February 22, 2007, Trabucco spoke by phone from his residence in Nassau County, New York, with a Private Banking representative in Italy. Trabucco instructed the representative to buy 50,000 shares of Newmont Mining Corp. (“Newmont”) at the market price, which was then approximately $47 per share. (Id. ¶ 9). Instead of fulfilling Trabucco’s order to buy 50,000 shares, Private Banking sold 50.000 shares from the 100,000 Newmont shares already present in the Trabúceos’ account. (Id. ¶ 10). The 50,000 shares were sold at a price of $47.5745 for total proceeds of $2,378,725. (Id.). The sale of Newmont shares was executed over the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) by a New York-based broker hired by Private Banking. (Id. ¶ 11). Once the sale of 50.000 Newmont shares was effectuated, Trabucco held 50,000 shares of Newmont — instead of the 150,000 shares that he would have held had Private Banking properly executed the buy order. (Id. ¶ 13). C. Trabucco’s Discovery of the Error and Private Banking’s Reaction Trabucco did not discover the mistake until November 1, 2008, when he sent a fax instructing Private Banking to transfer a total of 150,000 shares of Newmont stock to a broker in New York. (Id.). When *102 Private Banking informed Trabucco that he only held 50,000 shares of Newmont, Trabucco requested that a Private Banking representative check the recording of Trabucco’s February 22, 2007 telephone order. (Id. ¶ 14). The representative confirmed that Trabucco requested that Private Banking buy — not sell — 50,000 shares of Newmont on that date. (Id.). Private Banking has confirmed — orally and in writing — that the bank erred when it sold rather than purchased 50,000 Newmont shares on February 22, 2007. (Id. ¶ 17). Trabucco demanded that Private Banking correct the error by replacing the missing 100,000 shares of Newmont at the February 22, 2007 market price. (Id. ¶ 14). Private Banking agreed to do so but told Trabucco that this replacement would be more quickly and easily effectuated if Trabucco permitted Private Banking to purchase the missing shares with funds already in the Trabúceos’ account and then, at a later date, reimburse the Trabúceos for the per share cost in excess of the February 22, 2007 market price. (Id. ¶ 13). Although Private Banking made representations to Trabucco that he would be compensated for the use of the Trabúceos’ personal funds to correct the mistake, the Trabúceos allege that Private Banking never intended to compensate the Trabúceos. (Id. ¶ 18). Between the 6th and 8th of November 2008, Private Banking purchased 100,000 shares of Newmont (using the Trabúceos’ funds) for an average price of $54.6633 — about $7 above the February 22, 2007 market price. (Id. ¶ 15). Private Banking has not compensated the Trabúceos for the losses resulting from the mistaken trade. (Id. ¶ 16). II. Prior Proceedings The Trabúceos commenced this action against Intesa by filing a summons and complaint on February 5, 2009. On May 8, 2009, Trabucco filed an amended complaint, naming both Intesa and Private Banking as defendants. The Trabúceos claim that the mistaken trade constitutes a breach of the account agreement and both Intesa and Private Banking should be held liable for the resulting damages. (Id. ¶¶ 21-25). The Trabúceos also claim that Private Banking and Intesa should be held liable for fraudulently inducing the Trabúceos to provide money to correct the mistaken trade. (Id. ¶¶ 26-30). DISCUSSION First, I address the question whether this Court has personal jurisdiction over Private Banking and Intesa. I conclude that it does. Next, I address defendants’ forum, non conveniens argument and find that the Southern District of New York is an appropriate forum to hear the case. Then, I address the substantive claims relating to breach of contract and fraud. I conclude that the Trabúceos have stated a contract claim for relief as to Priváte Banking, but have failed to state a fraud claim as to Private Banking. Finally, I address Intesa’s argument that the Trabúceos have not alleged facts that would establish that Intesa may be held accountable for Private Banking’s acts or omissions. I reject the argument. I. Personal Jurisdiction A. Applicable Law To determine whether the court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a nondomieiliary, a district court engages in a two-part analysis. First, the court must determine whether jurisdiction exists under the laws of the forum state (here, New York). Second, the court must determine whether the exercise of jurisdiction under state law satisfies federal due process requirements. See Bank Brussels Lambert *103 v. Fiddler Gonzalez & Rodriguez, 171 F.3d 779, 784 (2d Cir.1999). 1. Standard on 12(b)(2) Motion to Dismiss On a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, the plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that the court has jurisdiction over the defendant. Kernan v. Kurz-Hastings, Inc., 175 F.3d 236, 240 (2d Cir.1999) (citation omitted). At the pleadings stage, a plaintiff is required only to make a prima facie showing of jurisdiction. DiBella v. Hopkins, 187 F.Supp.2d 192, 198 (S.D.N.Y.2002). The Court must “construe all of the pleadings and affidavits ‘in the light most favorable to plaintiff and must resolve doubts in the plaintiffs favor.” Jacobs v. Felix Bloch Erben Verlag fur Buhne Film und Funk KG, 160 F.Supp.2d 722, 731 (S.D.N.Y.2001) (quoting Hoffritz for Cutlery, Inc. v. Amajac, Ltd., 763 F.2d 55, 57 (2d Cir.1985)). 2. N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 302(a)(l) C.P.L.R. § 302(a)(1) provides a New York court with long-arm jurisdiction over a person who “transacts any business within the state.” N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 302(a)(1). “The key inquiry is whether the defendant purposefully availed itself of the benefits of New York’s laws.” Courtroom Television Network v. Focus Media, Inc., 264 A.D.2d 351, 353, 695 N.Y.S.2d 17 (N.Y.App. Div. 1st Dep’t 1999). A cause of action “arising from” the acts of a person who “transacts any business within the state or contracts anywhere to supply goods or services in the state” provides the Court a basis for exercising jurisdiction over such a person. N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 302(a)(1); see also Bank Brussels Lambert, 171 F.3d at 789. A non-domiciliary defendant transacts business within the state when he “purposefully avails [himself] of the privilege of conducting activities within [New York], thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.” CutCo Indus., Inc. v. Naughton, 806 F.2d 361, 365 (2d Cir.1986) (internal quotation omitted). Proof of even one transaction in the state is sufficient to invoke jurisdiction under § 302(a)(1). See Kreutter v. McFadden Oil Corp., 71 N.Y.2d 460, 467, 527 N.Y.S.2d 195, 522 N.E.2d 40 (1988). The Second Circuit developed a four-factor test in Agency Rent A Car Sys. v. Grand Rent A Car Corp., 98 F.3d 25, 29 (2d Cir.1996), to determine whether the defendant “transacted] business within the state” for the purposes of § 302(a)(1). The factors are: (i) whether the defendant has an ongoing contractual relationship with a New York [plaintiff]; (ii) whether the contract was negotiated or executed in New York and whether, after executing a contract with a New York [plaintiff], the defendant has visited New York for the purpose of meeting with parties to the contract regarding the relationship; (iii) what the choice-of-law clause is in any such contract; and (iv) whether the contract requires [the defendant] to send notices and payments into the forum state or subjects them to supervision by [a] corporation in the forum state. Id. at 29. Courts have also looked at the place of contract performance and held that “in determining jurisdiction, the place of performance is more critical than the place of the execution of a contract.” Cooper, Robertson & Partners, L.L.P. v. Vail, 143 F.Supp.2d 367, 371 (S.D.N.Y.2001) (citation omitted). 3. N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 301 Alternatively, a foreign corporate defendant may be subject to suit under C.P.L.R. § 301 if the defendant has “engaged in such a continuous and systematic *104 course of ‘doing business’ ... as to warrant a finding of its ‘presence’ in the jurisdiction.” Koehler v. Bank of Bermuda, Ltd., 101 F.3d 863, 865 (2d Cir.1996) (citation omitted). Sporadic business activity in New York will not meet this standard; rather, “the court must be able to say from the facts that the [defendant] is present in the state not occasionally or casually, but with a fair measure of permanence and continuity.” Landoil Res. Corp. v. Alexander & Alexander Servs., Inc., 77 N.Y.2d 28, 33-34, 563 N.Y.S.2d 739, 565 N.E.2d 488 (1990) (citation omitted). 4. Due Process The exercise of personal jurisdiction must also satisfy the due process clause of the U.S. Constitution. Due process requires that a non-resident defendant have “certain minimum contacts [with the forum] ... such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783, 788, 104 S.Ct. 1482, 79 L.Ed.2d 804 (1984). If the defendant “purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum State,” it may reasonably anticipate the prospect of defending a suit in the forum state and therefore asserting jurisdiction would comport with the requirements of due process. World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297, 100 S.Ct. 559, 62 L.Ed.2d 490 (1980) (citation omitted). B. Application 1. Personal Jurisdiction over Private Banking The Trabúceos have alleged that Private Banking “purposefully availed [itself] of the privilege of conducting activities within” New York and that the cause of action “arises from” those activities within New York. CutCo Indus., Inc. v. Naughton, 806 F.2d 361, 365 (2d Cir.1986); see also N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 302(a)(1). First, the Trabúceos have alleged that Private Banking has an “ongoing contractual relationship”, with New York plaintiffs. Agency Rent A Car, 98 F.3d 25 at 29. Private Banking and the Trabúccos executed an account agreement in March 2005. (Am. Compl. ¶ 8). Private Banking sent the account documents to the Trabúceos’ New York address. (Id.). This relationship had continued for two years when Private Banking executed the mistaken trade in February 2007. (Id.). Second, the contract between the Trabuccos and Private Banking required Private Banking to “send notices and payments into the forum state.” Agency Rent A Car, 98 F.3d 25 at 29. Private Banking was in regular communication by phone, fax, and mail with Trabucco at his New York phone number, New York fax number, and New York mailing addresses. (Am. Compl. ¶ 8). As part of the reporting requirements governed by the account agreement, Trabucco received monthly account statements and confirmations of all executed trades. (Id. ¶ 8). The continuous communication of account-related information to the Trabúceos’ residence supports the idea that Private Banking “purposefully availed” itself of the laws of New York. See Agency Rent A Car, 98 F.3d at 30 (holding that “continuous transmission of payments and reports to New York” lends significant support to “purposeful availment” of forum). Third, a significant aspect of the contract was “performed” in New York. See Barrett v. Tema Dev., 463 F.Supp.2d 423, 432 (S.D.N.Y.2006) (noting that whether real estate investment agreement contemplated investment in New York is relevant to “purposeful availment” inquiry). As part of the brokerage services that Private Banking provided to the Trabuccos, Pri *105 vate Banking executed stock trades on the NYSE. (Am. Compl. ¶ 11). Indeed, the instant action arises from Private Banking’s activities in New York. Trabucco called Private Banking from New York to place his buy order. (Id). Then, Private Banking engaged a New York agent and executed the Newmont trade on the NYSE. (Id). Though defendants present evidence that the contract between Private Banking and the Trabúceos contains an Italian choice-of-law provision (Decl. of Alessandra Vitali Rosati ¶ 20), and that the contract was actually executed in Italy, these factors do not tip the scale against jurisdiction. When a New York plaintiff sufficiently alleges that a foreign defendant has contracted to provide services in New York and has committed a breach of contract in New York, it cannot come as a surprise that the foreign defendant will be haled into court in New York. Such an exercise of personal jurisdiction comports with the New York long-arm statute and the due process clause because Private Banking’s contacts with New York are sufficient that “the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. at 788, 104 S.Ct. 1482. 2. Personal Jurisdiction over Intesa Private Banking’s parent corporation, Intesa, has a branch office in New York and regularly engages in business in New York. (Am. Compl. ¶ 4). This level of contact with New York confers general “doing business” jurisdiction. See Bryant v. Finnish Nat. Airline, 15 N.Y.2d 426, 432, 260 N.Y.S.2d 625, 208 N.E.2d 439 (1965) (holding that a corporation that maintains an office and does business in New York is subject to jurisdiction under § 301). II. Forum Non Conveniens A. Applicable Law Under the common law doctrine of forum non conveniens, a court with proper jurisdiction and venue over a matter may refrain from hearing the case if another significantly more appropriate forum exists. See Nationsbank of Florida v. Banco Exterior de España, 867 F.Supp. 167, 169 (S.D.N.Y.1994). Forum non conveniens motions are governed by a three-step inquiry: At step one, a court determines the degree of deference properly accorded the plaintiffs choice of forum. At step two, it considers whether the alternative forum proposed by the defendants is adequate to adjudicate the parties’ dispute. Finally, at step three, a court balances the private and public interests implicated in the choice of forum. Norex Petroleum Ltd. v. Access Indus., Inc., 416 F.3d 146, 153 (2d Cir.2005) (citing Iragorri v. United Techs. Corp., 274 F.3d 65, 73-74 (2d Cir.2001) (en banc)). B. Application 1. Deference Accorded to Plaintiffs’ Choice of Forum A plaintiffs choice of forum is generally entitled to great deference when the plaintiff has sued in the plaintiffs home forum. Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 71 (citing Foster v. (American) Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 330 U.S. 518, 524, 67 S.Ct. 828, 91 L.Ed. 1067 (1947)). Moreover, there is no allegation that the Trabúceos have chosen a New York forum for reasons of forum shopping. The breach of contract occurred here as part of a NYSE trade; the Trabúceos live here; and Trabucco claims that his poor health prevents him from traveling to Italy to litigate the case. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 9, 11, 17). The physical location of evidence is a wash— there is evidence on both sides of the *106 Atlantic. Though Italy would be a perfectly acceptable alternative forum, New York has an interest in deciding a dispute with a substantial connection to the state. The public and private interests weigh in favor of leaving the Trabúceos’ choice of forum undisturbed. III. Contract Claims A. Applicable Law 1. Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) To survive a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, — U.S. -, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). The Supreme Court in Iqbal set out a “two-pronged” approach for courts considering a motion to dismiss. Id. at 1950. First, the court accepts plaintiffs factual allegations as true and draws all reasonable inferences in his favor. See id.; see also Vietnam Ass’n for Victims of Agent Orange v. Dow Chem. Co., 517 F.3d 104, 115 (2d Cir.2008). The court considers only the factual allegations in the complaint and “any documents that are either incorporated into the complaint by reference or attached to the complaint as exhibits.” Blue Tree Hotels Inv. (Can.), Ltd. v. Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc., 369 F.3d 212, 217 (2d Cir.2004). Legal conclusions must be supported by factual allegations. Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949. Second, the court determines whether the allegations “plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.” Id. A plausible claim “pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. at 1949 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955). B. Application 1. Private Banking To plead a breach of contract claim, a plaintiff must allege: 1 “(1) the existence of a contract; (2) performance by the party seeking recovery; (3) nonperformance by the other party; and (4) damages attributable to the breach.” Ixe Banco, S.A. v. MBNA America Bank, N.A., No. 07-0432(LAP), 2008 WL 650403, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 7, 2008) (citing Musket Corp. v. PDVSA Petroleo, S.A, 512 F.Supp.2d 155, 160 (S.D.N.Y.2007)). The Trabúceos have pled that a contract — the account agreement-existed between Private Banking and themselves. The Trabúceos have also pled that Private Banking failed to perform under the contract by mistakenly selling Newmont stock when Private Banking was instructed to buy Newmont stock. Finally, the Trabúceos have asserted that their damages exceed $700,000 as a result of an increase in New *107 mont’s stock price between the mistaken trade on February 22, 2007 and the replacement of the 100,000 shares on November 6-8, 2008. The Trabúceos support their legal conclusion of breach of contract with factual allegations. Therefore, Private Banking’s motion to dismiss is denied. See Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1950. 2. Intesa The Trabúceos do not assert that a contract existed between them and Intesa. For the Trabúceos’ claim against Intesa to survive Intesa’s motion to dismiss, they must plead factual allegations to support the legal conclusion that Intesa “so dominates” Private Banking that it should be held liable for the actions of its subsidiary. See id. at 1950. a. Piercing the Corporate Veil Under New York law, one corporation is considered to be a mere alter ego when it “has been so dominated by ... another corporation ... and its separate identity so disregarded, that it primarily transacted the dominator’s business rather than its own.” Gartner v. Snyder, 607 F.2d 582, 586 (2d Cir.1979). Then, the dominating corporation will be held liable for the actions of its subsidiary. Tecoclima, S.p.A. v. PJC Group of N.Y., Inc., No. 89-4437(CSH), 1991 WL 33357, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 27, 1991). Alter ego cases typically involve the determination of “which corporate parties may be cast in damages for the breach” of a contract. Id. In this analysis, control is the key. Wm. Passalacqua Builders, Inc. v. Resnick Developers, Inc., 933 F.2d 131, 138 (2d Cir.1991). Courts will only “pierce the corporate veil” where there has been “complete control by the dominating party that leads to a wrong against third parties.” Id. Facts relevant to the “complete control” inquiry are: (1) the absence of the formalities and paraphernalia that are part and parcel of the corporate existence, ... (2) inadequate capitalization, (3) whether funds are put in and taken out of the corporation for personal rather than corporate purposes, (4) overlap in ownership, officers, directors, and personnel, (5) common office space, address, and telephone numbers of corporate entities, (6) the amount of business discretion displayed by the allegedly dominated corporation, (7) whether the related corporations deal with the dominated corporation at arms length, (8) whether the corporations are treated as independent profit centers, (9) the payment or guarantee of debts of the dominated corporation by other corporations in the group, and (10) whether the corporation in question had property that was used by other of the corporations as if it were its own. Wm. Passalacqua Builders, 933 F.2d at 139 (citations omitted). b. Application The Trabúceos allege that they opened an account with BCI, an Intesa predecessor corporation, over 30 years ago and have maintained the account ever since. (Am. Compl. ¶ 8). They allege that in March 2005, the Intesa-controlled banking group transferred the Trabucco account from Intesa to Intesa’s Private Banking subsidiary. (Id.). As a part of the account-transfer process, Private Banking sent an account agreement to the Trabúceos, but failed to notify the Trabúceos that their contractual relationship with Intesa was being replaced by a similar relationship with Private Banking. (Id.). Adding to the confusion, the same bank representative handled the Trabúceos’ account even as it was transferred from BCI to Intesa to Private Banking. (Id.). *108 These facts support the conclusion that Intesa asserted substantial control over Private Banking with respect to the Trabucco account. Intesa substituted its discretion for that of Private Banking when it directed Private Banking to assume responsibility for the Trabucco account. Furthermore, Intesa directed the same banking representative to handle the Trabucco account while it was controlled first by Intesa, and then by Private Banking. It is plausible that such action amounts to an “overlap in personnel” or “absence of [corporate] formalities.” Wm. Passalacqua Builders, 933 F.2d at 139 (citations omitted). It is a “reasonable inference” that Intesa asserted the level of control over Private Banking necessary to satisfy the “veil piercing” inquiry at this stage of the proceedings. Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949. The Trabúceos have sufficiently pled a contract claim against Private Banking, an Intesa subsidiary. The, Trabúceos have also alleged facts sufficient to make their claims under the “veil"piercing” inquiry plausible. Thus, the Trabúceos have satisfied the pleading standard to extend liability for a contract claim against Private Banking to Intesa, the corporate parent. For these reasons, Intesa’s motion to dismiss the contract claim is denied. IV. The Fraud Claim A. Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b) Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b) requires that, whenever a complaint contains allegations of fraud, “the circumstances constituting fraud ... shall be stated with particularity.” See Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b); see also Chill v. GE, 101 F.3d 263, 267 (2d Cir.1996) (noting that “the actual fraudulent statements or conduct and the fraud alleged must be stated with particularity”) (internal citations omitted). “[A] complaint making such allegations must ‘(1) specify the statements that the plaintiff contends were fraudulent, (2) identify the speaker, (3) state where and when the statements were made, and (4) explain why the statements were fraudulent.’ ” Shields v. Citytrust Bancorp, Inc., 25 F.3d 1124, 1128 (2d Cir.1994) (quoting Mills v. Polar Molecular Corp., 12 F.3d 1170, 1175 (2d Cir.1993)). “In short, a plaintiff must ‘set forth the who, what, when, where and how of the alleged fraud.’” United States ex rel. Sarafoglou v. Weill Med. Coll. of Cornell Univ., 451 F.Supp.2d 613, 623 (S.D.N.Y.2006) (citation omitted). B. Fraud Claims Based on Future Promises When a fraud claim is based on a future promise, the plaintiff must additionally show that “the defendants had no intention of carrying out [the promise] at the time the promise was made.” Olivieri v. McDonald’s Corp., 678 F.Supp. 996, 1001 (E.D.N.Y.1988) (citation omitted). To meet this standard the plaintiff must go beyond “a mere showing of nonperformance.” Id. (citation omitted). Courts have been hesitant to allow plaintiffs to tack fraud claims onto contract claims when the fraud claim amounts to nothing more than “allegations about [the defendant’s] state of mind [regarding] the claim for breach of contract.” Papa’s-June Music, Inc. v. McLean, 921 F.Supp. 1154, 1162 (S.D.N.Y.1996). C. Application 1. Private Banking On November 1, 2008, Trabucco discovered that Private Banking mistakenly sold (instead of bought) 50,000 shares of Newmont stock in his name. Private Banking confirmed — orally and in writing — that it made the mistake. The Trabúceos allege that on the days between November 1, 2008 and November 8, 2008, representatives of Private Banking induced them into *109 using their own money to replace the missing Newmont shares by promising Trabucco that Private Banking would reimburse the account. The Trabúceos allege that the statements were fraudulent because Private Banking never intended to reimburse the Trabúceos and, to this day, has not made good on the promise to reimburse them. The Trabúceos fail to allege facts supporting their legal conclusion that Private Banking never intended to reimburse them account. They allege that Private Banking has not performed on the promise to reimburse them, but under New York law, the Trubuccos must go beyond “a mere showing of nonperformance.” Olivieri, 678 F.Supp. at 1001. Furthermore, the fraud claim is not sufficiently distinct from the contract claim. See Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc. v. Recovery Credit Servs., Inc., 98 F.3d 13, 20 (2d Cir.1996) (citation omitted) (stating that conversion of a contract claim to a fraud claim is only permissible when: plaintiff demonstrates (i) a legal duty distinct from the contract claim; (ii) a fraudulent mispresentation extraneous to the contract; or (iii) damages that are unrecoverable as contract damages). For these reasons the fraud claim against Private Banking is dismissed. 2. Intesa Because the Trabúceos have failed to sufficiently allege a fraud claim against Private Banking, the fraud claim against the parent corporation, Intesa, is also dismissed. CONCLUSION For the reasons set forth above, the motion to dismiss is denied as to the contract claims against both Private Banking and Intesa and granted as to the fraud claims against both Private Banking and Intesa. Private Banking and Intesa shall file an answer to the complaint within 21 days of this order. SO ORDERED. Footnotes [1] Intesa and Private Banking allege that the account agreement contains a choice-of-law provision requiring disputes under the account agreement to be governed by Italian law. (Decl. of Alessandra Vitali Rosati V 20). Rule 44.1 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure states "[a] party who intends to raise an issue concerning the law of a foreign country shall give notice by pleadings or other reasonable written notice.” This rule has been interpreted to mean that "the party invoking non-U.S. law bears at least the modest burden of notifying an opposing party and the court that non-U.S. law will be at issue.” In re Ishihara Chem. Co., Ltd., 121 F.Supp.2d 209, 216 (E.D.N.Y.2000), vacated on other grounds, 251 F.3d 120 (2d Cir.2001). Both Intesa and Private Banking cite to New York law in their memoranda of law and they fail to direct the court to substantive differences between New York and Italian law. Therefore, I apply New York law to determine whether the pleading standards corresponding to the fraud and contract claim have been met.