Vega v. Fox

OPINION AND ORDER SCHEINDLIN, District Judge. I. INTRODUCTION In order to state a cause of action under section 1983 of Title 42 of the United States Code (“section 1983”), a plaintiff must show that the conduct complained of was committed by a person acting under color of law. This case presents the thorny issue of whether a private entity and its employees may be acting under color of state law in providing services to a young adult remaining in foster care after his eighteenth birthday, where that entity is not directly controlled by the state. Because a private entity’s management or control may still be entwined with government, and because private actors have been delegated the public function of caring for mentally disabled, abused, or neglected young adults, they are not automatically immune from constitutional liability. The claims in this litigation arise from an incident that occurred in December 2003 at the August Aichhorn Center for Adult Residential Care’s Young Adult Supportive Living Program (“YASL”). The incident involved Felix Vega and Joseph Quiñones, both residents of the YASL. On February 23, 2005, Vega brought the instant suit, alleging constitutional violations and negligence. Several defendants filed cross-claims in response to his allegations. August Aichhorn Center for Adult Residential Care, Inc. (“Aichhorn”), Michael Pawel (Director of Aichhorn), Lawrence Fox and Manengo Washington (caseworkers with the YASL), Paul Green (supervisor with the YASL), Carmen Torres (YASL Administrative Director), and Roger Younger (YASL Case Manager) (collectively “Aichhorn Defendants”) now move for summary judgment with respect to the Complaint and all cross-claims. Aichhorn Defendants argue that the claims against them should be dismissed as a matter of law because they were not acting under color of state law and they owed no duty to Vfega. 1 For the following reasons, the motion is denied. II. BACKGROUND In reviewing the evidence for the purpose of this motion, all reasonable inferences have been drawn in the plaintiffs favor. 2 A. Aichhorn Aichhorn is a not-for-profit corporation that was organized in 1977. 3 It has three *177 programs that are all supervised by the same board of directors: the Residential Treatment Facility (“RTF”), the Aiehhorn School, and the YASL. 4 The annual budget for the entire organization in 2003 was approximately five million dollars. 5 More than ninety-nine percent of this funding comes from government sources. 6 According to the founder and Executive Director, “[t]he vast majority of [Aichhorn’s funding] is Medicaid per diem payments to the residential people of the facility. The next largest amount [is] reimbursement for educational costs from the State Education Department.” 7 Most of the remaining funds consist of grants from the New York State Office of Mental Health (“OMH”) for operation of the YASL. 8 The RTF, which opened in 1991, is a long-term psychiatric treatment facility for teenagers, with thirty-two beds. 9 It is funded by Medicaid and accredited by the Joint Commission For Youth Accreditation Health Care Organizations. 10 Residents must be referred by the New York City Pre-Admission Certification Committee (“PACC”), 11 which is operated by the New York State OMH. 12 The OMH was the source of capital funding and loan funds for the construction of the Aiehhorn RTF. 13 It also inspects and licenses the RTF, provides supportive services, and generally oversees its operation. 14 The YASL began operations in 1998. 15 It is described on the Aiehhorn website as follows: The YASL is a co-educational supported living ‘home’ with 12 beds intended for young men and women (roughly 18 to 25) who have spent extended parts of their adolescence in congregate care settings (generally foster care or psychiatric facilities). It is located in a small brownstone on a rapidly ‘gentrifying’ *178 residential block. It was developed, with support from the New York State Office of Mental Health (OMH), in response to the difficulties that many ‘graduates’ of the RTF program found in making the transition from the highly nurturing and protected program in which they had ‘grown up’ to the completely unstructured life of ‘adults’ with little or no family support.... The YASL is considerably less closely structured than the RTF. It is not a licensed or accredited treatment program, but it does provide 24-hour onsite staff supervision, and extensive individual case management and counselling] services. 16 The case management and counseling services provided at the YASL include concrete assistance “in such activities as getting up in the morning, making an appropriate appearance ..., budgeting personal funds, shopping, cooking washing clothes ..., [and] attendance at medical appointments or other kinds of treatment services,” among other things. 17 The YASL receives “lump sum funding for supportive services” from the OMH four times a year — the checks are made out to Aichhorn. 18 About half of YASL residents are admitted directly from Aichhorn’s RTF, and half from outside referrals. 19 Residents must have some means of paying a subsidized rent and meeting their own living expenses. 20 Most YASL residents are eligible for Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”) benefits, in which case they are required to designate Aichhorn as their representative payee. 21 Aichhorn receives and deposits the SSI checks and maintains an account for each resident. 22 Thirty percent of each SSI payment is withdrawn and spent as a rent payment to the YASL — this rate is set by government regulation as “an appropriate contribution that residents should be making toward their maintenance.” 23 Other withdrawals from the residents’ accounts are made in consultation with YASL case managers, who help the residents budget and manage their expenditures. 24 B. Plaintiffs Claim Felix Vega has been in the New York City foster care system since he was seven years old. 25 On June 18, 1998, when he was fourteen, Vega was placed in Aich-horn’s RTF. 26 He lived there until August 28, 2001, when he was discharged from the RTF and became a resident at the YASL. 27 Shortly after his eighteenth birthday in 2002, Vega signed an affidavit entitled, “Request to Remain in Foster Care *179 After 18th Birthday.” 28 The Family Court approved Vega’s placement at the YASL as part of “the transition from foster care to independent living.” 29 At the time of the incident that precipitated this litigation, Vega was nineteen years old and resided at the YASL. 30 He had been diagnosed with mental disabilities and was receiving SSI benefits. 31 During that time, the YASL held meetings every Tuesday and Thursday with residents and staff. 32 On the afternoon of December 16, 2003, Vega and Quinones were in attendance, as were employees of Aichhorn, including Larry Fox, Paul Green, and John Washington. 33 At the meeting, Vega stated that the door to his room did not lock, even though he had been complaining about the problem for some time. 34 He also reported that a gold chain had been stolen from his unlocked room. 35 Quiñones tried to change the subject, and he and Vega exchanged angry words. 36 As Quiñones approached Vega, Fox moved a table and said, “Let them fight until the cops come.” 37 Quiñones threw a punch. 38 An altercation between Quiñones and Vega erupted. 39 Neither Fox, Green, Washington, nor any other Aichhorn employee intervened to stop the fight. 40 Vega’s right arm was badly broken. 41 After the fight, Vega was taken to the hospital by ambulance — he underwent surgery and remained in the hospital for several days. 42 On December 17, 2003, Quiñones was charged with assault and an order of protection was provided for Vega requiring Quiñones to stay away from Vega, his home, his school, and his place of employment. 43 Following Vega’s medical treatment, he returned to the YASL, where Quiñones continued to reside. 44 After about two days, Vega moved out to live *180 with his sister. 45 III. LEGAL STANDARD A. Summary Judgment Summary judgment is appropriate if the record “show[s] that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 46 An issue of fact is genuine if “the evidence is such that a jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” 47 A fact is material when it “might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” 48 The movant has the burden of demonstrating that no genuine issue of material fact exists. 49 In turn, to defeat a motion for summary judgment, the non-moving party must raise a genuine issue of material fact that does “ ‘not rely on conclusory allegations or unsubstantiated speculation.’ ” 50 To do so, it must do more than show that there is a “ ‘metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.’ ” 51 In determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exists, the court must construe the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all justifiable inferences in that party’s favor. 52 B. Liability Under Section 1983 of Title 42 of the United States Code Section 1983 creates no substantive rights, but does provide a “mechanism for enforcing a right or benefit established elsewhere.” 53 In order to state a cause of action under section 1983, a plaintiff must show that the conduct complained of was committed by a person or entity acting under color of state law, and that the conduct deprived a person of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution. 54 1. Committed by a Person Acting Under Color of Law a. Under Color of Law The Supreme Court has noted that in cases arising under section 1983, the “under color of law” requirement has been treated as the equivalent of the “state action” requirement for a claim under the Fourteenth Amendment. 55 The ultimate *181 resolution of whether an actor was functioning under color of law or as a state actor is a question of law for the court. 56 For private action to be considered state action, “the conduct allegedly causing the deprivation of a federal right [must] be fairly attributable to the State,” 57 meaning that there is “such a ‘close nexus between the State and the challenged action’ that seemingly private behavior ‘may be fairly treated as that of the State itself.’” 58 “The purpose of [the close-nexus] requirement is to assure that constitutional standards are invoked only when it can be said that the State is responsible for the specific conduct of which the plaintiff complains.” 59 There is “ ‘no single test to identify state actions and state actors.’ Rather, there are ‘a host of facts that can bear on the fairness of ... an attribution’ of a challenged action to the State.” 60 The Second Circuit recently summarized Supreme Court jurisprudence on this point, finding that none of the following circumstances is by itself enough to make private conduct attributable to the state: (1) the private entity is a business subject to state regulation or “affected with the public interest”; 61 (2) the private entity is created, funded, licensed or regulated by the government; or (3) the private entity’s conduct is permitted but not compelled by state law. 62 In Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association, the Supreme Court listed relevant factors' in the “necessarily fact-bound inquiry” 63 into whether an act constitutes state action: Our cases have identified a host of facts that can bear on the fairness of such an attribution. We have, for example, held that a challenged activity may be state action when it result's from the State’s exercise of coercive power, when the State provides significant encouragement, either overt or covert, or when a private actor operates as a willful participant in joint activity with the State or its agents. We have treated a nominally private entity as a state actor when it is controlled by an agency of the State, when it has been delegated a public function by the State, when it is entwined with governmental policies, or when government is entwined in [its] management or control. 64 The Second Circuit noted that “Brentwood Academy effectively broadened the state action test to include ‘entwinement’ for the first time” and in so doing, “acknowledged the flexibility of the test.” 65 In the context of government services such as foster care and mental health *182 care, the Second Circuit has long held that “private entities may be considered to be infused with ‘state action’ if those private entities are performing a function public or governmental in nature and . which would have to be performed by the Government but for the activities of the private parties.” 66 Thus, in Perez v. Sugarman, the Second Circuit concluded that private institutional defendants who were engaged in accepting and retaining custody of children alleged to have been neglected or abandoned were engaged in state action. 67 The court relied on the pertinent provisions of the New York Social Services Law, which declared that the state had assumed responsibility for children in need of care and protection, and could either act directly or through private institutions in discharging that responsibility. 68 It is now well established in this circuit that private child-care institutions authorized by New York’s Social Services Law to care for neglected children are acting “under color of state law” for purposes of section 1983. 69 Courts have also followed Perez where private entities are providing services for the mentally ill under the New York Mental Hygiene Law. 70 b. Personal Involvement Liability under section 1983 requires that the defendant be personally involved in a constitutional deprivation; liability cannot be based on respondeat superior. 71 Broad, conclusory allegations that a high-ranking defendant was informed of an incident are also insufficient to impose liability. 72 “[I]t is when execution of a government’s policy or custom, whether made by its lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy, inflicts the injury that the government as an entity is responsible under § 1983.” 73 In Colon v. Coughlin, the Second Circuit identified five ways in which the personal involvement of a defendant may be shown; (1) the defendant participated directly in the alleged constitutional violation, (2) the defendant, after being informed of the violation through a report or appeal, failed to remedy the wrong, (3) the defendant created a policy or custom un *183 der which unconstitutional practices occurred, or allowed the continuance of such a policy or custom, (4) the defendant was grossly negligent in supervising subordinates who committed the wrongful acts, or (5) the defendant exhibited deliberate indifference to the rights of inmates by failing to act on information indicating that unconstitutional acts were occurring. 74 Private employers are not liable under section 1983 for the constitutional torts of their employees unless the plaintiff proves that “ ‘action pursuant to official ... policy of some nature caused a constitutional tort.’ ” 75 C. Negligence In order to prevail on a negligence claim under New York law, a plaintiff must establish that the defendant: (1) owed a duty of care; (2) breached that duty; and (3) that the breach was the proximate cause of the plaintiffs injuries. 76 The existence of a duty of care is a “ ‘legal, policy-laden declaration reserved for judges.’ ” 77 A plaintiff must establish not only that the defendant owed a general duty of care to society as a whole, but also that the defendant owed a specific duty to the particular plaintiff. 78 Courts should “fix the duty point by balancing factors, including the reasonable expectations of parties and society generally, the proliferation of claims, the likelihood of unlimited or insurer-like liability, disproportionate risk and reparation allocation, and public policies affecting the expansion or limitation of new channels of liability.” 79 The New York Court of Appeals has explained that “duty is not something derived or discerned from an algebraic formula .... it coalesces from vectored forces including logic, science, weighty competing socioeconomic policies and sometimes contractual assumptions of responsibility.” 80 “A defendant generally has no duty to control the conduct of third persons so as to prevent them from harming others, even where as a practical matter defendant can exercise such control.” 81 “A duty may arise, however, where there is a relationship either between defendant and a third-person tortfeasor that encompasses defendant’s actual control of the *184 third person’s actions, or between defendant and plaintiff that requires defendant to protect plaintiff from the conduct of others.” 82 Thus, New York courts have found that “[s]chools have a duty to provide supervision to ensure the safety of those students in their charge and are liable for foreseeable injuries proximately caused by the absence of adequate supervision.” 83 In addition, “[liability may be imposed upon a state or its subdivisions for injuries sustained by children due to negligent oversight of the foster homes that care for them.” 84 Under New York law, an employer may be held liable for the negligent acts of an employee based on a theory of respondeat superior. Employer liability will be found where “an employee was engaged in the furtherance of the employer’s enterprise at the time of the employee’s wrongdoing, and the employer was or could have been exercising some control over the employee’s activities.” 85 IV. DISCUSSION A. Section 1983 Claims 1. Under Color of Law Aichhorn Defendants have attempted to narrow the state action inquiry by asserting that they had no licensing, monetary, or supervisory relationship with the City of New York. 86 But Aichhorn clearly does have such a relationship with the New York State OMH. The OMH was involved with the creation of Aichhorn, and makes all referrals to the RTF in addition to licensing, regulating and overseeing its activities. Nevertheless, this case is a perfect illustration of what has been called the “nebulous character of the state action test.” 87 No government actor has pervasive control over the day-to-day operations of either the RTF or YASL, and the YASL has no direct licensing or certification relationship with any state actor. Based on the facts currently before the court, the RTF is more entwined with governmental action than the YASL. Nonetheless, the fact that the incident occurred at the YASL (as opposed to the RTF) cannot justify summary judgment on the state action issue for several reasons. First, the RTF and YASL are part of the same corporation, with the same board of directors, same pool of funds, similar goals, and an overlapping population of residents. They cannot be viewed as two distinct organisms solely to protect one of them from constitutional liability. Second, the YASL receives the vast majority of its funds from government sources, and maintains control of the SSI benefits rather than treating those funds as a private source of residents’ income. The State sets the percentage of that SSI benefit that will be applied to rent. In addition, the YASL was originally developed with the support of the OMH, and the majority of its employees’ salaries derive from state *185 funds. 'Third, the YASL was subjected to ongoing, if indirect, oversight by the Administration for Children’s Services and the Family Court, given Vega’s status as a young adult remaining in foster care after his eighteenth birthday. Fourth, and most important under Perez, the care of mentally disabled, abused, or neglected children and young adults is squarely within the duty of the State. Both the New York Social Services Law and the New York Mental Hygiene Law provide numerous statutory protections to individuals in Vega’s situation, 88 and many of these rights extend at least until a person’s twenty-first birthday. 89 Over time, the State has delegated its statutory duties to a broad, complex network of publicly-funded private entities that undertake to provide required state services. 90 In this case the public function being performed — supervision and support of these mentally disabled young people — is directly related to the specific acts which are alleged to be objectionable. The incident at issue “ ‘directly involves defendants’ mode of conducting the public function and does not involve a collateral aspect of the business of operating an institution which cares for children. The existence of this nexus has made the courts more receptive to a finding of ‘state action.’ ” 91 Applying the standard of Brentwood Academy and its progeny, I find that there is a material question of fact as to entwinement between Aichhorn and the state. And under Perez, private facilities that undertake to provide required public services should not be able to avoid constitutional liability because they are “private” rather than “public” entities. Therefore, a reasonable jury could find that the actions of the Aichhorn Defendants were state actions. 2. Personal Involvement a. Fox, Green, and Washington Fox, Green, and Washington are being sued individually and in their professional capacities as employees of the *186 YASL. Fox and Washington are caseworkers, and Green is the site supervisor. All three defendants were present when Vega was injured. Because the constitutional claims in this case involve the alleged failure of defendants to protect Vega from assault, a defendant who was present at the scene of the incident directly participated in the alleged violation. Direct participation in an alleged constitutional violation constitutes personal involvement under Colon v. Coughlin. 92 Accordingly, summary judgment is inappropriate as to these defendants. b. Pawel, Torres, and Younger Pawel is the Director of Aiehhorn, Torres is the Administrative Director of YASL, and Younger is the Case Manager of YASL. Because none of them were present at the time of the incident, Vega cannot rely on the direct participation of these defendants to prove personal involvement. The most probable basis for liability of these defendants is that they “created a policy or custom under which unconstitutional practices occurred, or allowed the continuance of such a policy or custom.” 93 Vega alleges that defendants promulgated policies that resulted in unconstitutional practices and failed to develop procedures to provide for the safety of YASL residents. 94 At this stage, the Aiehhorn Defendants do not dispute this claim. Rather, they rely solely on the argument that the Aiehhorn Defendants are not state actors. Because there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether or not Aich-horn is a state actor, summary judgment is inappropriate as to these defendants. c. Aiehhorn Because Section 1983 does not provide for liability on a respondeat superior theory, Aiehhorn can only be liable for the acts of its employees if Vega can show that the employees’ actions were taken “pursuant to [an] official ... policy of some nature [that] caused a constitutional tort.” 95 As mentioned above, Vega argues that Aich-horn’s policy decisions contributed to the alleged constitutional violation, and the Aiehhorn Defendants have not yet disputed this allegation. Thus, summary judgment cannot be granted as to Aiehhorn. B. Negligence 1. Fox, Green, and Washington Defendants assert that the Aichhorn employees present during the altercation between Vega and Quiñones had no duty to Vega. 96 Defendants rely on the New York Court of Appeals decision in Hamilton v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp. for the proposition that “[a] party does not normally have a duty to control the conduct of third persons so as to prevent them from *187 harming others.” 97 While this is true, the Hamilton court explains that there are several important exceptions to this rule: A duty may arise, however, where there is a relationship ... between defendant and plaintiff that requires defendant to protect plaintiff from the conduct of others. Examples of these relationships include master and servant, parent and child, and common carriers and their passengers. The key in each is that the defendant’s relationship with either the tortfeasor or the plaintiff places the defendant in the best position to protect against the risk of harm. In addition, the specter of limitless liability is not present because the class of potential plaintiffs to whom the duty is owed is circumscribed by the relationship. We have, for instance, recognized that landowners have a duty to protect tenants, patrons or invitees from foreseeable harm caused by the criminal conduct of others while they are on the premises. 98 In this case, there is a relationship between social service providers and the “disabled young adults” 99 that they are helping that imposes a duty on the former to protect the latter from the conduct of others, to the extent reasonable under the circumstances. Aichhorn staff are the people in the best position to protect against harm to YASL residents from third parties. And imposing such a duty avoids the “specter of limitless liability” because it does not extend beyond the limited class of residents to the public at large. 100 2. Pawel, Torres, and Younger The Aichhorn Defendants urge that summary judgment is particularly appropriate as to those “who were not even present on the date .of the incident.” 101 But Pawel, Torres, and Younger were in a good position to prevent harm to residents of the YASL, to the extent that this duty encompasses policy decisions of the organization. Defendants have not produced evidence or arguments that would preclude such a finding. Also, in determining whether a defendant owes a duty, New York courts have asked whether the State owes a duty to provide the same services. In the Case of foster care children, “the duty to care for the welfare of the children is imposed” by law, “including the responsibility to place the children in foster homes or other institutions under proper safeguards, to supervise the children while in foster homes, and to remove them from the foster home when necessary.” 102 Indeed, state laws establish a broad set of affirmative duties owed to persons under twenty-one years of age who either reside in mental health treatment facilities or are supervised by the foster care system. 103 “It would be anomalous, to say the least, for ... courts to preclude inquiry into the discharge of those duties.” 104 Because a particular defendant at any level of the chain of the foster care or mental health care system *188 was not at the scene of the alleged negligence does not mean as a matter of law that she lacks a duty to a plaintiff in Vega’s situation. 3. Aichhorn As Aichhorn is the employer of all the Aichhorn Defendants, the doctrine of respondeat superior may be applied to hold Aichhorn liable for the actions of the individually named defendant-employees. Fox, Green, and Washington were clearly acting in the scope of their employment by supervising and leading a weekly meeting of YASL residents. Aichhorn has offered no evidence that the YASL has adopted training, rules, or guidelines concerning the management of violent situations, even though such situations are bound to arise in a residential facility for troubled young people with psychiatric disabilities. 105 A question of fact exists as to whether Aichhorn was or could have been exerting some influence over how Fox, Green, and Washington chose to act in the face of a physical altercation between residents or in the aftermath of that event. 106 C. Cross Claims The Aichhorn Defendants have asked the Court to dispose of the cross claims against them as a matter of law because they all require some demonstration that defendants were negligent. 107 Because the negligence claims are still viable, the cross claims cannot be dismissed. V. CONCLUSION For the reasons stated above, the Aich-horn Defendants’ motion for summary judgment is denied. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close this motion [number 18 on the docket sheet]. A conference is scheduled for April 3, 2006 at 10:30 a.m. SO ORDERED. Footnotes [1] Aichhorn Defendants also argue that they should not be considered “agents'' of the City of New York. See Def. Mem. at 16-17. While this is likely true, it is irrelevant to plaintiff's constitutional or negligence claims. [2] See, e.g., Giannullo v. City of New York, 322 F.3d 139, 140 (2d Cir.2003). [3] See 12/19/05 Deposition of Michael Pawel (“Pawel Tr.”), Ex. 9 to 1/31/06 Declaration of Bruce A. Young, Attorney for Plaintiff ("1/31/06 Young Decl.”), at 10. [4] See id. at 10, 14. [5] See id. at 26. [6] See id. at 28-29 (estimating that out of the five million dollar annual budget, $4,965,000 was from some source of public funding). [7] Id. at 29. [8] See id. at 14-15, 29. [9] See id. at 11. [10] See id. [11] According to Pawel, this Committee: is set up under the statute that created the residential treatment facilities. It operates on a regional basis.... It is operated by the Mental Health Association of New York and it receives referrals of individuals who are considered by somebody to be in need of residential treatment and determines if they have such a need. If it determines such a need exists ... it certifies their need, and it makes the referrals to the RTFs. That’s true of all RTFs. Id. at 58-59. When asked where children are often referred from, Pawel mentioned State children's psychiatric centers, other residential treatment facilities, criminal court, family court, the Office of Children and Family Services, and group homes. See id. at 78. [12] See The August Aiehhorn Center for Adolescent Residential Care, Inc., Our Programs (“Aiehhorn Program Description”), Ex. 10 to 1/31/06 Young Deck, at 1, available at http:// www.aichhorn.org/aichhome2.htmk [13] See Pawel Tr. at 12. [14] See id. As a “condition of licensure of the facility,” the Office of Mental Health Bureau of Inspection and Certification conducts an in-person inspection of the operation every twenty-four months. Id. at 72, 68. Aiehhorn must also “report untoward incidents, if any,” to the OMH. Id. These incidents are investigated, reviewed by an incident review committee, and reported to the State if serious. See id. at 113-14. Another condition of licen-sure is that Aiehhorn formulate a manual regarding record-keeping, which is subject to approval by the OMH. See id. at 106. [15] See id. at 15. [16] Aichhorn Program Description at 3. [17] Pawel Tr. at 53-54. [18] Id. at 13, 17-18. Pawel estimates that each quarterly payment that the YASL receives from the OMH is between thirty and fifty thousand dollars. See id. at 20. [19] See Aichhorn Program Description at 3. [20] See id. [21] See Pawel Tr. at 126. [22] See id. at 127. [23] Id. at 129. [24] See id. at 127-28. [25] See 10/10/05 Affidavit of Plaintiff Felix Vega ("Vega Aff.”), Ex. 1 to 10/10/05 Declaration of Bruce A. Young ("10/10/05 Young Decl”), ¶ 16. [26] See 8/20/05 Affidavit of Michael Pawel ("Pawel Aff.”), Ex. H to 9/7/05 Declaration of Edward L. Owen, Counsel to Aichhorn Defendants, in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment ("Owen Decl.”), ¶ 12. [27] See id. ¶ 13. [28] See 4/20/04 Examination of Felix Vega in the Matter of the Claim of Felix Vega against the City of New York ("Vega Tr.”), Ex. 3 to 10/10/05 Young Decl., at 4; 6/12/02 Request to Remain in Foster Care After 18th Birthday, Ex. I to Owen Decl. Plaintiff disputes that the decision to sign this affidavit was voluntary. See, e.g., Vega Aff. ¶ 33. [29] In the Matter of Felix Vega, Docket No. NN-01167-92/03K, Order re: Extension of Placement and Permanency Hearing (Dec. 16, 2003) ("12/16/03 Family Court Order”), Ex. 7 to 10/10/05 Young Decl., at 2. [30] See Aichhorn Defendants' Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment ("Def.Mem.”) at 3-4. [31] See Vega Aff. ¶ 4; Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Motion for Summary Judgment ("Pl.Mem.”) at 1. [32] See Vega Tr. at 17; Pawel Tr. at 45-46; Complaint ¶ 33. [33] See Complaint ¶ 33. [34] See id. ¶ 34. [35] See id. ¶ 36. [36] See Vega Tr. at 22. Vega and Quiñones had been involved in a prior altercation when they lived at the RTF, before they both moved to the YASL. Quiñones hit Vega, allegedly out of jealousy of Vega’s relationship with a female. Quiñones was restrained and Vega was escorted back to his floor. See id. at 11-13. [37] Id. at 23, 26. [38] See id. at 26. [39] See Complaint ¶ 37. [40] See id. ¶ 38. [41] See id. ¶¶ 42-43. [42] See id. ¶¶ 43, 47-49. [43] See Vega Aff. ¶ 14; 12/17/03 Order of Protection, Ex. 8 to 10/10/05 Young Decl. [44] Vega Tr. at 33. [45] See id. [46] Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). [47] Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Accord Jeffreys v. City of New York, 426 F.3d 549, 553 (2d Cir.2005). [48] Jeffreys, 426 F.3d at 553 (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505). [49] See, e.g., Vermont Teddy Bear Co. v. 1-800 Beargram Co., 373 F.3d 241, 244 (2d Cir.2004) (citing Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970)). [50] Jeffreys, 426 F.3d at 554 (quoting Fujitsu Ltd. v. Federal Express Corp., 247 F.3d 423, 428 (2d Cir.2001)). [51] Woodman v. WWOR-TV, Inc., 411 F.3d 69, 75 (2d Cir.2005) (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986)). [52] See, e.g., Golden Pac. Bancorp v. FDIC, 375 F.3d 196, 201 (2d Cir.2004). [53] Morris-Hayes v. Board of Educ. of Chester Union Free Sch. Dist., 423 F.3d 153, 159 (2d Cir.2005) (citing Oklahoma City v. Tuttle, 471 U.S. 808, 816, 105 S.Ct. 2427, 85 L.Ed.2d 791 (1985)). [54] See Palmieri v. Lynch, 392 F.3d 73, 78 (2d Cir.2004). In the instant motion, Aichhorn Defendants argue that they did not act under color of state law, but they do not raise the issue of whether Vega was deprived of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution. [55] See Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 928, 102 S.Ct. 2744, 73 L.Ed.2d 482 (1982). [56] See Blum v. Yaretsky, 457 U.S. 991, 997, 102 S.Ct. 2777, 73 L.Ed.2d 534 (1982) (noting that "whether there is state action” is one of "several issues of law”). [57] Lugar, 457 U.S. at 937, 102 S.Ct. 2744. [58] Brentwood Acad. v. Tennessee Secondary Sch. Athletic Assn, 531 U.S. 288, 295, 121 S.Ct. 924, 148 L.Ed.2d 807 (2001) (quoting Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co., 419 U.S. 345, 351, 95 S.Ct. 449, 42 L.Ed.2d 477 (1974)). [59] Blum, 457 U.S. at 1004, 102 S.Ct. 2777. [60] Horvath v. Westport Library Ass’n, 362 F.3d 147, 151 (2d Cir.2004) (quoting Brentwood Acad., 531 U.S. at 296, 121 S.Ct. 924). [61] Jackson, 419 U.S. at 350, 95 S.Ct. 449. [62] See Cranley v. National Life Ins. Co. of Vt., 318 F.3d 105, 111-12 (2d Cir.2003). [63] 531 U.S. at 298, 121 S.Ct. 924. [64] Id. at 296, 121 S.Ct. 924 (quotation marks and citations omitted). [65] Tancredi v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 378 F.3d 220, 230 (2d Cir.2004). [66] Perez v. Sugarman, 499 F.2d 761, 764 (2d Cir.1974). [67] See id. [68] See id. at 765-66. [69] See, e.g., Duchesne v. Sugarman, 566 F.2d 817, 822 n. 4 (2d Cir.1977); Whalen v. Allers, 302 F.Supp.2d 194, 197 (S.D.N.Y.2003); Cecere v. City of New York, No. 88 Civ. 1948, 1991 WL 136026, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. July 12, 1991); Neustein v. Orbach, 732 F.Supp. 333, 346 (E.D.N.Y.1990); Wilder v. Bernstein, 645 F.Supp. 1292, 1315 (S.D.N.Y.1986); Brooks v. Richardson, 478 F.Supp. 793, 795 (S.D.N.Y.1979). [70] See, e.g., Kasunic v. Webb, No. 89 Civ. 6802, 1990 WL 104005, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. July 16, 1990); Flowers v. Webb, 575 F.Supp. 1450 (E.D.N.Y.1983); Ruffler v. Phelps Mem'l Hosp., 453 F.Supp. 1062, 1068 (S.D.N.Y. 1978). See also Kesselbrenner v. Anonymous, 33 N.Y.2d 161, 166, 350 N.Y.S.2d 889, 305 N.E.2d 903 (1973) (citations omitted) (“By provision of Constitution and statute the State is responsible for the care, treatment, rehabilitation, education, and training of the mentally ill.”). [71] See Monell v. Department of Soc. Servs. of City of N.Y., 436 U.S. 658, 691, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978); Coon v. Town of Springfield, Vt., 404 F.3d 683, 687 (2d Cir.2005) ("As the Supreme Court discussed in Monell, Congress chose not to impose a federal law of respondeat superior, in part because it believed the imposition of an obligation on municipalities to keep the peace would raise constitutional problems.”). [72] See Hernandez v. Keane, 341 F.3d 137, 144 (2d Cir.2003). [73] Monell, 436 U.S. at 694, 98 S.Ct. 2018. [74] 58 F.3d 865, 873 (2d Cir.1995). Accord Back v. Hastings On Hudson Union Free Sch. Dist., 365 F.3d 107, 127 (2d Cir.2004). [75] Rojas v. Alexander’s Dept. Store, Inc., 924 F.2d 406, 408 (2d Cir.1990) (quoting Monell, 436 U.S. at 691, 98 S.Ct. 2018). Accord Johnson ex rel. Johnson v. Columbia Univ., No. 99 Civ. 3415, 2003 WL 22743675, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 19, 2003). [76] See Johnson v. Bryco Arms, 304 F.Supp.2d 383, 394 (E.D.N.Y.2004) (citing Akins v. Glens Falls City Sch. Dist., 53 N.Y.2d 325, 441 N.Y.S.2d 644, 424 N.E.2d 531 (1981)). [77] In re September 11 Litig., 280 F.Supp.2d 279, 290 (S.D.N.Y.2003) (citing Palka v. Servicemaster Mgmt. Servs. Corp., 83 N.Y.2d 579, 585, 611 N.Y.S.2d 817, 634 N.E.2d 189 (1994)). [78] See id. at 290; Leland v. Moran, 100 F.Supp.2d 140, 146 (N.D.N.Y.2000); Hamilton v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp., 96 N.Y.2d 222, 232, 727 N.Y.S.2d 7, 750 N.E.2d 1055 (2001). [79] Palka, 83 N.Y.2d at 586, 611 N.Y.S.2d 817, 634 N.E.2d 189. Accord 532 Madison Ave. Gourmet Foods, Inc. v. Finlandia Ctr., Inc., 96 N.Y.2d 280, 288, 727 N.Y.S.2d 49, 750 N.E.2d 1097 (2001) (citing Hamilton, 96 N.Y.2d at 232, 727 N.Y.S.2d 7, 750 N.E.2d 1055) (stating five factor balancing test); In re September 11 Litig., 280 F.Supp.2d at 290 (examining the five factors to determine the existence of a duty). [80] Palka, 83 N.Y.2d at 585, 611 N.Y.S.2d 817, 634 N.E.2d 189. [81] D’Amico v. Christie, 71 N.Y.2d 76, 88, 524 N.Y.S.2d 1, 518 N.E.2d 896 (1987). [82] Hamilton, 96 N.Y.2d at 233, 727 N.Y.S.2d 7, 750 N.E.2d 1055. [83] Siller v. Mahopac Cent. Sch. Dist., 18 A.D.3d 532, 795 N.Y.S.2d 605, 605 (2d Dep't 2005) (citing Mirand v. City of New York, 84 N.Y.2d 44, 614 N.Y.S.2d 372, 637 N.E.2d 263 (1994)). [84] Sean M. v. City of New York, 20 A.D.3d 146, 795 N.Y.S.2d 539, 550 (1st Dep't 2005). Accord Tylena M. v. Heartshare Children's Servs., 390 F.Supp.2d 296, 317 (S.D.N.Y.2005). [85] Longin by Longin v. Kelly, 875 F.Supp. 196, 201-02 (S.D.N.Y.1995). Accord Marino v. Vega, 12 A.D.3d 329, 786 N.Y.S.2d 17, 18 (1st Dep't 2004). [86] See, e.g., Def. Mem. at 12. [87] Tancredi, 378 F.3d at 230. [88] See, e.g., N.Y. Soc. Serv. Law § 398 et seq. (McKinney 2003); N.Y. Mental Hyg. Law § 103 et seq. (McKinney 2003). See also N.Y. Comp.Codes R. & Regs. tit. 18, § 430.12(f)(4)(a) (2005) (stating that "every child deemed to have been discharged to independent living must remain in a status of trial discharge for at least six months after discharge and must remain in the custody of the local commissioner during the entire period of trial discharge” and enumerating the "after-care services” to which they are entitled); Rights of Outpatients in all Outpatient programs licensed or run by the Office of Mental Health, Ex. 11 to 1/31/06 Young Decl., available at http://www.omh.state.ny.us/ omhweb/patientrights/outpatient_rts.htm. [89] See Pawel Tr. at 123 (stating that individuals in residential treatment facilities are entitled to receive services "until they reach their twenty-second birthday”); N.Y. Soc. Serv. Law § 398(6)(h) ("Commissioners of public welfare and city public welfare officers responsible under the provisions of a special or local law for the children hereinafter specified shall have powers and perform duties as follows: ... Supervise children who have been cared for away from their families until such children become twenty-one years of age or until they are discharged to their own parents, relatives within the third degree or guardians, or adopted.”). [90] See Perez, 499 F.2d at 766 ("[T]he New York Social Welfare Law expressly contemplates the use of private facilities to accomplish the public purpose here. Indeed, these private entities are an integral part of the public operation of providing assistance. And ... the dependence of the State on private parties is a factor which tends to establish the intimacy requisite to a finding of 'state action.’ ") (citing Burton v. Wilmington Parking Auth., 365 U.S. 715, 81 S.Ct. 856, 6 L.Ed.2d 45 (1961)). [91] Id. (quoting United States v. Wiseman, 445 F.2d 792, 796 (1971)). [92] See 58 F.3d at 873 ("the defendant participated directly in the alleged constitutional violation.”). [93] Id. Vega does not proffer a theory or supporting facts that would satisfy the second, fourth, or fifth methods of establishing personal involvement under Colon. [94] See Complaint ¶ 69. [95] Monell, 436 U.S. at 691, 98 S.Ct. 2018. See also Johnson ex rel. Johnson, 2003 WL 22743675, at *3 ("Thus, in order to sustain his claim ... plaintiff must allege that Columbia has a policy, pattern or practice that caused his alleged injury.”); Mejia v. City of New York, 228 F.Supp.2d 234, 243 (E.D.N.Y.2002) ("A municipality or a private corporation can be liable under Monell for the single act of an employee with final policymaking authority in the particular area involved.”) (citing City, of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 121-23, 108 S.Ct. 915, 99 L.Ed.2d 107 (1988)). [96] See Def. Mem. at 14-15. [97] Id. at 15 (citing Hamilton, 96 N.Y.2d at 232-34, 727 N.Y.S.2d 7, 750 N.E.2d 1055). [98] Hamilton, 96 N.Y.2d at 233, 727 N.Y.S.2d 7, 750 N.E.2d 1055. [99] Aichhorn Program Description at 3. [100] Hamilton, 96 N.Y.2d at 233, 727 N.Y.S.2d 7, 750 N.E.2d 1055 [101] Def. Mem. at 15. [102] Barnes v. County of Nassau, 108 A.D.2d 50, 487 N.Y.S.2d 827, 830 (2d Dep’t 1985) (citations omitted). [103] See supra notes 84-85 and accompanying text. [104] Barnes, 487 N.Y.S.2d at 830. [105] See, e.g., Pawel Tr. at 93-98 (discussing the screening process for history of violent behavior). [106] See, e.g., id. at 102 (describing a lack of guidelines for escorting residents to criminal procedures); id. at 107 (lack of guidelines regarding record-keeping within the YASL); id. at 108-09 (lack of written rules for residents of the facility); id. at 110-11 (lack of policy regarding compliance with conflicting court orders). [107] See Def. Mem. at 18.