Railroad Commission of Texas v. Waste Management of Texas, Inc.

JONES, Justice. This case requires us to determine whether the Texas Railroad Commission has jurisdiction to regulate the transportation of certain solid waste for compensation or hire when the waste in question has no commercial value and its owner seeks only to dispose *837 of it. Waste Management of Texas, Inc. sued the Railroad Commission in the District Court of Travis County seeking a declaratory judgment that the Railroad Commission did not have jurisdiction over Waste Management’s transportation of asbestos-containing solid waste. The trial court ruled that the Railroad Commission did not have authority to regulate the transportation of such waste because it is not “property” as that term is used in article 911b of the Texas Revised Civil Statutes, commonly known as the Motor Carrier Act. See Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 911b (West 1964 & Supp.1994) (hereinafter “MCA”). The Railroad Commission and several defendant-intervenors appeal. 1 We will reverse and render judgment. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND Waste Management is engaged in the business of transporting asbestos-containing solid waste to various disposal sites. Asbestos-containing solid waste consists of asbestos-containing materials removed from facilities or buildings that have been subject to asbestos abatement and any clothing or material used in carrying out the abatement process. Waste Management is normally employed to transport and properly dispose of the waste by owners of such facilities or buildings or by companies hired to remove the asbestos. Such parties are typically called “generators.” The Railroad Commission is authorized under the MCA to regulate motor vehicles that transport “property for compensation or hire.” MCA § 4(a)(1) (West Supp.1994). The Railroad Commission’s authority includes the power to regulate rates and to require that companies or persons operating vehicles transporting property for compensation obtain permits or certificates of convenience and necessity from the Railroad Commission. Waste Management has never been issued a certificate or permit by the Railroad Commission authorizing it to transport asbestos-containing solid waste. From March 1989 to November 1991, various generators paid Waste Management to transport and dispose of approximately seventy-one shipments of asbestos-containing solid waste. Waste Management transported the waste in company-owned trucks across Texas’s public highways, routinely travelling between two or more noncontiguous incorporated cities, towns, or villages. On November 15,1991, after conducting an audit of Waste Management, an auditor for the Motor Transportation Division of the Railroad Commission issued violation reports to Waste Management concerning its transportation of the waste. In April 1992, the manager of the Transportation Audit Division of the Railroad Commission notified several of Waste Management’s waste-generating customers that Waste Management did not possess a permit or certificate authorizing it to transport asbestos-containing waste and that further use of Waste Management’s services could subject the generators to prosecution by the Railroad Commission. Waste Management filed suit against the Railroad Commission seeking a declaratory judgment that the Railroad Commission did not have jurisdiction over the transportation of asbestos-containing solid waste for compensation or hire. See Tex.Civ.Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 37.004(a) (West 1986); Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 2001.038 (West 1994). Several waste transporters intervened as defendants. Waste Management argued in the trial court that the Railroad Commission did not possess jurisdiction to regulate transporters of asbestos-containing solid waste because such transporters were not transporting “property” as contemplated by sections 1(g) and 4(a)(1) of the MCA. In the alternative, Waste Management argued that the Texas Legislature’s delegation of authority to the Texas Department of Health and the *838 Texas Water Commission 2 to control all aspects of the management of solid and hazardous waste in the Solid Waste Disposal Act (“SWDA”), Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. §§ 361.001-.540 (West 1992 & Supp.1994), indicated the legislature’s approval and ratification of Moore Industrial Disposal, Inc. v. City of Garland, 587 S.W.2d 430 (Tex.Civ.App.—Dallas 1979, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (holding that sludge was not property because it had been abandoned and had no value). At the conclusion of the trial, the trial court determined that asbestos-containing solid waste was not “property” as contemplated by the MCA, that the Railroad Commission did not have jurisdiction to regulate the transportation of asbestos-containing solid waste for compensation or hire, and that the Texas Water Commission (now the TNRCC) had exclusive jurisdiction to regulate the transportation of industrial solid waste, including asbestos-containing solid waste pursuant to the SWDA. The trial court also declared that Railroad Commission Tariff 14-D (formerly 14-C), Rule 5.22, 16 Tex.Admin.Code § 5.22 (1994), and Rule 5.132, 16 Tex.Admin.Code § 5.132 (1994), did not apply to the transportation of asbestos-containing solid waste. 3 The Railroad Commission and defendant-intervenors appeal. In several points of error, they argue that (1) the trial court erred in holding that the Railroad Commission was without authority to regulate the transportation of asbestos-containing solid waste; (2) the trial court erred in concluding that asbestos-containing solid waste was not property under the MCA; (3) the trial court erred in holding that Tariff 14-D and rules 5.22 and 5.132 did not apply to the transportation of such waste; and (4) the trial court erred in finding that the asbestos-containing solid waste was abandoned by the generators, because (a) as a matter of law such waste cannot be abandoned and (b) there is no evidence or insufficient evidence to support the finding. DISCUSSION A. THE JURISDICTION OF THE RAILROAD COMMISSION Waste Management presents two arguments in support of its position that the Railroad Commission does not possess jurisdiction to regulate the transportation of asbestos-containing waste. First, it argues that we should follow the Dallas court’s decision in Moore. The Moore court held that sludge was not property under the MCA because it had been abandoned and had no value. Second, Waste Management argues that, in the event we disagree with the holding in Moore, we should nevertheless follow the holding because the legislature has ratified it through subsequent action. 1. Defining Property Under the MCA Section 4(a)(1) of the MCA empowers the Railroad Commission to regulate the “transportation of property for compensation or hire by motor vehicle.” MCA § 4(a)(1). Section 1(g) of the MCA defines a “motor carrier” as any legal entity or person that operates or owns “any motor-propelled vehicle used in transporting property for compensation or hire over any public highway in this state, where in the course of such transportation a highway between two or more incorporated cities, towns or villages is traversed.” MCA § 1(g) (West Supp.1994). The term “property” is not defined in the MCA. Waste Management relies on the decision in Moore to argue that asbestos-containing solid waste is not property under the MCA because the waste (1) has no economic value and (2) has been abandoned. In Moore, Moore Industrial Disposal sought to enjoin the City of Garland from accepting bids for the transportation of sludge from *839 any transporter not certified by the Railroad Commission. 587 S.W.2d at 431. The court held that the Railroad Commission did not have jurisdiction over the transportation of sludge because it was not property under the MCA. The court reasoned that sludge was not property “because the owner abandons the waste and because it has no value.” Id. at 432. Noting that other courts and the Interstate Commerce Commission had addressed the issue of whether waste was property for purposes of their states’ motor carrier acts, the court briefly summarized the holdings of (1) the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in Masgai v. Public Service Commission, 124 Pa.Super. 370, 188 A. 599, 600-01 (1936) (holding that garbage is property because its owner continues to direct its disposition), (2) the Interstate Commerce Commission in Joray Trucking Corp. Common Carrier Application, 99 M.C.C. 109, 110 (1965) (holding that debris and rubble is not property for purposes of § 202 of the Interstate Commerce Act [49 U.S.C. § 10521 (1988) ]), and (3) the Arizona Supreme Court in Visco v. State, 95 Ariz. 154, 388 P.2d 155, 163 (1963) (holding that trash is not property because it has been abandoned). After briefly reviewing these holdings, the Moore court summarily concluded that it agreed with the reasoning of Joray and Visco and held that sludge was not property. Moore, 587 S.W.2d at 432. 4 We find the Moore court’s cursory reasoning unpersuasive. In construing the MCA we are required to seek out the legislative intent from an examination of the entire act and construe it in a manner that effectively carries out the intent of the legislature. Citizens Bank v. First State Bank, Hearne, 580 S.W.2d 344, 348 (Tex.1979). In determining legislative intent, we begin by looking to the plain meaning of the words of the statute. See Cail v. Service Motors, Inc., 660 S.W.2d 814, 815 (Tex.1983); Minton v. Frank, 545 S.W.2d 442, 445 (Tex.1976). The meaning of the word “property,” however, is not immediately clear. The term is used in a myriad of different contexts to encompass many different things, both tangible and intangible, valuable and valueless. For example, Black’s Law Dictionary defines property in part as “everything that has an exchangeable value,” but also.defines property in part as “the right to dispose of a thing in every legal way, to possess it, to use it, and to exclude every one else from interfering with it.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1216 (6th ed. 1990). 5 The most that can be discerned from *840 these definitions is that, at the least, the broader definition encompasses waste, because waste is an object that one can possess, dispose of, and exclude others from using; 6 yet the narrower definition, based on value, does not include waste because it has no economic worth. These various definitions do no more than establish that valueless waste is encompassed by some, but not all, definitions of property. To continue seeking the plain meaning of the word when its meaning is somewhat elastic would leave us to fight an inconclusive skirmish of definition. To resolve this problem, therefore, we must turn to an examination of the purpose and context of the MCA to determine the precise scope of the term as it is used in the act. The purpose of the MCA is contained in section 22b: Declaration of Policy. The business of operating as a motor carrier of property for hire along the highways of this State is declared to be a business affected with the public interest. The rapid increase of motor carrier traffic, and the fact that under existing law many motor trucks are not effectively regulated, have increased the dangers and hazards on public highways and make it imperative that more stringent regulation should be employed, to the end that the highways may be rendered safer for the use of the general public; that the wear of such highways may be reduced; that discrimination in rates charged may be eliminated; that congestion of traffic on the highways may be minimized; that the use of the highways for the transportation of property for hire may be restricted to the extent required by the necessity of the general public, and that the various transportation agencies of the State may be adjusted and correlated so that public highways may serve the best interest of the general public. MCA § 22b (West 1964). The declaration of policy encompasses three major goals: (1) enhancing public safety; (2) protecting the highways of the state from excess wear and tear; and (3) limiting uneconomic and discriminatory practices in the trucking industry. Berry v. Golden Light Coffee Co., 160 Tex. 128, 327 S.W.2d 436, 438 (1959); see also Great Nat’l Life Ins. Co. v. Chapa, 377 S.W.2d 632, 634-35 (Tex.1964); New Way Lumber Co. v. Smith, 128 Tex. 173, 96 S.W.2d 282, 290 (1936). In light of these legislative goals, it is clear to us that the legislature intended a broad, rather than narrow, definition of property. The purposes of ensuring safety and controlling the wear and tear on the State’s highways are implicated whenever a truck carries any item, regardless of its value. Thus, we agree that “it would seem to matter little whether a motor vehicle is carrying twenty tons of garbage or twenty tons of caviar.” Northern Hills Sanitation, Inc. v. Cossart, 264 N.W.2d 711, 713 (S.D.1978). In addition to the fact that the declaration of policy indicates that the legislature intended a broad definition of property, the regulatory scheme in place at the time the legislature enacted the MCA indicates that *841 the legislature intended the term “property” to distinguish the scope of the MCA from the scope of regulation of buses and other non-rail common carriers of people. The parallel wording of article 911a, which regulates motor transportation of passengers, is evident. The 1927 Act provided: The term “Motor-bus Company” when used in this Act means every corporation or person as herein defined ... owning, controlling, operating, or managing any motor propelled passenger vehicle, not usually operated on or over rails, and engaged regularly in the business of transporting persons as passengers for compensation or hire over the public highways between points within the State of Texas.... Act of March 15, 1927, 40th Leg., R.S., ch. 270, § 1(c), 1927 Tex.Gen.Laws 399, 400 (emphasis added) (codified as amended at Tex. Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 911a, § 1(c) (West Supp.1994)). 7 Similarly, the MCA, passed just two years after the 1927 legislation regulating passenger carriers, provided: The term “motor carrier” when used in this Act denotes any person, firm, corporation ... or lessee who operated [sic] or causes to be operated any motor propelled vehicle (not usually operated on or over rails) over or along the highways or streets of this State for the purpose of carrying or transporting property for compensation or hire.... Act effective June 13, 1929, 41st Leg., R.S., ch. 314, § 1(a), 1929 Tex.Gen.Laws 698, 698 (emphasis added) (codified as amended at Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 911b, § 1(g) (West Supp.1994)). Because of the parallel wording of these statutes and the nearly contemporaneous enactment of them, we believe that the legislature used the word “property” in the MCA to distinguish carriers of property from carriers of people for purposes of clearly defining the scope of each respective area of regulation. Because of the clear evidence of legislative intent found both in the statute itself and in the contemporaneous events surrounding its enactment, we believe that solid waste is property under the MCA regardless of its value. Thus, we disagree with the Moore court’s conclusion. We now turn to the question of whether the legislature’s subsequent enactments require our adherence to the Moore holding despite our disagreement. 2. Legislative Ratification and the Jurisdiction of the TNRCC Waste Management asserts that the 1981 and 1991 amendments to the SWDA demonstrate the legislature’s knowledge and ratification of Moore. It is true that prior to Moore the SWDA did not explicitly empower any Texas agency to regulate the transportation of industrial or municipal solid waste for any purpose. The original SWDA, enacted in 1969, empowered the Texas State Department of Health to regulate the “collection, handling, storage, and disposal of municipal solid waste” and empowered the Texas Water Quality Board to regulate the “collection, handling, storage, and disposal of industrial solid waste_” Act of May 23, 1969, 61st Leg., R.S., ch. 405, § 3(a), (b), 1969 Tex.Gen. Laws 1320, 1321; see also Act of May 17, 1977, 65th Leg., R.S., ch. 308, § 1, 1977 Tex.Gen.Laws 825, 826 (both codified, as amended, at SWDA §§ 361.011, .017 (West 1992)). In 1981, the legislature amended the SWDA and empowered the Department of Health to “control all aspects of’ the management of municipal solid waste and empowered the Texas Department of Water Resources to “control all aspects of’ the management of industrial solid waste. Act of June 1, 1981, 67th Leg., R.S., ch. 831, § 3, 1981 Tex.Gen.Laws 3170, 3172-73 (codified as amended at SWDA §§ 361.011, .017) (West 1992). The 1981 amendments defined management as including “the systematic control of ... transportation_” Act of June 1, 1981, 67th Leg., R.S., ch. 831, § 2, 1981 Tex.Gen.Laws 3170, 3171 (codified at *842 SWDA § 361.003(21) (West 1992)). 8 In addition to amending the SWDA in 1981, the legislature amended the SWDA in 1991 to specifically provide that the Railroad Commission would have the power to regulate the transportation of recyclable materials. Act of May 26,1991, 72nd Leg., R.S., ch. 303, § 1, 1991 Tex.Gen.Laws 1267, 1272 (codified at SWDA § 361.431 (West 1992)). Waste Management argues that this history indicates legislative approval of the Moore decision. We are not persuaded by this argument, and nothing in the language or legislative history of the 1981 and 1991 amendments convinces us otherwise. We find no reference to Moore by members of the legislature, nor have Waste Management or its amici directed us to any. Indeed, the legislative history of the 1981 amendments, as well as other evidence, persuades us that the main purpose of adding “transportation” to the list of activities regulable under the SWDA was to bring Texas into compliance with the requirements of the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in order to receive approval of the state’s hazardous waste management plan. See House Committee on Natural Resources, Bill Analysis, Tex.H.B. 1407, 67th Leg., R.S. (1981); House Study Group, Bill Analysis, Tex.H.B. 1407, 67th Leg., R.S. (1981); Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 6941-6949 (1988) (providing guidelines for state plans, provisions for state plan approval, and provisions for federal financial and technical assistance to states with approved plans). The SWDA’s definition of management as including transportation tracks, word for word, regulations promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to section 6942(b) of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. See 40 C.F.R. § 256.02(a)(2) (1993); 42 U.S.C. § 6942(b) (1988). In particular, the bill analysis of the House Committee on Natural Resources supports this conclusion, indicating that the purpose of adding the term “management” and defining it to include transportation was merely to “standardize language.” House Committee on Natural Resources, Bill Analysis, supra, at 1. The bill analysis does not mention Moore. In light of this evidence, it seems clear that the legislature did not consider its amendments to be more than a minor change and certainly had no intention of adopting any particular court of civil appeals’ interpretation. More persuasive than the lack of legislative history supporting Waste Management’s position is the fact that the language of the SWDA indicates that the TNRCC possesses the authority to regulate the transportation of solid waste for environmental purposes rather than for purposes of preserving highways or regulating trucking. Subsection 361.002(a) of the SWDA provides that “[i]t is the state’s policy and the purpose of this chapter to safeguard the health, welfare, and physical property of the people and to protect the environment by controlling the management of solid waste-” SWDA § 361.002(a) (West 1992) (emphasis added). Subsection 361.011(e) provides that “[the TNRCC] shall accomplish the purposes of this chapter by controlling all aspects of the management of municipal solid waste,” SWDA § 361.011(c) (West 1992) (emphasis added). Finally, subsection 361.017(b) provides that “[the TNRCC] shall accomplish the purposes of this chapter by controlling all aspects of the management of industrial solid waste....” SWDA § 361.017(b) (West 1992) (emphasis added). While at first blush the words “controlling all aspects of the management of’ seem to indicate an intent to foreclose all concurrent regulation by other agencies, the preceding phrase regarding the purpose of that control indicates that the regulation of the environmental aspects of waste *843 transportation was the primary focus of the SWDA. We see no reason why such regulation should preclude the Railroad Commission from using its regulatory powers to assure the economic health of the transportation industry and the overall quality and safety of our state highways merely because the cargo being transported over those highways is solid waste. Thus, we believe that the Railroad Commission and the TNRCC exercise concurrent jurisdiction over the transportation of solid waste because they each regulate a different aspect of the activity. See Lipsey v. Texas Dep’t of Health, 727 S.W.2d 61, 65 (Tex.App.—Austin 1987, writ ref'd n.r.e.). 9 Providing final support for our conclusion is the fact that both the TNRCC and the Railroad Commission assert that the Railroad Commission has jurisdiction over the transportation of asbestos-containing solid waste for compensation or hire. The TNRCC and its predecessor agencies have established numerous regulations related to environmental safety, yet have established no regulations of the type that the Railroad Commission historically has promulgated. See, e.g., 80 Tex.Admin.Code §§ 335.10-14 (1994) (establishing rules relating to shipping, reporting, and recordkeeping of hazardous waste transported to an off-site storage facility); 30 Tex.Admin.Code § 335.92 (1994) (requiring transporters to have Environmental Protection Agency identification numbers); 30 Tex.Admin.Code § 335.93 (1994) (requiring transporters to respond to hazardous waste discharges). It is our duty to give weight to an administrative agency’s interpretation of its enabling statute as long as that interpretation is reasonable and does not contradict the plain meaning of the statute. Tarrant Appraisal Dist. v. Moore, 845 S.W.2d 820, 823 (Tex.1993). Obviously, we believe the agencies’ interpretations of their respective governing statutes to be more than reasonable. B. ABANDONMENT Finally, several appellants attack the trial court’s finding of fact that the asbestos-containing solid waste at issue in this case had been “abandoned” by its generators before being transported by Waste Management. At least one of Waste Management’s amici argues that the trial court’s finding of abandonment is important even if the solid waste in question is determined to be property, using the following reasoning: (1) when property is abandoned, ownership of the property transfers to whoever takes possession of it; (2) the generators of the asbestos-containing solid waste abandoned the waste before Waste Management took possession of it; (3) when Waste Management took possession of the waste, therefore, it assumed ownership of it; (4) the Railroad Commission has authority to regulate only “transportation of property for compensation or hire”; (5) since Waste Management was transporting its own property, it could not have been transporting it “for compensation or hire.” We cannot accept this strained reasoning. First, the term “abandon” means “[t]o give up absolutely; to forsake entirely; to renounce utterly; to relinquish all connection with or concern in; to desert.” Black’s Law Dictionary 2 (6th ed. 1990); see also City of Anson v. Arnett, 250 S.W.2d 450, 454 (Tex.Civ.App.—Eastland 1952, writ ref'd n.r.e.). When applied to personal property, we think the term also includes an intent by the owner to leave the property free to be appropriated by any other person. See Hendle v. Stevens, 224 Ill.App.3d 1046, 166 Ill.Dec. 868, 875, 586 N.E.2d 826, 833, cert. denied, 145 Ill.2d 634, 173 Ill.Dec. 4, 596 N.E.2d 628 (1992). Thus, it seems to us highly unlikely that a generator of asbestos-containing solid waste could ever “abandon” such waste in the true sense, because a generator has a continuing duty to see that the waste is disposed of in accordance with the SWDA. See SWDA §§ 361.271-.275 (West 1992 & Supp.1994). We do not decide that *844 question here, however, because in the present case the parties stipulated that: 5. From March of 1989 to November of 1991, [Waste Management] transported for disposal approximately 71 shipments of asbestos-containing solid waste from construction, demolition and renovation activities at industrial and other facilities (hereinafter referred to as the “shipments”). [[Image here]] 7. The shipments were transported pursuant to Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifests as required by the Texas Water Commission. 8. [Waste Management] was paid approximately $60,000.00 for the shipments by the generators of this waste. [[Image here]] 12. Some of the asbestos-containing solid waste transported by [Waste Management] was accumulated at the site of the generators by asbestos abatement companies. ... These companies were paid for their abatement services by the generators. In these instances [Waste Management] was hired to transport the asbestos-containing solid waste by the asbestos abatement companies. [[Image here]] 17. The shipments transported by [Waste Management] were disposed of at either the Atascosita Landfill located in Humble, Texas, or at the Western Waste Landfill located in Conroe, Texas, both of which are authorized and permitted disposal facilities. 18. The generators of the asbestos-containing solid waste in the shipments directed [Waste Management] as to which of the landfills referenced in Stipulation No. 17 such waste was to be taken for disposal. We think the foregoing stipulations show conclusively that Waste Management was transporting the waste in question “for compensation or hire,” thereby subjecting the shipments to Railroad Commission regulation. Accordingly, we need not decide whether the record contains evidence that the generators had, in some sense, “abandoned” the waste. CONCLUSION We sustain the appellants’ points of error regarding the Railroad Commission’s authority to regulate the transportation of asbestos-containing solid waste, the finding that such waste is not property, and the applicability of Tariff 14-D and Rules 5.22 and 5.132. We do not address the appellants’ points of error challenging the finding that the solid waste in question had been abandoned. We reverse the judgment of the trial court; we render judgment that the Railroad Commission has authority to regulate Waste Management’s transportation of asbestos-containing solid waste and that Railroad Commission Tariff 14 — D and Rules 5.22 and 5.132 apply to the transportation of such waste. Footnotes [1] The defendant-intervenors who perfected an appeal were: Environmental Transportation Services, Inc., Waste Processor Industries, Inc., Channel Transportation Co., Inc., WPI Trucking, Inc., Texas Tank Truck Carriers Association, Inc., Allwaste Environmental Services (formerly 4-K Vacuum Services, Inc.), and Bealine Service Co., Inc. The defendant-intervenors who did not perfect an appeal were: Best Pak Disposal, Inc., Tricil Environmental Response, Inc., Laidlaw Environmental Services (FS), Inc., Resource Transportation Services, Inc., Allstate Vacuum & Tanks, Inc., and Western Waste Industries. [2] As of September 1, 1993, the authority to control all aspects of the management of both municipal and industrial solid waste was given to the newly created Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC). See Act of July 30, 1991, 72nd Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 3, art. 1, § 1.085, 1991 Tex.Gen.Laws 4, 42. [3] Section 5.22 prohibits motor carriers from operating without a permit, certificate, or license issued by the Railroad Commission. 16 Tex.Admin.Code § 5.22. Section 5.132 prohibits motor carriers from deviating from tariffs set by the Railroad Commission. 16 Tex.Admin.Code § 5.132. Tariff 14-D sets such rates. [4] Other jurisdictions also have considered the issue of whether waste is property under those jurisdictions’ motor transportation acts. See, e.g., Browning-Ferris, Inc. v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 157, 300 S.E.2d 603, 604-05 (1983) (holding that waste is property under the state's regulatory scheme); Northern Hills Sanitation, Inc. v. Cossart, 264 N.W.2d 711, 713 (S.D.1978) (same); Waste Control Sys., Inc. v. State, 114 N.H. 21, 314 A.2d 659, 661-62 (1974) (deferring to the regulating agency's definition of property); Schlagel v. Hoelsken, 162 Colo. 142, 425 P.2d 39, 42 (1967), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 827, 88 S.Ct. 81, 19 L.Ed.2d 83 (1967) (holding that the legislature had ratified the Public Utilities Commission’s treatment of waste as property regulable under the state's act); State v. Diamond Tank Transp., 2 Wash.2d 13, 97 P.2d 145, 147 (1939) (holding that a garbage hauler was a contract carrier because some of the trash being transported had value). Since its decision in loray, the Interstate Commerce Commission has flip-flopped on the issue of whether radioactive waste is property under 49 U.S.C. § 10521 (1988). See Long Island Nuclear Serv. Corp. Common Carrier Application, 110 M.C.C. 398, 403-04 (1969) (distinguishing Joray, holding that radioactive waste is property under section 10521, and stating that “[t]he term 'property' is not defined in the act and is used therein in its broadest context”); Nuclear Diagnostic Lab., Inc., Contract Carrier Application, 129 M.C.C. 339, 342-44 (1978) [Nuclear Diagnostic 7] (holding that radioactive waste is not property for purposes of section 10521 and distinguishing Long Island on the basis of the development of a separate comprehensive regulatory scheme for the transportation of radioactive waste); Nuclear Diagnostic Lab., Inc., Contract Carrier Application, 131 M.C.C. 578, 580-81 (1979) [Nuclear Diagnostic 17] (ignoring Long Island and Nuclear Diagnostic I, distinguishing Joray on the basis that the transportation in question in Joray was of a local nature, and holding that radioactive waste is property for purposes of section 10521). [6] The fact that waste generators spend their time trying to get rid of waste, rather than exercising their right to exclude others from it, does not change the clear fact that a right to exclude and direct the disposition of the waste does in fact exist. Indeed, the very focus of both federal and state environmental laws is to force generators responsibly and appropriately to direct the disposal of the waste they have generated. See, e.g., 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a) (1988) (imposing liability on a broad range of parties, including generators of waste, for releases of hazardous waste); SWDA §§ 361.221-.222 (West 1992) (providing for the imposition of criminal sanctions for failure to handle and dispose of waste properly). Such laws rest on the underlying—and unassailable— assumption that those who generate waste have the legal right to direct its disposal. [7] The legislature amended the law regulating buses in 1929, substituting the word “persons” for the words “persons as passengers." See Act effective Aug. 20, 1929, 41st Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 78, § 1, 1929 Tex.Gen.Laws 196, 196 (codified as *842 amended at Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 911a, § 1(c) (West Supp.1994)). [8] In 1969, the legislature explicitly recognized the Railroad Commission's authority to regulate the transportation, generation, and disposal of waste resulting from activities associated with oil and gas production, exploration, and development. See Act of May 23, 1969, 61st Leg., R.S., ch. 405, § 2(5), 1969 Tex.Gen.Laws 1320, 1320 (codified as amended at SWDA § 361.003(38) (West 1992)). Given the historic role of the Railroad Commission in regulating all aspects of oil and gas matters, we do not consider this express delegation of authority to the Railroad Commission to be significant to the issue before us. [9] Waste Management does not explicitly argue the theory of implied repeal. We feel compelled to note, however, that we believe the delegation of authority to the Railroad Commission and TNRCC to regulate different aspects of the transportation of solid waste forecloses that argument. See Lipsey, 727 S.W.2d at 65 n. 1.