Roe v. Nevada

ORDER ROGER L. HUNT, Chief Judge. Before the Court is Defendants Clark County Board of Education, Clark County School District, Carlos Arturo Garcia, Charlene A. Green, Michael S. Harley, Kay Davis, Darryl Wyatt, and Kathleen Lisanti’s Motion in Limine to Exclude Expert Testimony of Stanton Smith (# 105), filed July 19, 2007. The Court has also considered Plaintiff Jane Roe and Preschooler II’s Opposition (# 115), filed under seal on August 6, 2007, and Defendants’ Reply (# 125, sealed exhibits # 126), filed August 15, 2007. Also before the Court are Defendants’ Motion for Judgment on the Record on Plaintiffs’ First Claim for Relief (# 106), Motion in Limine to Exclude Testimony of Dr. Stephen Luce (# 107), Motion for Summary Judgment on Plaintiffs’ Sixth and Seventh Claims for Relief (# 108), Motion in Limine to Preclude the Testimony of Certain Witnesses Disclosed by Plaintiffs (# 109), Motion for Summary Judgment on Plaintiffs’ Fourth Cause of Action (# 110), Motion for Summary Judgment on Plaintiffs’ Eighth Cause of Action (# 111), Motion for Summary Judgment as to Plaintiffs’ Entitlement to Compensatory Damages under Plaintiffs’ Second and Third Claims for Relief (# 112, Errata # 114), and Motion for Summary Judgment on Plaintiffs’ Fourth and Fifth Claims for Relief (# 113), all filed July 23, 2007. The Court has also considered Plaintiffs’ corresponding Oppositions (# 121, Errata # 148; # 116; # 117; # 124; # 120; # 118; # 119; # 123), filed under seal on August 10, 2007, and Defendants’ respective Replies (# 132, sealed exhibits # 133, # 136; # 129; # 137, sealed exhibits # 138; # 130; # 134, sealed exhibits # 135; # 141, sealed exhibits # 142; # 139, sealed exhibits # 140; # 143, sealed exhibits # 144), filed August 24, 2007. The Court has also considered Plaintiffs’ Statement of Material Facts (# 122, Errata # 147), filed under seal on August 10, 2007, and Defendants’ Response to Plaintiffs’ Statement of Material Facts (# 145, sealed exhibits # 146), filed August 24, 2007. BACKGROUND This case involves allegations that a special education teacher at the Betsy Rhodes Elementary School (“Rhodes Elementary”) verbally and physically abused a four-year-old autistic child, anonymously named Preschooler II (“Preschooler”), during the 2002-2003 school year. Plaintiff Jane Roe brings the current action on behalf of herself and Preschooler. *1045 I. Factual Background Due to his autism and other conditions, Preschooler is eligible for special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”), 20 U.S.C. §§ 1400 et seq., including free appropriate public education (“FAPE”) to address his special needs. Appropriate education under this statute includes an individualized education program (“IEP”) for the child. To effectuate the IEP, Defendant Clark County School District (“School District”) convened a meeting regarding Preschooler on March 21, 2002. Two additional meetings were held during the 2002-2003 school year. Roe was present at all meetings. The IEP designed for Preschooler consisted of both a school and a home component. The school component consisted of full-time placement in a special education pre-school program known as Kids Intensive Delivery of Services (“KIDS”). The classroom was staffed by one teacher, Defendant LiSanti, and various teacher’s aides. The home component consisted of twenty hours per week of intensive one-on-one, in-home instruction to be carried out by representatives from the Lovaas Institute for Early Intervention (“LIFE”), a special education home service provider approved by the School District. Roe requested the hours of the home component be increased but was denied this request. Preschooler began his IEP’s school component on August 29, 2002. Shortly thereafter on September 24, 2002, LiSanti suffered a heart attack and was thereafter absent until October 17, 2002. During her absence, various substitute teachers staffed the classroom. The home component began in January 2003. That spring, Roe was contacted by principal Darryl Wyatt (“Wyatt”) regarding an investigation of LiSanti based on allegations of mistreatment of Preschooler. The allegations generally included slapping, hitting, and slamming Preschooler, as well as force-feeding him and making him walk barefoot from the school bus to the classroom. Preschooler was then removed to a different elementary school. II. Procedural Background In addition to substantive guarantees, the IDEA contains certain procedural safeguards. In particular, it allows the child’s parent to bring a complaint about any matter relating to the identification, evaluation or educational placement of the child, or provision of FAPE. When a complaint is made, the child’s parents are entitled to an impartial due process hearing. If unsatisfied with the result of the hearing, the parents may appeal the results through a civil action in state or federal court. IDEA, 20 U.S.C. § 1415. Following the allegations of mistreatment of Preschooler, Roe initiated a due process hearing beginning June 17, 2003. On October 10, 2003, the State Hearing Officer Ann Padover (“Hearing Officer”) issued a decision concluding that: (1) Preschooler was denied FAPE during the time LiSanti was absent from the classroom because the substitutes failed to implement Preschooler’s IEP; (2) there was no need for a specific behavior plan for Preschooler; (3) the denial of Roe’s request for additional home instruction did not result in a denial of FAPE; and (4) the evidence did not show that the mistreatment incidents interfered with Preschooler receiving FAPE. Roe appealed to the State Review Officer pursuant to IDEA. State Review Officer Joyce Eckrem (“Review Officer”) reviewed the record and issued a decision on February 23, 2004, finding that: (1) the Hearing Officer properly excluded evidence on the issue of whether the enforcement provisions of Nev.Rev.Stat. § 388.521 et seq. (Use of Aversive Intervention, Physical Restraint *1046 and Mechanical Restraint on Pupils with Disabilities) had been violated, as they are not standards of the state educational agency within the meaning of IDEA; (2) sufficient evidence regarding the alleged incidents of mistreatment was introduced to determine whether or not the alleged incidents resulted in a denial of FAPE; (3) the IEP goals were measurable and did not result in denial of FAPE; (4) the Hearing Officer erred in finding that there was no need for a specific behavior plan, and the lack of such a plan resulted in infringement of the parents’ right to participate in IEP and was therefore a denial of FAPE; and (5) the Hearing Officer was correct in determining that a program providing Preschooler with thirty hours of classroom education and twenty hours of at-home education was not a denial of FAPE. The Review Officer also ordered data collection regarding certain maladaptive behaviors that inhibited learning and, if the data collection warranted, an added thirty minutes of instruction per week for Preschooler. Plaintiff thereafter filed the instant action to review the administrative decision and assert additional causes of action. The additional claims for relief include: violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act and Rehabilitation Act; violations of Preschooler’s Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983; assault, battery and use of aversive interventions; and negligence. Plaintiffs seek to hold LiSanti, the School District, the Board of Trustees, and other school officials liable for LiSanti’s conduct. Defendants filed many motions, each of which are discussed below. DISCUSSION I. Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record (# 106) Defendants move for a judgment on the record on Plaintiffs’ first cause of action: Petition for De Novo Judicial Review; Declaratory and Equitable Relief; Attorneys’ Fees. On this issue, the Parties dispute whether Plaintiffs should be allowed to supplement the administrative record with additional evidence. Plaintiffs argue that certain evidence was improperly excluded or unavailable at the administrative hearing. Defendants counter that the evidence is unjustified, irrelevant, and cumulative, and that the administrative record is sufficient as is for the Court to decide the merits of Plaintiffs’ petition for judicial review. As outlined herein, the Court allows Plaintiffs to supplement the record. Under the IDEA, on judicial review of an administrative decision, “the court shall receive the records of the administrative proceedings, shall hear additional evidence at the request of a party, and, basing its decision on the preponderance of the evidence, shall grant such relief as the court determines is appropriate.” Ojai Unified Sch. Dist. v. Jackson, 4 F.3d 1467, 1472 (9th Cir.1993) (citing 20 U.S.C. § 1415(e)(2) (West 1990) (current version at 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(C)) (emphasis added)). The Ninth Circuit interprets “additional” to mean “supplemental.” Id. at 1472-73 (citing Perrin v. United States, 444 U.S. 37, 42, 100 S.Ct. 311, 62 L.Ed.2d 199 (1979)). Reasons that a plaintiff may supplement a record include “gaps in the administrative transcript owing to mechanical failure, unavailability of a witness, an improper exclusion of evidence by the administrative agency, and evidence concerning relevant events occurring subsequent to the administrative hearing.” Id. at 1473. A party is not allowed to admit supplemental evidence merely to “repeat or embellish their prior administrative hearing testimony,” and the reviewing *1047 court must remain cautious not to “change the character of the hearing from one of review to a trial de novo.” Id. Plaintiffs seek the introduction of a variety of evidence. Prior to turning to the merits, the Court addresses a preliminary matter. In their Opposition, Plaintiffs oppose a phantom argument that their request to supplement the record is untimely, even quoting page six of Defendants’ Motion. Defendants never made such an argument and the Court therefore disregards it. See discussion infra, Section V. Turning to the merits, Plaintiffs first urge the Court to supplement the administrative record with the testimony of Stuart Limbert (“Limbert”), one of Preschooler’s substitute teachers at Rhodes Elementary during LiSanti’s absence. Limbert was unavailable to testify at the hearing. Allegedly, Limbert witnessed an incident where a teacher’s aide picked up Preschooler and threw him. To determine the credibility of this allegation, the Hearing Officer weighed the testimony of four witnesses, two aides and two parents, ultimately believing the aides’ version of events in concluding that the incident did not occur. Plaintiffs argue here that the Hearing Officer discounted the parents’ testimony due to a lack of corroborating evidence. Plaintiffs quote the Hearing Officer as opining that “while the parents of the other child provided credible testimony about the incident, once again none of these allegations were corroborated by other witnesses.” (Opp’n, Dkt.121, 11-12) (citing Defs.’ Mot., Dkt. 106, Ex. A, Decision of Hearing Officer, p. 32[sic].) Not only can the Court not find a page 32 of the Hearing Officer’s decision (the decision is twenty-four pages long) or the quotation cited by Plaintiffs, it further cannot find any reference by the Hearing Officer to a lack of corroboration as a basis for her credibility determination. See discussion infra Section V. Rather, the Hearing Officer said the parents’ testimony contained too many inconsistencies. (Decision of Hearing Officer, 16, 21.) In any event, Limbert testified in his deposition that he does not recall the specific event. For these reasons, Limbert’s testimony will not be admitted. See Amanda J. v. Clark County Sch. Dist., 267 F.3d 877, 888 (9th Cir.2001) (the credibility of witnesses is generally a decision for the hearing officer). 1 Next, Plaintiffs request inclusion of evidence regarding Defendants’ compliance with state and school district reporting regulations pertaining to the use of aversive interventions. 2 The Hearing Officer disallowed such evidence and the Court follows suit, finding that Defendants’ compliance or noncompliance with the reporting statute is irrelevant in determining whether Preschooler was denied a FAPE. However, Plaintiffs also assert that Defendants failed to disclose two Aversive Intervention Reports and one Corrective Action Report containing evidence of improper behavior interventions. Because the reports are relevant and were not made available to the Hearing Officer, the Court allows them to supplement the record. And last, Plaintiffs seek to introduce evidence of events that occurred subsequent to the administrative hearing, particularly an email sent by the school *1048 administrator that references abuse of three separate children and a police report containing similar incidents. Plaintiffs claim that the documents were not disclosed at the hearing. Because the Court finds them relevant, the Court will allow them into evidence. While Defendants contend that the evidence is cumulative, the Court will consider that factor when conducting its own review of the evidence. Because the Court allows Plaintiffs to supplement the record with additional evidence, see also discussion infra Section II.A, the Court denies Defendants’ Motion for Judgment on the Record at this time. Defendants may resubmit their motion with briefing that discusses the additional evidence. II. Motions in Limine A. Expert Testimony of Dr. Stephen Luce (# 107) Relating to the supplementation of the administrative record, Defendants move to exclude the expert testimony of Dr. Stephen Luce. Following the Review Officer’s decision, Plaintiffs hired Dr. Luce to provide two written expert opinions on educational standards and programming for teaching children with autism. Dr. Luce’s first opinion addressed the appropriateness of both the procedures in place at Rhodes Elementary and the behavioral recommendations in Preschooler’s IEP. His second opinion concluded that a “shadow aide” should accompany Preschooler to classroom and other educational events for the full duration of Defendants’ responsibility under the IDEA (ie., until Preschooler is twenty-two years of age). Defendants move to exclude this evidence on the basis that it pertains only to Plaintiffs’ first cause of action and, if admitted, would obscure the dispositive issue before this Court on administrative appeal, namely whether the Hearing Officer’s decision is supported by the evidence in the record. Defendants further argue that Plaintiffs have not presented sufficient justification for why the evidence was not admitted during the administrative hearing. The Court finds that Dr. Luce’s testimony or expert reports are not admissible to supplement the administrative record. Essentially, Dr. Luce’s reports are a post-hoc review of the Hearing Officer’s decision, a task that is charged to this Court. IDEA, 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2). Additionally, Plaintiffs present no argument why Dr. Luce did not testify in the underlying hearing, as his opinions would certainly have been relevant at that time. Defendants further assert that Dr. Luce’s reports and testimony should be at trial on Plaintiffs’ remaining causes of action. Specifically, Defendants contend that his opinions are limited in scope to those issues presented in the appeal. Plaintiffs vaguely respond that Dr. Luce provides relevant testimony relating to Defendants’ alleged failure to train as alleged in their 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action. As discussed below, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have not presented sufficient evidence to sustain their failure to train claim and thus Dr. Luce’s testimony is foreclosed from introduction at trial. See discussion infra Section III.B.2. B. Expert Testimony of Dr. Stanton Smith (# 105) Turning away from the issues surrounding the administrative hearing to Plaintiffs’ remaining claims for relief, Plaintiffs allege in their Amended Complaint that Preschooler suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”) as the result of the mistreatment received at Rhodes Elementary. Plaintiffs expert, Dr. Smith, made the diagnosis. Defendants move to exclude Dr. Smith’s testimony on the basis *1049 that he employed an unreliable methodology in his diagnosis. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (“DSM-IV”), a diagnosis of PTSD is appropriate under a four-factor cluster test if a certain number of symptoms from each of the four clusters is present in the patient. There also exists a proposed modification to the DSM-IV as applied to children and which includes a fifth cluster. In diagnosing Preschooler with PTSD, Dr. Smith’s report does not mention the DSM-IV factors. Federal Rule of Evidence 702 renders scientific expert testimony admissible if: “(1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliability to the facts of the case.” The Supreme Court charges a trial court with the “task of insuring that an expert’s testimony rests on reliable foundation and is relevant to the task at hand.” Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 597, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993). In making this determination, a court considers: (1) whether a theory or technique in question has been or can be tested, (2) whether the theory or technique has been subjected to peer review and publication, (3) the known or potential rate of error of the particular theory or technique and whether means exist for controlling its operation, and (4) the extent to which the theory or technique has been accepted. Id. at 592-94, 113 S.Ct. 2786. However, “the inquiry envisioned by Rule 702 is, we emphasize, a flexible one.” Id. at 595, 113 S.Ct. 2786. The Daubert factors “may or may not be pertinent,” and it will depend “on the nature of the issue, the expert’s particular expertise, and the subject of his testimony.” Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 150, 119 S.Ct. 1167, 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999). Upon reviewing Dr. Smith’s reports and testimony, along with Defendants’ rebuttal experts Dr. Derek Allan Ott and Dr. Roxy Szeftel, the Court denies Defendants’ Motion in Li-mine at this time. Dr. Smith asserts in his evaluation report of Preschooler that “[tjhere is growing evidence that the DSM-IV-TR criteria is not adequate to diagnose PTSD in young children.” (Opp’n, Dkt. 115, Ex. 1, Smith Dep.; Ex. 2 Smith Rpt.) Defendants’ experts appear to support this proposition. First, Dr. Ott states in his deposition that the DSM-IV criteria need not always be strictly applied in diagnosing children because they may not exhibit the same manifestations as adults, as the criteria were developed for soldiers in combat. (Opp’n, Ex. 4, Ott Dep. 51:2-15.) Next, Dr. Szeftel acknowledges that increased aggressive behavior may be a component of PTSD in children (Opp’n, Ex. 5, Szeftel Dep. 88:21-89-21), even though it is not listed in the DSM criteria under either the four- or five-factor test. {See Mot., 5-8) (discussing the DSM-IV tests.) Dr. Smith partially relied on the alleged increase in Preschooler’s aggressive behavior in diagnosing the disorder. He explains that the significance of deviating from the DSM-IV criteria in diagnosing autistic children is due to an autistic child’s inability to effectively communicate like other children. (Smith Dep. 195:3-19.) The Ninth Circuit has found, in a case discussing the diagnosis of PTSD based on the same methodology, that “a variance from the DSM’s diagnostic criteria will not automatically result in an unreliable diagnosis.” S.M. v. J.K., 262 F.3d 914, 921 (9th Cir.2001). Such may be the case here. Dr. Smith has extensive experience in working with autistic children and acknowledges that no literature exists on diagnosing PTSD in autistic children. *1050 More important however, Defendants never questioned Dr. Smith about the DSM-IV factors during his deposition. Thus, Defendants’ argument that Dr. Smith “conceded” and “disclosed” that he did not employ the DSM-IV test is a mischaracterization of the evidence. Nor does there appear to be questioning regarding Dr. Smith’s expertise in the area of PTSD. In short, Defendants have not convinced this Court that Dr. Smith’s diagnosis is unreliable. Moreover, the fact that Drs. Ott and Szeftel find Preschooler’s PTSD misdiagnosed is no basis in itself to disallow Dr. Smith’s testimony. Courts are allowed to admit “questionable testimony if it falls within ‘the range where experts might reasonably differ, and where the jury must decide among the conflicting views.’” S.M., 262 F.3d at 921 (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 596, 113 S.Ct. 2786). Dr. Smith’s testimony falls within that range. As the S.M. court notes, “commentators have repeatedly observed [that] ‘mental health professionals involved in everyday practice may disagree more than half the time even on major diagnostic categories such as schizophrenia and organic brain syndrome.” Id. (citation and internal quotations omitted). Defendants further attempt to disqualify Dr. Smith’s expert testimony on the basis that his testimony was excluded in a related case involving another student at Rhodes Elementary, Preschooler I. Doe v. State of Nevada, No. 2:03-CV-1500 (D.Nev. Dec. 1, 2003) (Hicks, J.) (“Preschooler I”). In Preschooler I, Judge Hicks excluded Dr. Smith’s testimony on the grounds that Dr. Smith’s only diagnoses of PTSD in autistic children were of Preschoolers I and II, and that he did not rely on the DSM-IV factors or the proposed five-factor test. Id., 2006 WL 2583746 at * 19 (citations omitted). As stated earlier, Defendants never deposed Dr. Smith regarding his alleged lack of reliance on the DSM-IV factors. Further, the fact that his only diagnoses of PTSD in autistic children includes those involved in these two related cases does not necessarily render his diagnosis incorrect. The Court also notes that while Defendants’ instant Motion in Limine is nearly identical to the one brought in Preschooler I’s case, Plaintiff’s current Opposition contains arguments not raised in that case. For these reasons, Defendants’ Motion in Limine is denied. This ruling does not preclude Defendants from further attempts to disqualify him. Defendants bring one additional motion in limine to exclude various witnesses. For ease of context, the Motion is addressed following the Court’s rulings on summary judgment. III. Motions for Summary Judgment Summary judgment is proper when “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(c). An issue is “genuine” only if there is a sufficient evidentiary basis on which a reasonable fact finder could find for the nonmoving party, and a dispute is “material” only if it could affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). The party moving for summary judgment has the burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact, and the court must view all facts and draw all inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Blanck v. Hager, 360 F.Supp.2d 1137, 1148 (D.Nev.2005) (citations omitted). *1051 ROE v. NEVADA Cite as 621 F.Supp.2d 1039 (D.Nev. 2007) 1051 In response to a properly submitted summary judgment motion, the burden shifts to the opposing party to set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Henderson v. City of Simi Valley, 305 F.3d 1052, 1055-56 (9th Cir.2002). The non-moving party “may not rely on denials in the pleadings but must produce specific evidence, through affidavits or admissible discovery material, to show that the dispute exists.” Bhan v. NME Hosp., Inc., 929 F.2d 1404,1409 (9th Cir.1991). The Court now turns to Defendants’ summary judgment motions. A. Assault, Battery, Negligence, Use of Aversive Interventions (# 108) 1. Assault, Battery, and Use of Aversive Interventions [10]Plaintiffs’ sixth cause of action asserts various intentional torts against Defendant LiSanti. Defendants claim immunity under Nev.Rev.Stat. § 41.032(2), which provides an exception to Nevada’s waiver of sovereign immunity for discretionary acts “whether or not the discretion involved was abused.” The Court finds that this statute does not extend to intentional torts. In a very recent decision issued by the Nevada Supreme Court, the court observed that § 41.032(2) mirrored the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”). Martinez v. Maruszczak, 168 P.3d 720, 727 (Nev.2007). In so comparing, the court opined that the “purpose of both the FTCA and Nevada’s waiver of sovereign immunity is ‘to compensate victims of government negligence in circumstances like those in which victims of private negligence would be compensated.’ ” Id. (citations omitted) (emphasis added). Because the Nevada Supreme Court interprets § 41.032(2) to compensate negligence victims, the Court finds the discretionary acts statute inapplicable to the intentional torts asserted here. [11] Plaintiffs counter that LiSanti’s alleged intentional acts and violations of Plaintiffs’ Fourth Amendment violations are actionable under Nev.Rev.Stat. § 41.0334(2), wherein Nevada waives immunity for “any action for injury, wrongful death or other damage: (a) [i]ntentionally caused or contributed by an officer or employee of the state or any of its agencies or political subdivisions; or (b) [Resulting from the deprivation of any rights, privileges or immunities secured by the United States Constitution or the constitution of the State of Nevada.” (emphasis added). While Defendants argue that this statute applies only to criminal conduct, the Court disagrees by way of the legislature’s use of the words “any action.” See Martinez, 168 P.3d at 725 (citing State v. Silva, 86 Nev. 911, 478 P.2d 591, 593 (1970)) (stating that Nevada’s waiver of sovereign immunity is broadly construed). This statute is limited however to those actions committed within the scope of employment. Nev.Rev.Stat. § 41.03475. Here, the Parties do not dispute that LiSanti’s acts occurred within the scope of her employment and thus LiSanti is not immune from any intentional tortious conduct found by a jury to have occurred. [12] Plaintiffs also assert respondeat superior liability against the School District for LiSanti’s intentional torts. Where Nevada waives sovereign immunity, “liability [is] determined in accordance with the same rules of law as are applied to civil actions against natural persons and corporations.” Nev.Rev.Stat. § 41.031. Nevada law holds employers liable for the intentional torts of its employees committed within the scope of employment. Rockwell v. Sun Harbor Budget Suites, 112 Nev. 1217, 925 P.2d 1175, 1179 (1996); Prell Hotel Corp. v. Antonacci, 86 Nev. 390, 469 *1052 P.2d 399, 400 (1970). Because the Parties do not dispute that LiSanti’s conduct occurred within the scope of her employment, the School District is subjected to liability. Summary judgment is therefore denied on Plaintiffs’ intentional tort claims. For the same reasons as applied to intentional torts, § 41.0334(2)(b) provides no immunity for Plaintiffs’ claims for violations of Fourth Amendment rights, (providing waiver of immunity for “any action ... [resulting from the deprivation of any rights ... secured by the United States Constitution.”). 2. Negligence Plaintiffs’ negligence claim against LiSanti and the School District is two-fold. First, LiSanti was negligent in causing Preschooler bodily, mental, emotional, behavioral and psychological damage. Second, the School District is liable for her negligence under respondeat superior and independently for their negligent hiring, training and supervision of LiSanti. Through the current motion, Defendants seek immunity only for LiSanti’s and the School District’s respondeat superior liability under Nev.Rev.Stat. § 41.032(2). As discussed above, this statute excepts from Nevada’s waiver of sovereign immunity any discretionary acts committed by employees, even if that discretion is abused. § 41.032(2). In the recent Martinez decision, the Nevada Supreme Court adopted a new test for analyzing whether an act falls under the discretionary act statute, the Berkovitz-Gaubert test, appropriately named after two United States Supreme Court decisions. 168 P.3d at 728-29. Under this two-part test, “to fall within the scope of discretionary-act immunity, a decision must (1) involve an element of individual judgment or choice and (2) be based on considerations of social, economic, or political policy.” Id. at 729. Because this test was adopted subsequent to the Parties’ briefing, the Parties did not specifically address the Berkovitz-Gaubert factors. Nevertheless, the Court finds the Parties’ briefs instructive on the first prong. LiSanti’s acts in disciplining Preschooler certainly involve an element of judgment or choice. Where employees must “continually assess the changing situation and improvise as they proceed[ ],” the action is discretionary. Herrera v. Las Vegas Metro. Police Dep’t, 298 F.Supp.2d 1043, 1054 (D.Nev.2004) (finding that an officer’s act was discre tionary when he shot and killed a mentally ill person). See also Ortega v. Reyna, 114 Nev. 55, 953 P.2d 18, 23 (1998) (state trooper’s decision to stop appellant and take him to jail required the officer to use personal judgment); Maturi v. Las Vegas Metro. Police Dep’t, 110 Nev. 307, 871 P.2d 932, 933 (1994) (finding that decision to handcuff in front or in back is a judgment call); Foley v. Taylor, 695 So.2d 1196, 1199 (Ala.Civ.App.1997) (“well-settled Alabama law provides that supervision of students is a discretionary act.”). LiSanti used judgment in deciding the manner in which to discipline Preschooler and thus the first prong of the Berkovitz-Gaubert test is satisfied. Regarding the second prong, immunity attaches for discretionary acts only if the discretion used is “of the kind that the discretionary-function exception was designed to shield.” Martinez, 168 P.3d at 728. Because the Martinez decision issued subsequent to the instant briefing, the Court will allow the Parties to supplement their briefs to address the second prong of the Berkovitz-Gaubert test. Further, the Court notes that Plaintiffs’ Opposition delves into the merits of their negligent hiring, training and supervision claim. Because the argument falls outside the scope of Defendants’ Motion, the Court *1053 does not address it here. But see discussion infra Section III.B.2. For these reasons, the Court denies Defendants’ Motion. B. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Monell/Canton (# 110, # 113) 1. Defendant LiSanti (# 110) LiSanti moves for summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim for violations of Preschooler’s Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights as a result of her alleged mistreatment. Though brought under both Amendments, the Ninth Circuit categorized Plaintiffs’ claim as one under the Fourth Amendment on interlocutory appeal of Defendants’ prior motion to dismiss. Preschooler II v. Clark County Sch. Bd. of Trustees, 479 F.3d 1175, 1181 (9th Cir.2007) (noting the trend away from the Fourteenth Amendment “shocks the conscious” test in favor of the reasonableness test of the Fourth Amendment in school abuse cases). On this claim, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have submitted sufficient evidence on which a reasonable jury could find that LiSanti violated Preschooler’s Fourth Amendment right to remain free from excessive force at school. P.B. v. Koch, 96 F.3d 1298, 1302-03 (9th Cir.1996). To support many of their allegations of abuse, Plaintiffs submit a police report from the Clark County School District Police Department that contains the sworn statements of various individuals who reported to have witnessed the mistreatment. Because the police report contains inadmissible hearsay, the Court does not consider this evidence. Orr v. Bank of Am., NT & SA, 285 F.3d 764, 773 (9th Cir.2002) (court may only consider admissible evidence in ruling on a summary judgment motion). Also inadmissible is any evidence of three incidents where LiSanti made Preschooler walk barefoot from the bus to the school. The Ninth Circuit ruled that these allegations, even if proved, would not violate Preschooler’s Fourth Amendment rights. Preschooler II, 479 F.3d at 1181. Further, an alleged incident of non-party teacher’s aide Peggy Cravish (“Cravish”) “jerking” Preschooler off the floor is likewise inadmissible, as Cravish’s conduct is irrelevant to LiSanti’s liability. Turning to the admissible evidence submitted by Plaintiffs to show that LiSanti used excessive force toward Preschooler, Patricia Been (“Been”), a part-time teacher in Preschooler’s classroom, testified in deposition that she witnessed LiSanti being rough, and screaming and posturing, and that she roughly grabbed her students by the arm to place them in timeout. Further, Kathy DeSario (“DeSario”), a teacher’s aide, testified that LiSanti once force-fed Preschooler yogurt with crumpled potato chips by prying his mouth open with her fingers, making him cry and throw up. According to DeSario, the force-feeding spanned the course of one week. DeSario also testified that once during “circle time,” LiSanti slapped Preschooler. Though no one witnessed the incident, LiSanti told DeSario and others that she “had to do it,” and admonished them, “You didn’t see that girls.” And last, a special education administrative specialist, Julie Rae Kaspar, testified that LiSanti once told her that LiSanti disliked autistic children. This evidence, Plaintiffs conclude, demonstrates a violation of Preschooler’s Fourth Amendment rights. 3 While Defendants do not dispute that the incidents happened, they contend that *1054 Plaintiffs have exaggerated the nature of LiSanti’s conduct. First, Defendants cite to the deposition testimony of Plaintiffs’ witnesses, DeSario and Been, wherein they both categorize LiSanti’s conduct as inappropriate but not abusive. Next, .LiSanti testified that her actions were not intentional. For example, the incident wherein DeSario claims that LiSanti apologized for slapping Preschooler, LiSanti explains that she apologized to Preschooler bécause her hitting him was unintentional. In defending the force-feeding incident, LiSanti explained that her purpose was to introduce him to new foods. Defendants submit additional testimony indicating that Preschooler would continue to smile and laugh following so-called incidents of abuse by LiSanti. There also exists a dispute between the Parties’ whether the slapping incident witnessed by Been involved Preschooler I or II. And last, to rebut the allegation that LiSanti stated she disliked autistic children, Defendants offer that she herself is the mother of an autistic child. The Court finds that the discrepancies among the witnesses create a genuine issue of material fact on whether LiSanti’s conduct was unreasonable. As held by the Ninth Circuit on interlocutory appeal, Plaintiffs allegations, if proven, could establish violations of Preschooler’s constitutional rights. Preschooler II, 479 F.3d at 1180-81. Because the Court finds that Plaintiffs have submitted sufficient admissible evidence on which a reasonable jury could find LiSanti’s conduct toward Preschooler unreasonable, the Court denies summary judgment on this claim. 2. School District Defendants (# 113) Presuming Plaintiffs prevail on their constitutional claim, Plaintiffs attempt to hold the School District and the Board of Trustees liable for Preschooler’s constitutional injuries. Plaintiffs’ fourth cause of action is a general § 1983 claim against all Defendants, while their fifth claim asserts a more narrow § 1983 claim under the Monell/Canton rubric of negligent training. Defendants School District, Board of Trustees, Superintendent Garcia, administrative personnel Green, Harley, and Davis and principal Wyatt bring the instant motion. As succinctly stated by the Ninth Circuit, Plaintiffs claims for supervisory liability rest on a variety of theories, including the allegations that the “School Officials ratified a custom that subjected Preschooler to an educational environment in which he was physically and emotionally abused, in part by failing to train ... or hire qualified individuals,” and “abdicated then-duty to report and discipline LiSanti when they first became aware of the alleged abuse.” Preschooler II, 479 F.3d at 1182. Supervisory liability can be imposed if Plaintiffs show that these Defendants “demonstrated disregard of their responsibilities in hiring, training, supervising, disciplining and reporting abuses committed by LiSanti.” Id. at 1183 (relying on Menotti v. City of Seattle, 409 F.3d 1113, 1149 (9th Cir.2005) (stating that “[s]upervisory liability is imposed against a supervisory official in his individual capacity for his own culpable action or inaction in the training, supervision, or control of his subordinates, for his acquiescence in the constitutional deprivations of which the complaint is made, or for conduct that showed a reckless or callous indifference to the rights of others.”)). The Court finds that Plaintiffs have raised a genuine issue of fact sufficient to maintain their claim on the issue of Defendants’ alleged failure to discipline and report abuse. As discussed below, factual issues remain on Plaintiffs’ claim for failure to report, disclose and remediate allegations of abuse as prescribed by *1055 Nevada’s reporting statutes, specifically whether Defendants had knowledge of the abuse and whether they failed to react. See discussion infra Sections III.C, D. As discussed in more detail below, Defendants’ knowledge of mistreatment of Preschooler and failure to react and remediate could lead a reasonable jury to find that Defendants were deliberately indifferent to Preschooler’s rights and/or caused some of his injuries. Id. Should Plaintiffs succeed on their deliberate indifference claim, a reasonable jury could find that Defendants “demonstrated disregard of their responsibilities in ... disciplining and reporting abuses,” thereby imposing supervisory liability on the named Defendants. Preschooler II, 479 F.3d at 1182. Plaintiffs have not, however, raised a triable issue on Defendants alleged failure to train or hire qualified teachers. Discussing first the hiring of unqualified teachers, Plaintiffs assert that LiSanti was neither certified to teach autistic children nor did she receive a waiver of certification from the State of Nevada as required by law. Thus, their argument concludes LiSanti should never have been hired. The Court finds that Plaintiffs have failed to show causation between Preschooler’s injuries and LiSanti’s lack of certification. As submitted by Defendants, LiSanti has a vast array of education and experience in dealing with autistic children, both professionally and personally as the mother of an autistic child. She has a both an undergraduate and Master’s degree in special education, she has also obtained thirty-two credits of education beyond her Master’s degree, and attended all training offered to her by the School District. Further, Her formal education included a focus on autism, and all of her in-service training on behavioral issues and language development addressed children with autism. Additionally, LiSanti’s career up until the 2002-2003 school year included teaching autistic children. Simply put, Plaintiffs fail to prove that the mere fact that LiSanti was not certified, she was nevertheless unqualified for her job. While Plaintiffs ultimately conclude that “a reasonably informed and trained special education teacher or administrator would not have hired Kathleen LiSanti,” (Opp’n, Dkt.123, 15-16), Plaintiffs submit no evidence of any prior misappropriate conduct by LiSanti, nor do they submit testimony that based on her qualifications and experience LiSanti was wrongfully or negligently hired. The Court also rejects Plaintiffs’ claim that a failure to properly train LiSanti was a contributing factor in Preschooler’s injuries. To show that Defendants’ training program was effective, Plaintiffs discuss Nevada’s statutory Model Positive Behavioral Intervention Plan. Nev.Rev. Stat. § 388.5285. Plaintiffs emphasize that the statute requires the Board of Trustees to “provide for appropriate training for the members of the staff of the schools within the school district.” Id. While Plaintiffs assert that Defendants violated this statute, they never explain how. Defendants submitted various forms of evidence demonstrating that the School District and the Board of Trustees provided training on positive behavioral interventions, best practices related to instruction of autistic children, Nevada’s reporting requirements, the School District’s zero tolerance policy toward abuse, and students’ rights, yet Plaintiffs never discuss this evidence. Even if Plaintiffs evidence can be construed as demonstrating that Defendants’ training program could have been improved, Plaintiffs cite no evidence or make any argument that any failure to train was the result of “deliberate indifference to the rights of persons with whom the [public employee] comes into contact.” City of *1056 Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 387, 109 S.Ct. 1197, 103 L.Ed.2d 412 (1989). Nor do they argue that LiSanti’s alleged mistreatment of Preschooler resulted from the shortcomings of a faulty training program as opposed to an adequately trained person who made some mistakes. Id. at 390-91, 109 S.Ct. 1197. Further, it appears that Plaintiffs’ failure to supervise claim raises the same arguments as raised in support of their improper training and hiring arguments and thus the Court likewise dismisses Plaintiffs’ failure to supervise claim. Because genuine issues of material fact exist surrounding Defendants’ alleged knowledge of the mistreatment of Preschooler and their alleged lack of subsequent remediation of the problem, the Court denies Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment. C. Negligent Failure to Report, Disclose, and Remediate (# 111) Defendants School District, Board of Trustees, LiSanti, Darryl Wyatt (“Wyatt”), Charlene Green (“Green”), and Michael Harley (“Harley”) move for summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ eighth cause of action for negligent failure to report, disclose and remediate under the aversive intervention law, Nev.Rev.Stat. § 388.521 et seq., and the child abuse laws, Nev.Rev.Stat. § 432B.010 et seq. The aversive intervention statutes state that “[a] person employed by the board of trustees of a school district or any other person shall not use any aversive intervention on a pupil with a disability.” § 388.5265. An “aversive intervention” includes, among other things, the use of corporal punishment, defined as “the intentional infliction of physical pain, including, without limitation, hitting, pinching or striking.” §§ 388.5212, 388.5225. The statutes further mandate reporting of any violations “not later than 24 hours after the violation occurred, or as soon thereafter as the violation is discovered.” § 388.5295. The child abuse statutes define child abuse to include, among other things, “[pjhysical or mental injury of a nonaccidental nature.” § 432B.020. This section also mandates reporting of such abuse. § 432B.220. Based on these statutes, Plaintiffs argue that Defendants’ negligence in failing to report instances of abuse and take proper remedial action caused Preschooler’s injuries. As a preliminary matter, Defendants argue that the aversive intervention and child abuse statutes cannot form the basis of Plaintiffs’ claim. The Court has already held that violation of these statutes can give rise to a claim of negligence per se and contrary to Defendants’ contention, the Nevada Supreme Court’s decision in Richardson does not change this result. (Order, Dkt. 24); Richardson Const. Inc. v. Clark County Sch. Dist., 156 P.3d 21, 23 (Nev.2007). The Richardson court clarified that a private cause of action cannot be maintained for violation of a statute only when the legislature has so expressed. Id. Here, Plaintiffs do not assert a cause of action under the aversive intervention or child abuse statutes but merely use them in establishing certain elements of their negligence claim. Ashwood v. Clark County, 113 Nev. 80, 930 P.2d 740, 744 (1997) (stating that “[a] violation of statute establishes the duty and breach elements” of a negligence action). Turning to the negligence claim, Plaintiffs must proves duty, breach, causation and damages. Sims v. Gen. Tel. & Elecs., 107 Nev. 516, 815 P.2d 151, 154 (1991). Defendants concede that a genuine issue of material facts exists on the duty and breach elements but argue that Plaintiffs’ claim fails for lack of causation and damages. To establish causation, a *1057 plaintiff must prove that the defendants acts were both the actual and proximate causes of his injuries. Id. Actual causation means that but for the defendant’s negligence, plaintiff would not have been damaged. Dow Chem. Co. v. Mahlum, 114 Nev. 1468, 970 P.2d 98, 107 (1998). Proximate causation limits a defendant’s liability to the foreseeable consequences of his actions. Id. Here, Plaintiffs contend that Defendants were on notice of the alleged abuse and that a proper reporting scheme and subsequent investigation into the allegations would have prevented Preschooler’s injuries. To show that but for Defendants’ negligence, Preschooler would not have been abused, Plaintiffs first attempt to establish that Defendants were on notice of LiSanti’s conduct as early as September 2002. The Court rejects this argument. To support their contention, Plaintiffs argue that two parents of a fellow student notified both Defendants principal Wyatt and Superintendent Carlos Garcia (“Garcia”), that a nonparty teacher’s aide, Cravish physically and mentally abused Preschooler I. Plaintiffs conclude that a proper investigation into this claim would have uncovered LiSanti’s abuse and use of aversive interventions. This argument fails not only because LiSanti was on medical leave during this time and would therefore be unavailable for investigation or observation, but also because the incident is too attenuated to establish causation of future abuse involving two entirely separate individuals and incidents. Next, Plaintiffs assert that Defendants were on notice by at least November 2002. Plaintiffs assert that in November 2002, teacher’s aide Been reported an allegation of LiSanti’s screaming and posturing over the students to her supervisor, Maureen Powers, Defendant Jackie Green (“Green”) and Jeff Atkinson (“Atkinson”) of the “Low Incidence Team.” However, upon review of Plaintiffs’ submitted evidence, Been testified only that she notified Green. 4 Defendants argue that while Been initially testified that she notified Green, Been later changed her testimony to state that she notified an unidentified gentleman, possibly Atkinson. The Court finds that the inconsistencies in the testimony create a genuine issue of material fact regarding who, when and if, Been notified anyone of LiSanti’s alleged mistreatment of Preschooler. Further, the Court declines to address Defendants’ passive argument that any knowledge of mistreatment by Been as reported to Green or Atkinson cannot be imputed to the named Defendants. Not only does Defendants argument ignore that Green is a party, it is also made without citing any legal authority. Plaintiffs then argue that Defendants were possibly notified prior to November 2002. For support, they submit the deposition of DeSario, who testified that she notified principal Wyatt of certain allegations of mistreatment “some time” prior to November 2002 but cannot recall when. Wyatt testified that DeSario made no report until March or April 2003. Defendants point out that DeSario later changed her testimony and agreed with Wyatt that she did not come forth with her complaints until 2003. Defendants request the Court to dismiss DeSario’s inconsistencies in favor of Wyatt’s testimony that any mistreatment was not reported until March or April 2003 but the Court is in no position *1058 to judge the credibility of witnesses on summary judgment. Rather, the Court finds that there remains a genuine issue of material fact regarding when Defendants were put on notice of the alleged mistreatment of Preschooler. Notwithstanding the factual allegations surrounding when Defendants were notified of Preschooler’s mistreatment, Plaintiffs must next prove that Defendants could have acted to stop future occurrences. To make this connection, Plaintiffs cite a California case for the proposition that the failure to investigate or report occurrences of child abuse greatly enhances the chances of repeated and more severe abuse. Landeros v. Flood, 17 Cal.3d 399, 131 Cal.Rptr. 69, 551 P.2d 389 (1976). The Landeros case involved a child diagnosed with battered child syndrome. Id. In discussing this syndrome, the court stated that one of the distinguishing characteristics is that the assaults on the child are not isolated events but rather part of an abusive environment in which the abuse will both continue and increase. Id. at 395. Here, there is no allegation that Preschooler suffered from battered child syndrome and thus the Court cannot categorically find that a failure to report definitely results in future acts of abuse. Such a determination is left for the trier of fact that rests on a variety of circumstances, including whether the claims of abuse were reportable or substantiated. The Parties dispute the significance of whether the allegations were substantiated. As Defendants emphasize, Plaintiffs’ witnesses described the various incidents of mistreatment as inappropriate rather than abusive. Further, Wyatt concluded that certain of the allegations were either unsubstantiated or non-reportable. Plaintiffs contend that unsubstantiated claims of abuse need be reported, relying on a New York case, Kimberly S.M. v. Bradford Central School, 226 A.D.2d 85, 649 N.Y.S.2d 588 (S.D.N.Y.1996). Plaintiffs’ argument is not on point. Kimberly S.M. involved whether a teacher violated a statutory duty to report. Id. at 89-91, 649 N.Y.S.2d 588. The court held that a teacher can be held liable for failure to report even if the abuse allegations are later found unsubstantiated. Id. The current claim is one for negligence. Certainly, whether the abuse allegations were unsubstantiated impacts whether the failure to report them caused Preschooler’s future injuries. If Defendants found no reportable conduct prior to April 2003 as they contend, their failure to report could not have caused future occurrences of reportable conduct. Further, the Court notes that Defendants did take certain measures in response to the allegations of abuse. For example, the evidence shows that the Low Incidence Team was present in the classroom following Been’s report. However, the record is unclear as to the extent, nature, purpose or outcome of their presence. Without any such evidence, the Court is unable to evaluate whether Defendants’ remedial response to Been’s allegation can be found negligent. Thus, the Court finds there exists many genuine issues of material fact regarding causation. And last, Defendants claim that Preschooler was not damaged by the alleged mistreatment, arguing that any assaults and batteries suffered are insufficient to satisfy the damages element of Plaintiffs’ negligence claim. The Court disagrees and thus finds that the alleged assaults and batteries suffered by Plaintiffs are the damages caused by Defendants’ alleged negligent failure to report. Because many genuine issues of material fact exist regarding notification and cau *1059 sation, the Court denies Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment. D. Compensatory Damages Under the ADA and RA (# 112) Plaintiffs’ second and third claims for relief assert violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) and the Rehabilitation Act (“RA”) against the School District and the Board of Trustees. The Court has previously interpreted these claims as premised on Defendants’ alleged failure to respond to allegations of abuse. (See Order, Mot. Dismiss, Dkt. 24, 10.) Defendants move for summary judgment only on the issue of damages. While Plaintiffs devote much discussion to the merits of their underlying ADA and RA claims, Defendants move only on the issue of damages and thus the Court declines to address such arguments. Turning to the issue at bar, under both the ADA and RA, compensatory damages are available upon a showing of discriminatory intent. Lovell v. Chandler, 303 F.3d 1039, 1056 (9th Cir.2002). To prove discriminatory intent, one must show deliberate indifference, which “requires both knowledge that a harm to a federally protected right is substantially likely, and a failure to act upon that likelihood.” Duvall v. County of Kitsap, 260 F.3d 1124, 1138 (9th Cir.2001) (citing City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 389, 109 S.Ct. 1197, 103 L.Ed.2d 412 (1989)). A plaintiff proves the first element by showing that the public entity is on notice that an accommodation is required. Id. at 1139. The second element is satisfied when the failure to act “is more than negligent, and involves an element of deliberateness.” Id. (citation omitted). Regarding the first element of deliberate indifference — whether the public entity was on notice that an accommodation is required, id. — Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have submitted no evidence that Defendants failed to act upon any reports or allegations of abuse. As discussed above, supra Section III.C.l, many genuine issues of material facts exist surrounding Defendants’ responses to the reports of abuse and aversions by LiSanti. For example, testimony exists to show that in response to certain allegations, Wyatt dismissed them as either unsubstantiated or non-reportable. Because Plaintiffs have submitted evidence showing that Defendants could have been on notice that Preschooler was being mistreated, they raise a genuine issue of material fact regarding the first element of deliberate indifference. Turning to the second element, which requires a defendant’s failure to act to involve some element of deliberateness, id., Defendants submit evidence indicated that the School District provides training regarding pedagogical methods, appropriate “best practice” responses to behavioral concerns for all children including disabled children, constitutional, federal, and state rights of all students including disabled students, and state reporting requirements for aversive interventions. Thus, Defendants’ maintain, they were not deliberately indifferent to Preschooler’s abuse. However, Defendants’ argument fails in that it does not address a response to the real issue at hand: whether Defendants deliberately failed to act in response to the allegations of abuse as Plaintiffs contend. The fact that Defendants provided training prior to the occurrences of mistreatment fails to address Plaintiffs’ concerns that defendants failed to act in response to the allegations of mistreatment. Because the Court finds there remains genuine issues of material fact surrounding Defendants’ actions or failure to act in response to the abuse and aversive intervention allegations, as well as the timing of the notification, the Court cannot deter *1060 mine as a matter of law that Plaintiffs are not entitled to compensatory damages under the ADA or RA should they succeed in proving the underlying merits of their claims. A reasonable jury could find that Defendants acted with deliberate indifference, especially in light of the extensive training Defendants purport to have given. Oviatt By & Through Waugh v. Pearce, 954 F.2d 1470, 1478 (9th Cir.1992) (“Whether a local government entity has displayed a policy of deliberate indifference is generally a question for the jury.”). Summary judgment is therefore denied. IV. Motion in Limine to Exclude Various Witnesses (# 109) In light of the foregoing analysis, the Court turns to Defendants’ motion to exclude the testimony of the following witnesses: Penny Clark (Clark), Missie Doe’s Parents, Chele and Mark Steel-smith (“the Steelsmiths”), Kristi Marlor (“Marlor”), John Leis (“Leis”), Terry Phelps (“Phelps”), Pam Knobel (“Knobel”), Sandra Williams (“Williams”), and Nora Escobedo (“Escobedo”). Defendants characterize these witnesses as disgruntled employees and parents of children enrolled at other elementary schools in the Clark County School District and move to exclude the testimony on the grounds that certain witnesses were not disclosed until the last day of discovery, that Plaintiffs failed to disclose contact information for certain witnesses, that the testimony is irrelevant, and that the testimony is more prejudicial than probative. The Court addresses the procedural arguments first. Defendants first argue that Parents of Missie Doe, the Steelsmiths, and Marlor were not disclosed until the last day of discovery. The Federal Rules prevent a party who, without substantial justification, fails to timely disclose witnesses or information unless such failure is harmless. Fed.R.Civ.P. 37(c)(1). Plaintiffs also failed to disclose the addresses of Parents of Missie Doe and Marlor pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(a)(3)(A). Further, Defendants claim Plaintiffs did not disclose the correct address of Escobedo. The Court rejects each argument. Regarding the late disclosure, discovery ended in November 2005. Since then, Defendants have sat on their rights to bring any motion to reopen discovery on account of Plaintiffs’ last-minute disclosure. The same rationale applies to reject Defendants’ claim that Missie Doe’s Parents and Marlor should be precluded from testifying as a result of Plaintiffs’ failure to disclose their’s and Escobedo’s contact information. Defendants, until now, gave no indication of their desire to depose these witnesses, and therefore any prejudice is caused by Defendants’ own dilatory conduct. Turning to the substance of the proposed testimony, Plaintiffs seek the introduction of evidence to prove that the School District had a custom and practice of failing to train, report, investigate, correct and remediate child abuse and aversive intervention and to show Defendants’ deliberate indifference toward the fact that Preschooler’s federally protected rights were being violated. Specifically, the witnesses include parents who claim that their children were abused by various teachers, at various elementary schools in either the 2002-2003 school year or in 2005. Defendants object on the grounds that incidents of abuse that did not occur in Preschooler’s classroom during the 2002-2003 school year are irrelevant. The Court finds that the proposed testimony is irrelevant to Plaintiffs’ claim for failure to report, investigate, correct and remediate. In that claim, Plaintiffs assert that but for Defendants’ failure to act on the allegations of abuse against *1061 Preschooler, Preschooler would not have suffered future incidents of abuse. Any occurrences of failing to report instances at other schools, against other students, by other teachers, and during different academic years is not only irrelevant but highly prejudicial to the School District in that it tends to take the form of impermissible character evidence. See U.S. v. Yazzie, 188 F.3d 1178, 1190 (10th Cir.1999) (discussing the fíne line between habit and character evidence). Plaintiffs also attempt to use the proposed evidence to support their claim for negligent training. As discussed above, see discussion supra Section III.B.2, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have submitted insufficient evidence on which to sustain their allegations that Defendants’ failure to train caused Preschooler’s injuries. For the foregoing reasons, the proposed testimony is inadmissible. Should the evidence come in for any other reason, the Court further precludes the following testimony. First, the Court renders inadmissible any testimony regarding the School District’s alleged retaliation against parents or employees for reporting abuse. Plaintiffs assert no claim of retaliation and thus the testimony is irrelevant and prejudicial. Second, the incident testified to by Leis regarding the sexual assault of his son by another student is both highly prejudicial and irrelevant because the incident occurred at the hands of another student, not a School District employee. Further, Plaintiffs argue for the inclusion of witnesses not discussed in Defendants’ Motion and thus the Court declines to address those arguments. V. Sanctions against Plaintiffs’ Counsel The Court finds it necessary to raise a concern regarding the quality and form of Plaintiffs’ counsels’ briefs. In reading the submissions, the Court struggled to discern the precise arguments made therein. Decoding incorrect legal citations and references to the record, overlooking countless typos and incomplete sentences, making sense of undeveloped and nonresponsive arguments, enduring single-spaced formatting, and locating pinpoints were just some of the frustrations encountered by the Court in ruling on the instant Motions. Not only are counsel’s deficiencies violative of local briefing rules, 5 they have unnecessarily cost the Court considerable time deciphering counsel’s arguments, risking both a misunderstanding of Plaintiffs’ assertions as well as possible injustice to Plaintiffs. Accordingly, the Court finds it necessary to sanction Plaintiffs’ counsel in the amount of one thousand dollars ($1,000), made payable to the Clerk of Court within ten (10) days from the date of this Order, not only to compensate the Court for valuable time lost but also to ensure that future submissions by Plaintiffs’ counsel comport with the level of quality expected of practitioners, including, but not limited to, compliance with local rules. VI. Briefing Schedule To the extent the Court allows supplemental or additional briefing, the submitting Party has thirty (30) days from the date of this Order in which to submit their points and authorities. The opposing Party thereafter has fifteen (15) days in which *1062 to file an Opposition, with Replies due eleven (11) days thereafter. CONCLUSION Accordingly, and for good cause appearing, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion in Limine (# 105) is DENIED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion for Judgment on the Record (# 106) is DENIED. Additional briefing and supplementation of the record is allowed as outlined above. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion in Limine (# 107) is GRANTED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment on Plaintiffs’ Sixth and Seventh Claims for Relief (#108) is DENIED. Additional briefing is allowed on the issue of Defendants’ immunity for negligence. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion in Limine (# 109) is GRANTED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment on Plaintiffs’ Fourth Claim for Relief (# 110) is DENIED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment on Plaintiffs’ Eighth Claim for Relief (# 111) is DENIED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment as to Plaintiffs’ Entitlement to Compensatory Damages under Plaintiffs’ Second and Third Claims for Relief (# 112) is DENIED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment on Plaintiffs’ Fourth and Fifth Claims for relief (# 113) is DENIED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ counsel pay $1,000 to the Clerk of Court within ten (10) days from the date of this Order as sanctions for their noncompliance with local briefing rules. Footnotes [1] Plaintiffs incorrectly cite to the predecessor case, Amanda J. v. Clark County Sch. Dist., 260 F.3d 1106 (9th Cir.2001) (opinion withdrawn). [2] An "aversive intervention" includes, among other things, the use of corporeal punishment, including "the intentional infliction of physical pain, including, without limitation, hitting, pinching or striking.” Nev.Rev.Stat. §§ 388.5212, 388.5225. [3] The Courts notes that there exists additional admissible evidence of mistreatment of Preschooler by LiSanti that Plaintiffs have failed to include in their brief, but in the interests of justice, the Court considers. (See e.g., Pis.' Stmt. Mat. Facts, Ex. 2, DeSario Dep. 30:25-31:7 (testifying that LiSanti would cause Preschooler to slap himself).) [4] The Court notes that Plaintiffs' Opposition to the instant Motion presents a litany of direct quotations from their Statement of Material facts without explanation or argument, sending the Court on a paper chase through Plaintiffs' voluminous record to decipher their evidence and their arguments. [5] See e.g., Local Rules 7-2 (points and authorities), 7-3 (citations, including pinpoints and format), 7-4 (length of briefs), 10-1 (formatting), and 10-3 (exhibits).