Socha v. Wilson

Memorandum of Opinion and Order GAUGHAN, District Judge. This matter is before the Court upon the Report and Recommendation of Magistrate Judge Gallas (Doc. 32) which recommends denial of the Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus now pending before the Court. For the following reasons, the Report and Recommendation is ACCEPTED. Introduction Petitioner, Michael Socha, commenced this action with the filing of a Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Petitioner is incarcerated after a jury trial in the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas. This matter has been fully briefed and the Magistrate Judge issued his Report and Recommendation recommending that the Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus be denied. Petitioner has filed Objections to the Report and Recommendation. Standard of Review Rule 8(b) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United States District Courts provides, “The judge must determine de novo any proposed finding or recommendation to which objection is made. The judge may accept, reject, or *811 modify any proposed finding or recommendation.” Discussion Petitioner was convicted of murder. The state appellate court found the following pertinent facts: Defendant’s sister had been married to the victim [Edward Edwards] until she died of cancer in 1993. Defendant and the victim ultimately became involved in probate court litigation concerning her estate. The litigation included allegations that the victim was not legally divorced from his prior wife before his marriage to defendant’s sister, Lucy. In the probate litigation, the victim was claiming property as her spouse, whereas defendant was seeking to claim the property under his sister’s will as if she had never been married to the victim. Defendant and the victim settled the litigation in [sic] February 16, 1999, six weeks before the murder on April 30, 1999. The prosecution presented testimony from eighteen witnesses. The prosecution’s theory was that defendant struck the smaller and older victim, who was 78 years of age and weighed only 134 pounds, in the head 13 times with a hammer. Deputy coroner McCollum performed an autopsy on the victim. She.testified that the victim died of injuries resulting from blows to his skull and brain. Each blow was of sufficient force to have caused his death. He had defense wounds on his body. She also noted that the victim had consumed approximately seven , drinks of alcohol within one to three hours of his death. State v. Socha, 2001 WL 498613 (Ohio 8th App. Dist. May 10, 2001) A witness testified that she observed defendant in the Metroparks dumping a body in the woods. The body was later recovered there. Ultimately, Cleveland police officers determined that the homicide occurred at defendant’s residence and they confronted him there. A Cleveland police officer testified that [a]s she approached the house, defendant came toward her. He had blood on his shirt and hands and no injuries. She placed defendant in her squad car. She called the fire department after smelling smoke and hearing a smoke alarm in defendant’s house. She entered once the fire was extinguished and saw blood on the kitchen floor, a hammer with blood on it, and a trail of blood to a smoldering barrel of blood-soaked sawdust. [Another officer] corroborated her testimony. Id. Forensic testimony did not reveal any of defendant’s blood on various objects, including a broken goblet, taken from defendant’s house. Nor did defendant have any physical injuries. Defendant’s theory of the case was that he was attacked by the victim and he testified that the victim came over to his house on April 30, 1999 with a clock, which defendant stated he was not interested in. Rather, defendant wanted some pictures of his parents, pictures that the victim had retained. The victim asked him for a drink, and they both sat drinking for hours watching a videotape deposition of Lucy. Defendant maintained that the victim left at 5:40 p.m. and that defendant also left for Lakewood. Defendant stated that when he returned ten minutes later to get a key he had forgotten, the victim was in his kitchen going through papers located with the videotape deposition. Id. Defendant testified that [he] told the victim to leave, but the 78-year-old victim got between him and the phone, stated he was going to take the videotape, and ordered defendant not to call the police. The altercation escalat *812 ed into pushing. Defendant was knocked down twice, and the victim broke a glass goblet, which he jabbed at defendant. The victim tried to stab him again, so defendant swung the hammer he had picked up. Defendant fell down and tried to escape, but the victim attacked him again. Defendant struck him with the hammer again. Defendant stated he put the victim in a tarp, drove to the Metroparks, and dumped the body in the woods because he was scared. He drove home despite the orders of the park rangers directing him to stop. He stated that he also remembered the fire and calling his friend ... He maintained that he did not intend to kill the victim and was in fear for his own life. Id. Petitioner asserts four grounds in support of habeas relief but concedes that his third ground is non-cognizable (Doc. 27 at 23, Doc. 37 at 2). The Magistrate Judge found the remaining three grounds to be without merit. Ground One asserts that petitioner was denied due process when the trial court would not allow expert opinion evidence which would have helped the jury. In an abundance of caution, this Court will apply a de novo, rather than deferential, standard of review to this issue as there is a dispute as to whether the state appellate court reached the merits of this claim. Before trial, defendant filed a motion to permit his psychiatric evaluation. Attached to the motion was a psychiatric evaluation of defendant conducted by Dr.Bertsehinger, a five-page report in which the doctor concluded: Pertaining to the defendant’s behavior following the physical confrontation, it is my opinion that the defendant was overwhelmed by the reality of what had happened, that his reason and judgment were impaired by the alcohol and that his subsequent acts were irrational and symbolic as opposed to any meaningful attempts to cover his crime. The trial court barred defendant from presenting this evidence because it would not assist the jury in that the jury could decide whether or not defendant was in fear of death or great bodily harm. Petitioner argues that the trial court should have permitted this evidence regarding defendant’s actions after the victim’s death to show that they were consistent with an act of self-defense, especially given that the prosecution argued (in opening statements and closing arguments) at trial that defendant’s actions after the victim’s death established that the homicide was not an act of self-defense. Petitioner asserts that the jury rejected his self-defense claim either entirely or in large part because it was persuaded by the prosecutor’s argument that defendant’s actions after the victim’s death were not those taken by someone who acted in self-defense. The Supreme Court has summarized the appropriate standard of review: Whether rooted directly in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment or in the Compulsory Process or Confrontation clauses of the Sixth Amendment, the Constitution guarantees criminal defendants a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense. This right is abridged by evidence rules that infringe upon a weighty interest of the accused and are arbitrary or disproportionate to the purposes they are designed to serve. While the Constitution thus prohibits the exclusion of defense evidence under rules that serve no legitimate purpose or that are disproportionate to the ends that they are asserted to promote, well-established rules of evidence permit trial judges to exclude evidence if its probative value is outweighed by certain other factors such as unfair prejudice, confu *813 sion of the issues, or potential to mislead the jury. An application of this principle is found in rules regulating the admission of evidence proffered by criminal defendants to show that someone else committed the crime with which they are charged. Holmes v. South Carolina, 547 U.S. 319, 126 S.Ct. 1727, 164 L.Ed.2d 503 (2006) (internal quotations and citations omitted). Petitioner argues that Dr. Bertsehinger’s testimony was relevant and the trial court’s decision to not allow it denied him the opportunity to present a complete defense. Petitioner points out that the trial court did not cite any state rule of evidence to bar the testimony, or engage in any gatekeeping analysis so as to determine whether the testimony was scientifically reliable. This Court, however, agrees with the Magistrate Judge’s conclusion that the evidence had minimal, if any, probative value. The motion filed in the trial court sought to introduce the testimony “as related to the state of mind of defendant regarding his claim of self defense” pursuant to State v. Koss, 49 Ohio St.3d 213, 551 N.E.2d 970 (1990), which recognized that the battered woman syndrome had gained substantial scientific acceptance to warrant its admissibility into evidence. (Doc. 11 at 22) The trial court addressed the motion on the record prior to the commencement of trial. Defense counsel argued that the psychiatrist’s testimony was relevant to defendant’s state of mind given that defendant and the victim had a long history together, and to defendant’s actions after the death of the victim. The trial court concluded that the jury would be able to ascertain these issues without the help of expert testimony. (Doc. 12 at 12-17) This Court agrees. Moreover, unlike Koss, there was no “syndrome” involved but rather a history between defendant and Mr. Edwards which did not reveal that the latter had a reputation or character for being an aggressor. Further, the psychiatrist’s report mainly involved the events occurring after the death of Edwards and while the prosecutor may have argued that these events were not indicative of an act of self-defense, the expert testimony was not relevant to whether defendant was in imminent fear of death or great bodily harm at the time that Edwards died. This ground lacks merit. Ground Two asserts that petitioner was denied due process and his right to a fair trial when the trial court charged the jury that it could not reduce murder to manslaughter unless it first found petitioner guilty of murder. The Court will again apply a de novo standard of review due to the state appellate court’s failure to reach the merits of the constitutional claim. The trial court delivered the following instruction: If you find the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt all the essential elements of murder, you will continue your deliberations and decide from all the evidence in your judgment whether the defendant acted while under the influence of sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage, either of which was brought on by serious provocation occasioned by Edward Edwards, a provocation that was reasonably sufficient to incite the defendant into using deadly force. (Doc. 14 at 1042) The instruction was repeated after the trial court received a note from the jury requesting the definitions of voluntary manslaughter, murder and self-defense. (Id. at 1065) Petitioner argues that the instruction was erroneous in that the jury was never informed that it did not have to reach a verdict of guilty on the murder charge before considering the voluntary manslaughter charge. Petitioner asserts that *814 the trial court’s failure to properly instruct the jury that it could consider voluntary manslaughter while simultaneously considering murder prevented the jury from properly applying the law to the facts of the case, contrary to U.S. v. Gaudin, 515 U.S. 506, 115 S.Ct. 2310, 132 L.Ed.2d 444 (1995) (“[T]he jury’s constitutional responsibility is not merely to determine the facts, but to apply the law to those facts and draw the ultimate conclusion of guilt or innocence.”) As the Sixth Circuit recognized in Rhodes v. Brigano, 91 F.3d 803, n. 2 (6th Cir.1996), however, if the defendant establishes the existence of one of the mitigating circumstances by a preponderance of the evidence, the prosecution’s proof beyond a reasonable doubt of the elements of murder is irrelevant; the defendant can be convicted only of voluntary manslaughter, and that only upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant knowingly caused the death of another. Of course, this last statement is not obvious from the language of the murder and voluntary manslaughter statutes, but rather arises from the longstanding view of Ohio courts that sudden passion or a sudden fit of rage reduces what would otherwise be murder to voluntary manslaughter. Thus, there was no constitutional violation where the jury was instructed to first find defendant guilty of murder before considering the affirmative defense of voluntary manslaughter. This ground lacks merit. Ground Four asserts that petitioner was denied effective assistance of counsel when trial counsel failed to adequately investigate the case and present valuable defense evidence, and otherwise provided deficient representation at trial. Petitioner argues that his attorneys inadequately prepared to establish self-defense at trial and made no use of the evidence that proved the theory. Petitioner testified at trial that Edwards stood between himself and the telephone and said, “You are not going to call the police.” Edwards then shoved defendant away from the telephone. After more shoving between the two, Edwards knocked defendant to the ground. Edwards then grabbed a glass goblet, broke it and jabbed it towards defendant’s face. This caused defendant to fall back, hitting his head on the floor. Defendant pushed Edwards away with his legs and then reached into a cabinet, grabbing a hammer which he used to strike Edwards. (Doc. 14) Petitioner points out that DNA evidence presented by the State established a small amount of defendant’s own blood on two of his fingers and a dollar bill found in his pocket. Testimony showed that defendant had no apparent injuries to his hands, wrists and arms. Police officer Heather Miksch testified that defendant “appeared to have some [blood] in his hair” (Doc. 12 at 317) which, petitioner asserts, corroborated defendant’s testimony that he hit his head on the floor during the struggle with Edwards. A medical report (dated after the trial, however) stated that defendant suffered a macular hole as a result of his injury. Thus, petitioner asserts, the evidence showed he was bleeding and, given no other source of injury, the blood must have come from his head injury. Yet, petitioner asserts, his counsel failed to rely on this evidence to prove self-defense. Counsel made no mention during closing argument of defendant’s blood being spilled on the scene or that the blood could only have come from his head injury suffered in the struggle. Rather, the prosecution argued, without defense objection, that defendant was not injured at all. Defense tests showed that no blood was found on the glass goblet. Even if the *815 jury heard argument that defendant suffered an injury while struggling with Edwards which showed that he acted in self-defense, it is unlikely, given all the evidence, that the jury would have exonerated defendant based on this argument. As such, prejudice has not been established and accordingly, ineffective assistance of counsel has not been shown. This ground lacks merit. For the foregoing reasons, petitioner has not demonstrated that the Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus should be granted. 1 Conclusion For the reasons set forth herein and for the reasons set forth in the Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation, the Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus is denied. Further, this Court hereby fully incorporates the Report and Recommendation by reference herein. This Court now considers whether to grant a certificate of appealability (COA) pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253 which states in relevant part: (c)(1) Unless a circuit justice or judge issues a certificate of appealability, an appeal may not be taken to the court of appeals from— (A) the final order in a habeas corpus proceeding in which the detention complained of arises out of process issued by a State court ... (2) A certificate of appealability may issue under paragraph (1) only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right. In Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 120 S.Ct. 1595, 146 L.Ed.2d 542 (2000), the United States Supreme Court determined that “[t]o obtain a COA under § 2253(c), a habeas prisoner must make a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right, a demonstration that, under Barefoot, includes showing that reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner or that the issues presented were ‘adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.’ ” Id. at 483-4, 120 S.Ct. 1595 (quoting Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 893 n. 4, 103 S.Ct. 3383, 77 L.Ed.2d 1090 (1983)). If the claim is not procedurally defaulted, then a habeas court need only determine whether reasonable jurists would find the district court’s decision “debatable or wrong.” Id. at 484, 120 S.Ct. 1595. In instances where a claim is procedurally defaulted, a COA should only issue if “jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right and that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling.” Id. (emphasis supplied). For the reasons stated above and in the Report and Recommendation, this Court finds no basis upon which to issue a certificate of appealability. IT IS SO ORDERED. REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF MAGISTRATE JUDGE GALLAS, United States Magistrate Judge. Petition for Habeas Corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254,: Petitioner Michael Socha was convicted on the April 30, 1999 for the murder of *816 Edward Edwards, his former brother-in-law, with whom in February 1999 he had settled litigation involving the estate of Mr. Socha’s sister. Mr. Socha thereafter exhausted his direct appeal and subsequent state post-conviction relief proceedings (See State v. Socha, 93 Ohio St.3d 1414, 754 N.E.2d 260 (2001); 96 Ohio St.3d 1491, 774 N.E.2d 765 (2002)). He commenced this proceeding for federal habeas corpus relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 raising four grounds for relief. Respondent concedes that petitioner has exhausted his state remedies with respect to those grounds. As the state appellate court restated the facts, there were 18 witnesses for the prosecution plus several others for Mr. Socha on his claims of self-defense. Deputy Coroner McCollum performed an autopsy and testified that: the victim died of injuries resulting from blows to his skull and brain; each blow was of sufficient force to have caused death; and the victim had defense wounds on his body. She also noted that the victim had consumed approximately seven drinks of alcohol within one to three hours of his death. See State v. Socha, 2001 WL 498613 *1 (Ohio App. 8 Dist.). Other testimony placed Mr. Socha at the Metroparks Rocky River Reservation with his pickup truck where he was seen dumping the body in the place where the body was later recovered. Testimony from police officers established that Mr. Socha was later arrested at his home where he was found with blood on his shirt and hands, but with no injuries, and the fire department was called because a smoldering barrel of blood-soaked sawdust was found in the residence. After the fire was extinguished police officers observed blood on the kitchen floor, a hammer with blood on it and a trail of blood leading to the barrel, and DNA testing results were consistent with the victim’s blood and not the defendant’s and no blood was observed on the broken goblet in defendant’s house. Id., at *1-2. The broken goblet is a critical piece of evidence for Mr. Socha’s defense. Mr. Socha does not deny that he committed the murder. His claim is one of self-defense. As the state appellate court related: Defendant, a semi-retired lawyer and former Cleveland councilman, was the final witness. He testified that he purchased his residence with his sister Lucy and lived in it for twenty-two years. He stated that his sister had unknowingly entered into an illegal marriage with defendant, who had not obtained a divorce from his wife. Defendant did not learn about this problem until his sister died in August 1993. On February 16, 1999, about six weeks before this incident, defendant and the victim ultimately settled the probate court litigation concerning her estate. Defendant received the residence he purchased with his sister, and the victim received money and certain specific property listed in the settlement agreement. Defendant stated that the victim came over to his house on April 30, 1999 with a clock, which defendant stated he was not interested in. Rather, defendant wanted some pictures of his parents, pictures that the victim had retained. The victim asked him for a drink, and they both sat drinking for hours watching a videotape deposition of [the sister] Lucy. Defendant maintained that the victim left at 5:40 p.m. and that defendant also left for Lakewood. Defendant stated that when he returned ten minutes later to get a key he had forgotten, the victim was in his kitchen going through papers located with the videotape deposition. Defendant gave the following account. He told the victim to leave, but the 78-year old victim got between him and the *817 phone, stated he was going to take the videotape, and ordered defendant not to call the police. The altercation escalated into pushing. Defendant was knocked down twice, and the victim broke a glass goblet, which he jabbed at defendant. The victim tried to stab him again, so defendant swung the hammer he had picked up. Defendant fell down and tried to escape, but the victim attacked him again. Defendant struck him with the hammer again. Defendant stated he put the victim in a tarp, drove to the Metroparks, and dumped the body in the woods because he was scared. He drove home despite the orders of the park rangers directing him to stop. He stated that he also remembered the fire and calling his friend Burger. He maintained that he did not intend to kill the victim and was in fear for his own life. State v. Socha, 2001 WL 498613 *3. Ground one: Petitioner was denied due process and his right to a fair trial protected under the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution when the trial court would not allow expert opinion evidence which would have been extremely valuable and helpful to the jury in deciding the case. Prior to trial, defense counsel filed a motion entitled “motion to permit psychiatric evaluation of defendant.” Attached to the motion was a psychiatric evaluation of Mr. Socha conducted by Dr. Bertschinger, a five-page report in which the doctor concluded: Pertaining to the defendant’s behavior following the physical confrontation, it is my opinion that the defendant was overwhelmed by the reality of what had happened, but his reason and judgment were impaired by the alcohol and that his subsequent acts were irrational and symbolic as opposed to any meaningful attempts to cover his crime. (See Memorandum in Support of Jurisdiction at 12-13, Exhibit Ex. 18, ECF No. 11). At trial defense counsel wanted the expert to testify to assist the jury in determining Mr. Socha’s state of mind and premised his legal arguments on State v. Koss, 49 Ohio St.3d 213, 551 N.E.2d 970 (1990), which had permitted expert testimony regarding battered-woman syndrome (TR. 12-17). Mr. Socha argued that this psychiatrist’s report showed “his actions subsequent to the homicide and explained why he did what he did.” Id.' In briefing to the Ohio Supreme Court he contended that the state court’s denial of expert. testimony hindered his ability to present a defense and to call witnesses on his behalf as outlined in Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 93 S.Ct. 1038, 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973). The standard of review as recently summarized in Holmes v. South Carolina is: Whether rooted directly in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment or in the Compulsory Process or Confrontation clauses of the Sixth Amendment, the Constitution guarantees criminal defendants ‘a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense.’ Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690, 106 S.Ct. 2142, 90 L.Ed.2d 636 (1986). This right is abridged by evidence rules that ‘infring[e] upon a weighty interest of the accused’ and are ‘arbitrary’ or ‘disproportionate to the purposes they are designed to serve.’ Scheffer, supra, at 308, 118 S.Ct. 1261, 140 L.Ed.2d 413. While the Constitution thus prohibits the exclusion of defense evidence under rules that serve no legitimate purpose or that are disproportionate to the ends *818 that they are asserted to promote, well established rules of evidence permit trial judges to exclude evidence if its probative value is outweighed by certain other factors such as unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or potential to mislead the jury. An application of this principle is found in rules regulating the admission of evidence. Id., 547 U.S. 319, 126 S.Ct. 1727, 1731, 1732, 164 L.Ed.2d 503 (2006). Mr. Socha begins his challenge of the state court decision contending there was error in factual findings made by the state appellate court on his attempt to introduce psychiatric testimony. The state appellate court found that Mr. Socha “sought to introduce his report into evidence,” failed to preserve the error by not proffering the “excluded evidence”, and sought to introduce “an unsworn report containing psychiatric opinions.” See Socha, 2001 WL 49861 *6. The trial record rebuts clearly and convincingly, these determinations by the state appellate court for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). The trial record shows that Mr. Socha was seeking to introduce expert testimony and the trial court understood the motion as such but denied it because the testimony would not assist the trier of fact on the self-defense claim (TR. 15), and that Mr. Socha was not “going to get it in through somebody else.” (TR. 17). The record supports Mr. So-cha’s request for the trial court to allow “psychiatric testimony” (TR. 14). The state appellate court found “the assignment lacks merit” and dismissed Mr. Socha’s arguments as failing to preserve the issue for appeal. First, the state appellate court treated this matter as a denial of a motion in limine with reference to State v. Koss, 49 Ohio St.3d at 214, 551 N.E.2d 970 (expert evidence proffered) and State v. Grubb, 28 Ohio St.3d 199, 503 N.E.2d 142 (1986). State v. Grubb stated in syllabus no. 2 that it is incumbent upon the defendant who has been temporarily restricted from introducing evidence by virtue of a motion in limine to seek the introduction of the evidence by proffer and to preserve any objection on the record for purposes of appeal. Grubb, 28 Ohio St.3d at 199, 503 N.E.2d 142 (Syllabus ¶ 2). This reasoning though is unpersuasive because by its operative definition, a motion in limine seeks to limit examination of a witness or exclude evidence. See Grubb, 28 Ohio St.3d at 201, 503 N.E.2d 142 (referencing Palmer, Ohio Rules of Evidence Rules Manual (1984), at 446); State v. Maurer, 15 Ohio St.3d 239, 473 N.E.2d 768, 787 (1984) (motion in limine by defendant to exclude “hypnotically refreshed” state witness testimony). Further, although the state appellate court relied on State v. Koss, no motion in li-mine was involved in Koss. Rather, the trial court had disallowed expert testimony on the basis that it was irrelevant and immaterial to the issue of self-defense (Koss, 49 Ohio St.3d at 215, 551 N.E.2d 970). There was a proffer in Koss, but no procedural rule was at issue. Consequently the state appellate court’s treatment of the motion as a motion in limine was not well-grounded on state law. The state appellate court secondly based dismissal on the fact that the psychiatrist’s report was “unsworn.” Mr. Socha, though, was not seeking to introduce the five-page report for the jury’s consideration. As the trial court correctly understood, Mr. Socha sought to introduce the psychiatrist’s testimony, not an “acknowledged document” under Ohio Evid. R. 902(8). The state appellate court also relied on a failure to proffer the evidence. This reason comes nearer the target as a valid reason, but is inconsistent with the state court’s assumption that the written report was the evidence to be admitted. State v. Koss, illustrates the application of Ohio *819 Evid. R. 103(A)(2) and 103(B), that an “offer” of the evidence is required to be made to preserve the objection to exclusion of evidence. In Koss, a proffer was made of what the experts would have testified. Id., 49 Ohio St.3d at 214, 551 N.E.2d 970. The state decision, though, rested on the “unsworn” report from the psychiatrist. The state court addressed only the “excluded evidence,” i.e., the “unsworn” report from the psychiatrist, and failed to address the issue before it, the correctness of the trial court’s ruling excluding the psychiatrist’s testimony. There appears to be some confusion on the part of the state appellate court in this matter. As a result, the state appellate court’s findings and procedural default are not firmly grounded. “When a record reveals that a state court’s reliance upon its own rule of procedural default is misplaced [the reyiewing court] should be reluctant to conclude categorically that federal habe-as corpus review of the purportedly defaulted claim is precluded.” Greer v. Mitchell, 264 F.3d 663, 675 (6th Cir.2001), cert. denied, 535 U.S. 940, 122 S.Ct. 1323, 152 L.Ed.2d 231 (2002); Hill v. Mitchell, 400 F.3d 308, 314 (6th Cir.2005). The undersigned consequently is obliged to resolve what standard of review must be applied when the state court has avoided addressing the federal constitutional claim raised before it. There are three options: the deferential standard provided under § 2254(d); the de novo standard, and the “intermediate approach.” See Maples v. Stegall, 340 F.3d 433, 436 (6th Cir.2003) (de novo); Harris v. Stovall, 212 F.3d 940, 943 (6th Cir.2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 947, 121 S.Ct. 1415, 149 L.Ed.2d 356 (2001) (discussing alternate standards); McKenzie v. Smith, 326 F.3d 721, 726-27 (6th Cir.2003), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1158, 124 S.Ct. 1145, 157 L.Ed.2d 1057 (2004) (same); Howard v. Bouchard, 405 F.3d 459, 467 (6th Cir.2005) (same). The gist of circuit precedent is that when there is a decision, deference is accorded under § 2254(d) to the state court decision under the “intermediate approach.” Maldonado v. Wilson, 416 F.3d 470, 476 (6th Cir.2005); Howard, 405 F.3d at 467. When there is no decision or “no results,” federal review is de novo. See Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. at 534, 123 S.Ct. at 2542 (de novo when there was no state court decision on second prong of Strickland test). When the state court has failed to articulate a decision or provide a rationale, the district court must distinguish between a situation of “no results” from that of “no reasoning”. Howard v. Bouchard, 405 F.3d at 467; McKenzie, 326 F.3d at 727. As illustrated in McKenzie, the “no reasoning” situation occurs when the state court has issued a summary order, which fails to explain its reasoning, as opposed to the situation where no state court has “directly addressed the specific issue.” In the latter situation there are “no results” for the federal court to defer, and de novo review by the federal court is required. See Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. at 534, 123 S.Ct. at 2542; McKenzie, 326 F.3d at 727. Although the state appellate court did rely on two poorly-founded grounds for procedural default, it did, nonetheless, begin its discussion stating that, “this assignment lacks merit.” Socha, 2001 WL 498613 *6. Consequently the undersigned finds that the deferential rather than de novo standard of review would apply to analysis but under either standard of review, the result would be the same. As the state trial court found, the psychiatrist’s testimony (based on the five-page report before the court) was not material to self-defense. Under Ohio law self-defense is established in part by proof of a “bona fide belief’ that there was imminent danger of death or great bodily harm and that the only means to escape such danger was the use of deadly force. See State v. *820 Koss, 49 Ohio St.3d at 215, 551 N.E.2d 970; State v. Jackson, 22 Ohio St.3d 281, 284, 490 N.E.2d 893 (1986). 1 State v. Koss, the purported model for Mr. Socha’s arguments supporting self-defense, held in the third syllabus, that “[aid-mission of expert testimony regarding the battered woman syndrome does not establish a new defense or justification. It is to assist the trier of fact to determine whether the defendant acted out of honest belief that she is in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm and that the use of such force was her only means of escape.” Koss, 49 Ohio St.3d at 213, 551 N.E.2d 970 (syllabus no. 3). Mr. Socha had argued in state court that the psychiatrist’s testimony would establish his state of mind which was “crucial to this defense.” See State v. Koss, 49 Ohio St.3d at 215, 551 N.E.2d 970. This subjective component requires the jury to determine “whether the defendant had reasonable grounds for an honest belief that he was in imminent danger and asked what the jury would have done if they were in the position of defendant with the defendant’s characteristics, knowledge or lack of knowledge, under the same circumstances and conditions that surrounded defendant at the time.” Koss at 216, 551 N.E.2d 970. The trial court was presented with a jumble of theories from Mr. Socha. He had argued that he was suffering from dementia and that he was intoxicated, 2 both of which are separate affirmative defenses in their own right. See State v. Poole, 33 Ohio St.2d 18, 19-20, 294 N.E.2d 888, 62 O.O.2d 340, 63 A.L.R.3d 932 (1973) (among the affirmative defenses in a criminal case are self-defense, duress, insanity and intoxication and they must be proved by defendant by a preponderance of the evidence); State v. Humphries, 5 O.O.3d 89, 51 Ohio St.2d 95, 364 N.E.2d 1354 (1977) (discussing defense of insanity); State v. Baker, 88 Ohio App.3d 204, 623 N.E.2d 672 (9th Dist.1993) (self-defense). The novel issue in Koss was the use of expert witness testimony to bolster self-defense. It has been well established that specific instances of a deceased’s prior conduct, as well as the perpetrator’s knowledge of the deceased’s reputation for violence, were admissible to establish subjective state of mind. See State v. Carlson, 31 Ohio App.3d 72, 73, 508 N.E.2d 999 (1986); McGaw v. State, 123 Ohio St. 196, 200, 174 N.E. 741 (1931); Baker, 88 Ohio App.3d at 208, 623 N.E.2d at 674-75. However, Mr. Socha had no evidence by reputation or for that matter by character to show that Mr. Edwards was an aggressor in order to sustain a reasonable presupposition that Mr. Edwards would cause *821 Mr. Socha death or gijeat bodily harm, as in the case of battered woman syndrome. Granted the trial court expressed the same disbelief, as expressed by the trial court’s decision on appeal in Koss, that an expert is giving “knowledge to a jury about something the jury knows as well as anyone else, namely, the reasonableness of the victim’s fear of imminent serious danger.” Koss, 49 Ohio St.3d at 217, 551 N.E.2d 970; and see TR. at 15. 3 However, unlike Koss, the psychiatrist in this case had no “syndrome” on which to testify. As the trial court explained there was merely a “history” between these two individuals. More importantly, as the trial court noted, the psychiatrist’s report was more descriptive of events that occurred afterwards (TR. 13,16). This expert testimony was certainly irrelevant for purposes of self-defense or the other comingled affirmative defenses. In short, there was nothing at all similar to State v. Koss presented in Mr. Socha’s arguments. Consequently, the exclusion of Dr. Bertschinger was not an unconstitutional impingement on Mr. Socha’s ability to present a defense and reviewing his argument as either a matter de novo or deferentially yields the same result. This evidence had minimal if any probative value. Mr. Socha had not carried his burden of establishing that the state court decision was contrary to or an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). Further, although there was some confusion on the part of the state appellate court as to the procedural events at trial surrounding the motion to introduce expert testimony, favorable resolution of the factual dispute does not alter the fact that the first ground lacks merit. Ground two: Petitioner was denied due process and his right to a fair trial under the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution when the trial court committed reversible error by charging the jury that they could not reduce murder to manslaughter unless they first found Petitioner guilty of murder. 4 The trial court instructed the jury stating: If you find that the State proved, beyond a reasonable doubt all the essential elements of murder, you will continue your deliberations and decide from all the evidence in your judgment whether the defendant acted while under the influence of sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage, either of which was brought on my serious provocation occasioned by Edward Edwards, a provocation that was reasonably sufficient to incite the *822 defendant into using deadly force, (emphasis supplied). (TR. 1042,1065). 5 Mr. Socha argued to the Ohio Supreme Court that “[t]he jury was never informed that they did not have to reach a verdict of guilty on the murder charge before being allowed to consider the voluntary manslaughter charge. Voluntary manslaughter was effectively removed from their consideration because they were not allowed to consider the inferior-degree offense until it found Mr. Socha guilty of murder.” (Memorandum in Support of Jurisdiction at 7, Exhibit 18, ECF No. 11). The state appellate court analyzed this argument claiming that Mr. Socha made precisely the opposite argument complained about in State v. Benge, 75 Ohio St.3d 136, 139-41, 661 N.E.2d 1019 (1996). Mr. Socha takes issue with this statement and further takes issue with the statement by the state appellate court that the trial court’s instruction to the jury was consistent with § 503.02 of Ohio Jury Instructions. See Socha, 2001 WL 498613 *5. The undersigned agrees the state appellate court evaded consideration of the constitutional issue. Again the state appellate court’s decision did not directly address the claim before it and again the undersigned finds that the state appellate court’s initial reference to a lack of merit is the basis for a deferential standard of habeas review. Respondent points out that in order to warrant habeas relief jury instructions must not only have been erroneous, but also, taken as a whole, so infirm that they render the entire trial fundamentally unfair citing Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 72, 112 S.Ct. 475, 116 L.Ed.2d 385 (1991) and Henderson v. Kibbe, 431 U.S. 145, 154, 97 S.Ct. 1730, 52 L.Ed.2d 203 (1977). In a nutshell, due process is offended when the instruction had the effect of shifting the prosecution’s burden upon defendant. See In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970); Martin v. Ohio, 480 U.S. 228, 233-34, 107 S.Ct. 1098, 94 L.Ed.2d 267 (1987); Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 524, 99 S.Ct. 2450, 61 L.Ed.2d 39 (1979). Patterson v. New York, 432 U.S. 197, 206-07, 97 S.Ct. 2319, 53 L.Ed.2d 281 (1977); Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 690-91, 95 S.Ct. 1881, 1886, 44 L.Ed.2d 508 (1975). In Martin, the Supreme Court reviewed Ohio’s self-defense procedure and instruction and found no constitutional infirmity in requiring the State to prove the elements of aggravated murder to be followed by justification that the actions were taken in self-defense. See Id., 480 U.S. at 231, 107 S.Ct. 1098. Ohio did not “shift to the defendant the burden of disproving any element of the state’s case.” Id., 480 U.S. at 234, 107 S.Ct. 1098. Mr. Socha’s arguments are encompassed in the Sixth Circuit’s review of Ohio voluntary manslaughter provision in Rhodes v. Brigano, 91 F.3d 803 (6th Cir.1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1254, 117 S.Ct. 2415, 138 L.Ed.2d 179 (1997). As in Mr. Socha’s situation, the instruction at issue in Rhodes required the jury to find proof beyond a reasonable doubt of the elements of murder. See Id., 91 F.3d at 806. The court found that the proof of sudden passion or sudden fit of rage would not necessarily negate the “purposeful” mens rea element of murder and found no due process violation. Rhodes, 91 F.3d at 807-09. As explained in Rhodes, the voluntary manslaughter statute is “poorly drafted and creates confusion.” However, “[t]he fact that the Ohio Supreme Court has chosen to characterize the ‘mitigating circum *823 stance’ of sudden passion or sudden fit of rage is something akin to an affirmative defense is constitutionally irrelevant. The constitutional inquiry, rather, is whether sudden passion or sudden fit of rage bears the necessary relationship to an element of the offense of murder such that shifting the burden to the defendant on the issue negates an element of the crime.” Id. at 809. Nonetheless, “the defendant can be convicted only of voluntary manslaughter and that only upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant knowingly caused the death of another.” Rhodes, 91 F.3d at 809-10 n. 2. Accordingly the instruction did not unconstitutionally shift the burden of what is tantamount to an affirmative defense under state law. Mr. Socha has not shown that the state decision was contrary to or an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law nor has he shown an unreasonable determination of the facts with respect to the facts relevant to the constitutional implications of his argument. 6 Ground three: Petitioner was denied due process under the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution when the evidence adduced at trial was insufficient in light of evidence substantiating Petitioner’s self-defense claim. Respondent argues that Mr. Socha’s third ground for relief is without merit as being non-cognizable for purposes of habe-as corpus review. In his traverse Mr. Socha agrees (ECF No. 27 at 23). Consequently, Mr. Socha concedes there is no reviewable error for habeas review on this ground. Ground four: Petitioner was denied the effective assistance of counsel at trial when trial counsel failed to adequately investigate the case, failed to present valuable defense evidence, and otherwise provided deficient representation at trial. Respondent contends that federal review of this final ground is barred due to procedural default. This argument is surprising. Mr. Socha presented this ground as the second assignment of error in appeal from the trial court’s denial of the post-conviction petition. (See State v. Socha, 2002 WL 538754 (Ohio App. 8 Dist. Apr. 11, 2002)), and as the third proposition of law in appeal to the Ohio Supreme Court (See Respondent’s Exhibit 35, ECF No. 11). The state appellate court had ruled on the merits applying the two-prong formula of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). The state appellate court found that trial counsel’s performance was not objectively unreasonable and that there was no prejudice (no “reasonable probability that for his retained counsels’ unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different”). Socha, 2002 WL 538754 *6. Obviously the state courts found no procedural bar and the federal district court can certainly not interject default since there is no “clear and express” reliance on a state procedural bar. See Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991); Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 109 S.Ct. 1038, 103 L.Ed.2d 308 (1989). As presented to the Ohio Supreme Court, Mr. Socha maintained that trial counsel were ineffective because: (1) counsel could have obtained fingerprint evidence to prove that appellant never did move the victim’s car as alleged by the prosecutor; (2) counsel failed to have a *824 mantel clock, glass shelving and the broken glass checked for the victim’s fingerprints (proving that Mr. Edwards’ fingerprints were on these items, substantiating appellant’s claim that Mr. Edwards brought these items as an excuse to validate his coming to appellant’s house to obtain appellant’s copy of a damaging videotape which exposed Mr. Edwards’ secret double life, and also showing that the broken glass was used as a weapon by Mr. Edwards’ attacking appellant); (3) counsel failed to have the victim’s car checked for blood evidence to prove that appellant never moved the victim’s car (proving that appellant did not move the car at any time and that Mr. Edwards parked his car away from appellant’s home so that his car would not be noticed as he gained unauthorized access to appellant’s home the second time); (4) counsel failed to waive appellant’s speedy trial right so that a thorough investigation of the case could be initiated and he would have had time to investigate the arresting officer, Heather Miksch (counsel could have discovered blood evidence showing appellant was indeed injured and bleeding, and scheduled appellant for a medical exam in support of the self-defense claim, counsel was put on notice that appellant was having vision problems when he told counsel that he couldn’t see well enough to write a letter to counsel); and (5) counsel failed to present medical evidence at trial (Dr. Bullock found to a reasonable medical certainty that a ma-cular hole in appellant’s right eye was a proximate result of his struggle with the victim) (Memorandum in Support of Jurisdiction at 11-12, Exhibit 35, ECF 11). Mr. Socha is not now pursuing the speedy trial claim. In Strickland, the Supreme Court held that in order to establish ineffective assistance of trial counsel, a defendant must show “that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment ... [and] that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686-87, 104 S.Ct. 2052; Broom v. Mitchell, 441 F.3d 392, 408 (6th Cir.2006) (citing Strickland.) Elaborating further, the Supreme Court explained: “[t]he proper measure of attorney performance remains simply reasonableness under prevailing norms,” (Id. at 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052), and review is conducted under the principle that “a strong presumption of counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Id. at 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052. The state court applied the correct federal standard of review for effective assistance of counsel under the Sixth Amendment. Consequently it is not enough to convince a federal habeas court that in its independent judgment the state court decision was incorrect. Rather, Mr. Socha must show that the state decision applied Strickland to the facts of the case in an objectively unreasonable manner. See Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 698-99, 122 S.Ct. 1843, 152 L.Ed.2d 914 (2002); Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 409, 410, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 1521-22, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000). Mr. Socha testified that he was pushed to the ground and Mr. Edwards grabbed a glass goblet, broke it and jabbed the glass in Mr. Socha’s face, forcing him to again fall back, with his head striking the concrete floor (TR. 837-40). Mr. Socha testified he defended himself by pushing Mr. Edwards away with his legs and then reached into a cabinet where he grabbed a hammer and began to strike Mr. Edwards (TR. 841-84). The complaints fall into two categories, blood evidence and head trauma, both of which would tend to support self-defense. Mr. Socha’s problem was the ubiquitous presence of Mr. Edwards’ blood, with very little of his own. Officer Heather Miksch *825 testified that after the fire was extinguished she entered Mr. Socha’s house and observed the water-soaked floor smeared with blood, the mallet-type hammer “covered in blood,” a trash bag containing sawdust “soaked in blood,” a bloodied newspaper and a shovel with blood on it (TR. 287-88). Cadillac keys and interior: In closing, Mr. Socha and the prosecution presented to the jury opposite theories to account for the lack of blood in the interior of Mr. Edwards’ white Cadillac and the blood stained car keys for that car. Those keys, change, and watch were found in a pool of blood by the side of Mr. Socha’s garage where the trail of blood ended (TR. 292). There really was no question that the blood on the Cadillac car keys was that of the victim since they were retrieved from the pool of blood where the body had rested before being loaded into Mr. Socha’s pickup truck. Trial counsel submitted affidavits stating that they were aware that the Cuyahoga County Coroner’s Office had inspected and performed thorough tests for blood and fingerprints on the deceased’s automobile and keys. Socha, 2002 WL 538754 at *6. Mr. Socha objects to counsel’s statement that thorough testing was done concerning Mr. Edwards’ vehicle as false based on testimony of the tests conducted by the Cuyahoga County Coroner’s office which showed that the car keys were not submitted for examination to determine the presence of blood and no Luminol test was performed in the car to check for blood in the interior (TR. 432-3, 471, 493-94). However visual search of the Cadillac’s interior was conducted and no blood was observed on the steering wheel or dash (TR. 432-33). The forensic evidence showed that there was only an unidentifiable fingerprint on the Cadillac. Socha, 2001 WL 498613, *2. It was defense counsel’s theory that the absence of blood in Mr. Edwards’ vehicle (such as blood on the ignition) showed that Mr. Socha had not moved Mr. Edwards’ vehicle, but had just thrown the bloody keys (TR. 989-91). The state’s interpretation of the evidence was that Mr. Socha had moved Mr. Edwards’ car before he moved the body (TR. 1022). The absence of Mr. Edwards’ blood in the Cadillac was not conclusive. Although the search was not as thorough as Mr. Socha now would have liked, finding Mr. Edwards’ blood in the vehicle, as defense counsel pointed out, would have placed Mr. Socha in the Cadillac (TR. 989, 991). There was non probable evidence of self-defense obtainable. Counsel’s performance was effective. In short, the evidence was ambivalent and further examination of Mr. Edwards’ vehicle for additional evidence concerning the contents would not have necessarily exonerated Mr. Socha. As for Mr. Socha’s claim that Mr. Edwards attempted to stab him with a broken goblet, defense counsel had tests performed on the drinking glasses. Trial counsel had stated in their affidavits that tests were performed on the drinking glasses in Mr. Socha’s house. Mr. Socha in his brief did confirm that the glass found on the kitchen floor was tested for blood but none was found (TR. 482-3). See Appellant’s Brief, Exhibit at 5, Exhibit 29, ECF No. 11. Counsel’s performance was effective. As for additional time for counsel to investigate the observations of Officer Mitksch concerning the presence of blood, contrary to Mr. Socha’s claims, the Coroner’s Office had conducted DNA testing and had found evidence of Mr. Socha’s blood (TR. 487-89). DNA testing of the blood from Mr. Socha’s hands revealed, however, that it matched Mr. Socha’s (TR. 488). *826 Officer Miksch did observe the blood on Mr. Socha’s hands (and there was evidence that it was Mr. Socha’s own blood). However, the officer testified that she asked Mr. Socha to show him his wrists (where she saw scratches) and she gave him a “quick overview” and did not see a source of the blood (TR. 305). Mr. Socha, however, claims that Officer Miksch testified that she saw blood in his hair, but that simply is not true. She testified that when she first observed Mr. Socha she thought it was a possible suicide attempt because “he had blood on his wrists and on his shirt.” (TR. 281). Counsel’s performance was effective. The officer testified what she saw and counsel could not counter this testimony with phantom evidence to fit Mr. So-cha’s alleged head injury claim. Head Trauma: Finally with respect to the evidence of head injury resulting in Mr. Socha’s partial or decrease of vision, the state court relied on counsel’s representation that Mr. Socha did not indicate that his eye was injured until after conviction. Mr. Socha points out that he was having trouble with his eyes and that counsel knew that he needed assistance in penning a letter. (See Amended/Supplemental Petition, Exhibit C, Exhibit 22, EOF No. 11). However, it is interesting to note that despite Mr. Socha’s alleged visual impairment he states in this letter, “I am deeply and frantically concerned because page 36 contains perjured testimony from Carla Tricarichi.” This letter clearly does not support a complaint of visual impairment, much less support Mr. Socha’s claim of eye injury related to the altercation. As the state appellate court found, counsel’s performance was certainly not put in question by this letter. Counsel clearly stated in their affidavit that at no time did Mr. Socha indicate he had any visual problems as a result of his encounter with the deceased. Related to this, Mr. Socha faults counsel’s failure to present Dr. Bullock’s report who found to reasonable medical certainty that the macular hole in his right eye was a direct and proximate result of the struggle with the victim. (Amended/Supplemental Post-Conviction Petition, Exhibit A, Exhibit 22, ECF No. 11). This medical report was dated July 19, 2000, which was after the trial. Obviously since counsel had no awareness of Mr. Socha’s vision problem allegedly due to the altercation, counsel would have no reason to obtain medical evidence. Finally, Mr. Socha attempts to interject a new claim concerning the mixture of blood found on the dollar bill found in his pocket among his other efforts to expand the arguments beyond those presented to the Ohio Supreme Court. These claims were not “fairly presented” to the Ohio Supreme Court and thus are proeedurally defaulted. See Lordi v. Ishee, 384 F.3d 189, 194 (6th Cir.2004); Rust v. Zent, 17 F.3d 155, 160 (6th Cir.1994). In any event, Mr. Socha has not shown an unreasonable application of Strickland by the state courts to his arguments. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Following review of the arguments raised in the petition and applicable law, Michael P. Socha has not demonstrated that he was in custody pursuant to state court judgment that resulted from a decision that was contrary to or involved in an unreasonable application of federal law as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States, or is the result of a decision based on unreasonable interpretation of the facts in light of the evidence in this state court proceeding. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) and (2). Moreover, review of the record shows no error resulting in denial of fundamental fairness or actual *827 innocence of the petitioner. Finally, there has been no demonstrated need for an evidentiary hearing and it is therefore recommended that Mr. Socha’s petition for habeas corpus relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 be denied and dismissed. Motions for Temporary and Preliminary Injunction: Several motions seeking injunctive relief were filed by petitioner in response to his current crisis of threatened confiscation of his legal materials. (Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion for TRO at 1, Docket No. 30). The first bar against adjudicating these claims is that petitioner’s case was brought under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. However, the court cannot reach petitioner’s issues under § 2254 because there has been no state court adjudication. Relief can only be granted under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) upon the showing that the state court’s decision was “contrary to” or an “unreasonable application” of clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States. Therefore no relief is available. 7 Further, for the court to construe the petitioner’s motions as an effort to assert a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violation of the First Amendment right to access to courts, the allegations are insufficient to circumvent the bar under 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a), that directs “No action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under Section 1983 ..., or any other Federal law, by a prisoner ... until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted.” This exhaustion of administrative remedies requirement, “applies to all inmate suits about prison life, whether they involve general circumstances or particular episodes, and whether they allege excessive force or some other wrong.” Porter v. Nussle, 534 U.S. 516, 532, 122 S.Ct. 983, 152 L.Ed.2d 12 (2002). As stated in Royster v. U.S., “it ... does not matter whether the prisoner’s challenge is to a systemic problem or to one that is individual, or, for that matter, to whether the alleged misconduct is pursuant to a prison policy or ultra vires. Thus, ... plaintiff was still required to exhaust his administrative remedies regardless of whether the prison officials confiscated his legal materials pursuant to a particular prison policy or whether they took them without any apparent legal authority whatever.” Royster v. U.S., 91 F.Supp.2d 626, 628 (S.D.N.Y.2000), vacated in part 8 Fed.Appx. 33 (2nd Cir.2001), appellate judgment vacated 535 U.S. 901, 122 S.Ct. 1200, 152 L.Ed.2d 139 (2002), district court’s decision affirmed, 104 Fed.Appx. 215 (2nd Cir.2004). Petitioner does state in his declaration in support (Exhibit A to Docket No. 30) that he utilized the informal complaint resolution process on July 24, 2006 to no avail and on August 7, 2006 did file a notification of grievance (Id. Exhibit B). He further states in his emergency supplemental memorandum and the declaration dated August 29, 2006 that on August 21, 2006 he filed an additional informal complaint to the supervisor, “complaining to the prison officials that they are circumventing the judicial process by ordering me to reduce all my legal materials to fit into a single 2.4 cubic foot locker box by 9/1/06.” However, these allegations fall just short of establishing complete exhaustion of prison administrative remedies. Presumably, however, since the 9/1/06 deadline has passed, petitioner will have received a res *828 olution to his grievance either favorable or unfavorable. But at this time the prerequisite showing of exhaustion of prison remedies has not been established. September 14, 2006. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Accordingly, it is recommended that petitioner’s motion for preliminary injunction (Docket No. 30) and emergency supplemental motion for temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction (Docket No. 31) be denied. ANY OBJECTIONS to this Report and Recommendation must be filed with the Clerk of Court within (10) days of mailing of this notice. Failure to file objections within the specified time WAIVES the right to appeal the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation. See U.S. v. Walters, 638 F.2d 947 (6th Cir.1981); Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 106 S.Ct. 466, 88 L.Ed.2d 435 (1985). Footnotes [1] The Magistrate Judge also recommended that two pending motions filed by petitioner for injunctive relief be denied. Petitioner did not object to this recommendation. Having found no clear error, this portion of the Report and Recommendation is accepted as well. [1] Mr. Socha in his traverse (Docket No. 27) argues for the application of Maples v. Stegall and for de novo review. Id. at 10-11, 126 S.Ct. 407. However as explained, the undersigned believes that deferential review would apply because there is an "unexplained” state decision on the merits. The undersigned believes that this unexplained decision can be separated from the state appellate court's ill-grounded application of procedural defaults. [2] Mr. Socha had argued dementia. That issue was raised before the state appellate court, but was omitted in the appeal to the Ohio Supreme Court. There was certainly no expression to the trial court that Mr. Socha was seeking to introduce the affirmative defense of insanity. This is firmly established by the fact that Mr. Socha pled not guilty as opposed to not guilty by reason of insanity. Finally, there was the affirmative defense of intoxication which was not expressly brought to the trial court's attention. This defense was waived by Mr. Socha’s failure to request a separate instruction on intoxication. Granted the psychiatrist did state that Mr. Socha’s "reasoning and judgment were impaired by the alcohol” but impaired judgment which is the basis for the intoxication defense is separate from the affirmative defense of self-defense. [3] The trial court explained, "If the jury wants to believe Mr. Socha and Mr. Edwards either got into a fight, but Mr. Socha was in fear, I don’t think anything this doctor can testify to, based on this report is going to assist the trier of fact in this case with respect to reaching a verdict as to self-defense.” (TR. at 15). [4] The 1974 Committee Comment states that "voluntary manslaughter remains a lesser included offense to both aggravated murder and murder.” Ohio Rev.Code § 2903.03 (Anderson 2002). The statute as amended through 1996 provided: (A) No person, while under the influence of sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage, either which is brought on by serious provocation occasioned by the victim that is reasonably sufficient to incite the person into using deadly force, shall knowingly cause the death of another or the unlawful termination of another’s pregnancy. (B) Whoever violates this section is guilty of voluntary manslaughter, a felony of the first degree. Id. [5] The instruction was repeated in response to the jury's question on the definition of the crimes of voluntary manslaughter, murder and self-defense (TR. 1063). [6] Mr. Socha’s companion arguments over the trial court’s departures from the model jury instruction in Ohio Judicial conference, Ohio Jury Instructions fail to present a constitutionally based claim. [7] Also success would be dubious because he is asserting a First Amendment denial of right of court access claim based on seizure of legal materials, which is unprecedented as a federal habeas claim. He is pro se and in Kane v. Garcia Espitia, 546 U.S. 9, 126 S.Ct. 407, 163 L.Ed.2d 10 (2005), the court turned down a similar claim for law library access via the Sixth Amendment under § 2254 brought by a pro se litigant.