Poth v. Small, Craig & Werkenthin, L.L.P.

JONES, Justice. Appellants Robert J. Poth and Poth Corporation (the “Corporation”) sued Small, Craig & Werkenthin, L.L.P. (“SCW”), appel-lee, alleging legal malpractice. The trial court granted summary judgment for SCW. Appellants assert five complaints in their two points of error. We will affirm the trial court’s judgment. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND The Corporation was a construction company established in the early 1970s with Poth as president and sole shareholder. A major portion of the Corporation’s construction *513 business involved projects of a real estate partnership formed by Ben Templeton, Todd Templeton, and Poth. The Templetons became involved in the Corporation as well, such as in 1978 when they eo-signed a Master Surety Agreement between the Corporation and United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company in order to increase the Corporation’s bonding capacity. In 1981 the Corporation was awarded a million-dollar construction contract to build a new junior high school in Marble Falls, Texas. Later that year problems arose with the project. Before the building was complete, heavy rainfall caused it to develop cracking throughout its structure. When the Marble Falls Independent School District withheld payment of the final $300,000, the Corporation experienced extreme cash-flow problems. In January 1982, SCW attorneys, acting on behalf of the Templetons, prepared written agreements the effect of which was to transfer control of the Corporation to the Temple-tons in exchange for their agreement to fund the short-term expenses of the Corporation, including anticipated litigation expenses relating to the Marble Falls project. As a part of this transfer, Poth signed a Voting Trust Agreement in which the Templetons became trustees of Poth’s voting rights as sole shareholder of the Corporation. Furthermore, Poth, as president of the Corporation, granted the Templetons a general power of attorney on behalf of the Corporation. Finally, the agreements included a provision that the law firm of Carrington & Coleman would represent the Corporation in the Marble Falls litigation and that any change of counsel had to be approved by Poth. Despite this, the Templetons retained SCW to monitor the Marble Falls litigation and to assist the Corporation’s previously retained counsel. SCW ultimately billed the Corporation approximately $400,000 for its work on that case. The Marble Falls litigation was settled in 1985. Under the settlement, the Templetons received a certain amount of money from the project’s architect and engineer, but paid out an even larger amount pursuant to the master surety agreement they had co-signed and the settlement documents. In 1987 the Tem-pletons sued Poth for the shortfall between the funds received from the architect and engineer and funds paid out to settle the litigation. In 1991, Poth asserts, he discovered for the first time that SCW had represented and billed the Corporation in connection with the Marble Falls litigation. The present lawsuit was filed in 1993. SCW moved for summary judgment on five grounds: (1) there was no privity of contract between SCW and Poth individually because SCW never represented Poth; (2) all claims were barred by limitations; (3) the Corporation’s claims were barred by estop-pel; (4) the Corporation suffered no damages from SCWs failure to pursue coverage under an existing insurance policy; and (5) SCWs representation of multiple defendants in the Marble Falls litigation did not create a conflict of interest. The trial court’s order granting SCW’s motion for summary judgment was not based on any specific ground stated in the motion. Appellants’ motion for new trial was overruled by operation of law. Appellants assert five grounds in support of their points of error: (1) lack of privity does not bar Poth’s individual claims against SCW, (2) the statute of limitations does not bar appellants’ claims, (3) estoppel does not bar appellants’ claims, (4) the summary judgment proof demonstrates that appellants were damaged by SCWs negligence, and (5) there was a blatant conflict of interest involved. DISCUSSION In point of error one, appellants assert that the trial court erred in granting SCW’s motion for summary judgment. We review a summary judgment using the following standards: (1) the movant for summary judgment has the burden to show there is no genuine issue of material fact in existence, (2) evidence favorable to the nonmovant will be taken as true, and (3) every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of the non-movant and any doubts resolved in its favor. Nixon v. Mr. Property Management Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex.1985). “When a trial court’s order granting summary judgment does not specify the ground or grounds relied on for the ruling, summary judgment *514 will be affirmed on appeal if any of the theories advanced are meritorious.” Rogers v. Ricane Enters., Inc., 772 S.W.2d 76, 79 (Tex.1989). In point of error two, appellants assert that the trial court erred in denying their motion for new trial. In reviewing the overruling of a motion for new trial, an appellate court will not disturb the trial court’s decision absent a showing of a manifest abuse of discretion. Champion Int’l Corp. v. Twelfth Court of Appeals, 762 S.W.2d 898, 899 (Tex.1988). I. Claims by Poth Individually Although the Corporation was represented by SCW, Poth, individually, was not the firm’s client. In general, an attorney owes a duty of care to her client, but not to third parties who may have been damaged by the attorney’s negligent representation of the client. Barcelo v. Elliott, 923 S.W.2d 575, 577 (Tex.1996). Nonetheless, appellants assert in their two points of error that lack of privity of contract does not bar Poth’s individual claims against SCW. Appellants argue that SCWs representation was acquired by the Templetons under the Voting Trust Agreement and that the Templetons, as trustees of the Voting Trust, served as Poth’s agents, thereby creating privity of contract between SCW and Poth. 1 Texas courts have not applied privity in that manner. For purposes of determining who holds the attorney-client privilege, a trustee who retains an attorney to advise her in administering a trust is the real client of that attorney, not the trust beneficiaries. See Huie v. DeShazo, 922 S.W.2d 920, 925 (Tex.1996). While the Texas Supreme Court has expressed no opinion as to whether the beneficiary of a trust has standing to sue an attorney representing the trustee for malpractice, Barcelo, 923 S.W.2d at 579 n. 2, at least one court of appeals has held that a trust beneficiary lacks standing to sue the trustee’s attorney. See Thompson v. Vinson & Elkins, 859 S.W.2d 617, 623-24 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied). The supreme court has stated that “the greater good is served by preserving a bright-line privity rule which denies a cause of action to all beneficiaries whom the attorney did not represent. This will ensure that attorneys may in all cases zealously represent their clients without threat of suit from third parties compromising that representation.” Barcelo, 923 S.W.2d at 578-79. This rationale supports the application of privity as a bar to Poth’s individual claims. Furthermore, appellant points to no Texas case finding privity between a trust beneficiary and the trustee’s attorney. 2 We hold that lack of privity bars Poth’s individual claims against SCW for legal malpractice. IL Claims by the Corporation Appellants also assert that the statute of limitations does not bar their claim for legal malpractice. The statute of limitations involved here is two years. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 16.003(a) (West 1986); Willis v. Maverick, 760 S.W.2d 642, 644 (Tex.1988). All the events that gave rise to their claims apparently occurred no later than November 1987. Because the lawsuit was filed in 1993, such claims would ordinarily be barred by limitations. However, there are exceptions to the statute of limitations. Limitations may be tolled in cases of concealment or fraud 3 and in cases to *515 which the discovery rule applies. See Computer Assocs. Int'l, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 918 S.W.2d 453, 455-56 (Tex.1996). The discovery rule applies when the nature of the injury is inherently undiscoverable and the evidence of the injury is objectively verifiable. Id. at 456. However, in the fiduciary context, the nature of the injury may be presumed to be inherently undiscoverable although a person owed the duty has some responsibility to ascertain when an injury occurs. Id. To overcome the limitations bar, appellants assert that the facts establishing the elements of the Corporation’s claims were inherently undiscoverable, thus making the discovery rule applicable. 4 A wrong or injury is inherently undiscoverable if it is by nature unlikely to be discovered within the prescribed limitations period despite due diligence. S.V. v. R.V., 933 S.W.2d 1, 7 (Tex.1996). The element of “inherently undiscov-erable” (along with “objectively verifiable”) helps to balance the benefits of precluding stale claims against the risk of precluding meritorious claims that happen to fall outside an arbitrarily set time limitation. Id. at 6. To be inherently undiscoverable does not require absolute impossibility of discovery, nor does it mean the plaintiff merely did not discover the wrong or injury within the allotted time; rather, it is dependent on the nature of the wrong or injury, the circumstances in which it occurred, and the plaintiffs diligence. Id. at 7. Appellants assert that the inherently un-discoverable facts for which limitations should be tolled here are: (1) SCW represented the Corporation in violation of the Agreements, (2) SCW billed the Corporation more than $400,000 for services rendered to the Corporation in violation of the Agreements, and (3) SCW failed to submit claims under the Crum & Forster (“Crum”) insurance policies for the Marble Falls litigation. In examining the circumstances surrounding these allegations, we note that the entity concerned here is a corporation. A corporation can act and acquire knowledge only through its agents. See Hirsch v. Texas Lawyers’ Ins. Exchange, 808 S.W.2d 561, 563 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1991, writ denied). Knowledge held by corporate officers or directors may be imputed to the corporation itself. Id. Knowledge of an attorney may be imputed to the client. See American Centennial Ins. Co. v. Canal Ins. Co., 810 S.W.2d 246, 256 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1991), aff'd in part & rev’d in part on other grounds, 843 S.W.2d 480 (Tex.1992); Carter v. Converse, 550 S.W.2d 322, 329 (Tex.Civ.App.-Tyler 1977, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Kemp v. Harrison, 431 S.W.2d 900, 904 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1968, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Knowledge of an agent may be imputed to the principal. See Wellington Oil Co. v. Maffi, 136 Tex. 201, 150 S.W.2d 60, 63 (1941); Williams v. Jennings, 755 S.W.2d 874, 882 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1988, writ denied). While the Templetons were not officers of the Corporation, they held such a broad power of attorney and control of the Corporation that their knowledge should be imputed to it. As to the first fact allegedly not known by the Corporation, we conclude that SCWs representation of the Corporation was not inherently undiscoverable by it. 5 The Templetons’ power of attorney was “full, general and universal” with a broad yet nonexclusive listing of powers. The power of attorney specifically included the power to engage and dismiss counsel. Even if the Templetons violated one of their agreements with Poth by hiring SCW, there is no allegation that the attorneys-in-fact did not have the power to authorize representation by SCW. Acting with authority on behalf of the Corporation, the Templetons hired SCW. The identity of the Corporation’s properly hired attorney was not inherently undiscov-erable by the Corporation. Second, appellants contend the Corporation paid $400,000 to SCW. The Temple-tons respond that they, not the Corporation, *516 paid SCW. Even if appellants are correct, however, we conclude the information was not inherently undiseoverable. As with the hiring of SCW, even if paying SOW’S bill violated a Poth-Templeton agreement, the Templetons had the authority as attorneys-in-fact to pay for legal representation on behalf of the Corporation. Considering the circumstances and nature of this alleged wrong and the ability of the Corporation to know if its authorized attomeys-in-faet had paid for its legal representatives, we conclude that the billing and alleged payment were not inherently undiseoverable by the Corporation. Finally, we are left with the question of whether SCWs failure to file a claim on the Crum insurance policy was inherently undiseoverable by the Corporation. Contained in the summary judgment evidence is an affidavit by John Martin, who was one of the Corporation’s attorneys, but was not an SCW attorney. Martin affirms that he was aware of the issue of coverage by the Crum policy, but determined after his own investigation that there was no coverage provided under the policy. Nonetheless, he submitted to Crum a request for coverage, which was denied. Furthermore, Ben Templeton states in deposition testimony that he asked SCW attorneys to investigate whether the Crum policies would cover the litigation expenses. Templeton states that he was told the issue had been investigated and that the policy would not cover the litigation. The question at this point of our analysis is not whether this evidence conclusively disposes of the issue of coverage, but whether it indicates that the issue of SCWs alleged failure to request coverage was inherently undiseoverable by the Corporation. Certainly, an attorney’s expertise and fiduciary position combined with client ignorance could, depending on the circumstances, make an attorney’s wrongs inherently undiscovera-ble. See Willis, 760 S.W.2d at 646. In Willis, the court concluded that the attorney’s negligent handling of a divorce case warranted invocation of the discovery rule to protect an individual client who as a practical matter could not discover the wrong absent the hiring of a second attorney to monitor the work of the first. See id. In the present case, however, the client, a corporation, had agents who were specifically aware of and involved in the issue in question. The statements by the Corporation’s attorney, Martin, and its attorney-in-fact, Ben Templeton, demonstrate sufficient awareness of the issue of coverage that the mere fact of whether SCW filed a claim for coverage was not inherently undiseoverable by the Corporation. The discovery rule is not needed here for the Corporation to have a reasonable opportunity to learn whether SCW requested coverage by Crum. In sum, appellants point to no wrong or injury that was inherently undiseoverable by the Corporation. Accordingly, the discovery rule does not apply, and the Corporation’s claims against SCW are barred by limitations. Because Poth’s individual claims are barred by lack of privity and the Corporation’s claims are barred by limitations, we need not address the other complaints raised in appellants’ points of error. Points of error one and two are overruled. CONCLUSION The district court did not err in granting summary judgment and overruling appellants’ motion for new trial. Having overruled appellants’ two points of error, we affirm the district court’s judgment. Footnotes [1] A voting trust is subject to the principles that regulate the administration of trusts. See 18A Am.Jur.2d Corporations § 1125, at 930 (1985). [2] Appellants point to two cases in support of Poth’s right to maintain a claim against SCW. See Zuniga v. Groce, Locke & Hebdon, 878 S.W.2d 313 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1994, writ ref'd); Stonewall Surplus Lines Ins. Co. v. Drabek, 835 S.W.2d 708 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1992, writ denied). Both of these cases concern excess and primary insurance carriers and the application of equitable subrogation. We conclude that these cases are inapplicable to the Voting Trust present here. [3] Appellants do argue that essential facts were concealed from Poth, but that only addresses why Poth’s individual claims (which we find barred by lack of privity) might survive limitations. Appellants’ argument does not point out concealment of essential facts from the Corporation on which we might base a conclusion that its claims are not time-barred. [4] Because we have concluded that privity bars Poth's individual claims, we need not decide whether the alleged wrongful act and injury were inherently undiscoverable by him individually. [5] Even if the Templetons had violated the Poth-Templeton agreements by hiring SCW, SCW itself could not have violated the agreements because it was not a party to the agreement.