Jones v. Home Loan Investment, FSB

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER JOHN T. COPENHAVER, JR., District Judge. Pending are the motions to dismiss by defendants Home Loan Investment, F.S.B., and Citimortgage, Inc. for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, filed August 24, 2009, and September 9, 2009, respectively. I. Plaintiff, Rachel A. Jones, is an 81-year-old resident of Charleston, Kanawha County, West Virginia. (Am. Compl. ¶ 1). Defendant Home Loan Investment, F.S.B., (“Home Loan”) is a foreign corporation authorized to do business in West Virginia. 1 (Id. ¶ 7). Plaintiff and her husband Charles R. Jones owned a home in Charleston with a mortgage through Bank One. (Id. ¶¶ 6-7). Mr. Jones passed away in 2005. (Id. ¶ 7). At the time of his death, plaintiff suffered from severe depression for which she sought treatment and medication. (Id. ¶ 8). Shortly thereafter, plaintiff made her daughter, Queenetta Potts, the attorney-in-fact over her affairs by a Durable Power of Attorney signed and recorded in the Office of the Clerk of Kanawha County on January 31, 2006. (Id. ¶ 9). To ensure that plaintiff, after the death of her husband, could remain in her home, Queenetta Potts arranged for plaintiff to enter into a Home Equity Conversion Loan Agreement (“reverse mortgage”) through the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”). (Id. ¶ 10). Plaintiff and HUD entered into that agreement on February 2, 2006, allowing plaintiff to live in her home without payment until the end of her life. (Id. ¶ 10). At some time prior to January 2007, defendant Home Loan or one of its agents approached the plaintiff and induced her to refinance her reverse mortgage with a standard 40-year mortgage in the amount of $89,000.00, requiring the plaintiff to make monthly payments of $700.15. (Id. ¶ 12). Plaintiff states that she has no recollection of entering into this loan with Home Loan, is unsophisticated in financial affairs, and was unable to conduct her financial affairs at the time. (Id. ¶¶ 8, 13). Defendant Home Loan then transferred plaintiffs loan to defendant Citimortgage. (Id. ¶ 14). At some time prior to April 2007, defendant Advanced Financial Services, Inc. (“Advanced”) approached plaintiff and induced her to refinance the mortgage loan she had acquired from Home Loan. (Id. ¶ 15). Plaintiffs new mortgage loan with Advanced was for a period of 30 years and in the amount of $97,300.00, increasing plaintiffs payments from $700.15 to $744.13 per month. (Id.). Plaintiff states that she has no recollection of entering into the loan agreement with Advanced and that she was unable to conduct her financial affairs at the time. (Id. ¶ 16). Advanced transferred plaintiffs mortgage loan to defendant Countrywide Home Loans Servicing, LP (“Countrywide”) after *731 April 5, 2007. (Id. ¶ 19). Countrywide has since threatened to foreclose on plaintiffs home. (Id. ¶ 20). Plaintiff instituted this action against the above-named defendants on April 10, 2009, in the Circuit Court of Kanawha County. (Notice of Removal ¶ 1). Plaintiff alleges six counts: (I) negligence of Home Loan, (II) unfair or deceptive acts and practices of Home Loan, (III) negligence of Advanced, (IV) unfair or deceptive acts and practices of Advanced, (V) unconscionable conduct of the defendants, and (VI) assignee liability on the part of Citimortgage and Countrywide. Plaintiff seeks declarations that the loans were induced by unconscionable conduct and that the current loan agreement is void and unenforceable. Additionally, plaintiff seeks: (1) actual damages and a civil penalty of $4,000 for violation of the WVCCPA pursuant to West Virginia Code § 46A-5-101, (2) damages for emotional distress, (3) damages for annoyance and inconvenience, (4) damages for economic loss, (5) punitive damages, and (6) reasonable attorney’s fees and costs of this litigation. Countrywide removed this action on May 13, 2009, based on diversity jurisdiction. (Notice of Removal 2). On August 24, 2009, Home Loan moved to dismiss plaintiffs amended complaint for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted. (Mot. to Dismiss 1). Home Loan asserts that because it is a federal savings bank, the Home Owners’ Loan Act of 1933, 12 U.S.C.A. § 1461 et seq. (“HOLA”), and its accompanying regulation, 12 C.F.R. § 560.2, preempt all of plaintiffs claims regarding the origination of her mortgage loan with Home Loan. (Mot. to Dismiss ¶ 2). This includes all of plaintiffs claims against it, being set forth in Counts I, II, and V. (Mot. to Dismiss ¶¶ 3-4). Home Loan further asserts that the two-year statute of limitations under W. Va.Code § 55-2-12 bars Count I and that the one-year statute of limitations under W. Va. Code § 46A-5-101 bars Counts II and V. (Mot. to Dismiss ¶¶ 7-8; Memo. 12-13). On September 9, 2009, Citimortgage moved to dismiss the claims asserted against it for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Citimortgage incorporated all the contentions made in Home Loan’s motion to dismiss. In her response to Home Loan’s motion to dismiss, filed October 9, 2009, plaintiff contends that her claims are not preempted because the claims fall within the preemption exceptions listed in 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(c). (Resp. to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss 4-6). Plaintiff also asserts that neither of the above statutes of limitations bars this action against Home Loan because the discovery rule tolled the running of the statutes for Counts I, II, and V. (Id. at 8-9). Plaintiffs response to Citimortgage’s motion to dismiss, filed October 9, 2009, asserted that the statute of limitations did not bar plaintiffs claims and that Citimortgage has assignee liability for each of the claims made against Home Loan. II. A. Governing Standard Rule 8(a)(2) requires plaintiff to provide “a short and plain statement of the claim showing ... entitle[ment] to relief.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2); Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93, 127 S.Ct. 2197, 167 L.Ed.2d 1081 (2007). Rule 12(b)(6) permits a defendant to challenge a complaint when it “fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.... ” Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). The required “short and plain statement” must provide “ ‘fair notice of what the ... claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’ ” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d *732 80 (1957), overruled on other grounds, Twombly, 550 U.S. at 562-63, 127 S.Ct. 1955); see also Anderson v. Sara Lee Corp., 508 F.3d 181, 188 (4th Cir.2007). The opening pleading need only contain “[fjactual allegations ... [sufficient] to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955. Stated another way, the complaint must allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 1974; Giarratano v. Johnson, 521 F.3d 298, 302 (4th Cir.2008). “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, - U.S. -, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). B. HOLA Preemption Standards Home Loan asserts that HOLA and 12 C.F.R. § 560.2 preempt Counts I, II, and V of Plaintiffs amended complaint. Plaintiff counters that Counts I, II, and V fall within the limited exceptions to preemption within 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(c). HOLA empowers the Office of Thrift Supervision (“OTS”) “to authorize the creation of federal savings and loan associations, to regulate them, and by its regulations to preempt conflicting state law.” In re Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC Mortg. Servicing Litigation, 491 F.3d 638, 642 (7th Cir.2007); see 12 U.S.C. § 1464. Under this authority, OTS promulgated a preemption regulation in 12 C.F.R. § 560.2 which is entitled to “no less pre-emptive effect than federal statutes.” Fidelity Fed. Sav. and Loan Ass’n v. de la Cuesta, 458 U.S. 141, 153, 102 S.Ct. 3014, 73 L.Ed.2d 664 (1982). The preemption provision created by OTS provides that: OTS hereby occupies the entire field of lending regulation for federal savings associations. OTS intends to give federal savings associations maximum flexibility to exercise their lending powers in accordance with a uniform federal scheme of regulation. Accordingly, federal savings associations may extend credit as authorized under federal law, including this part, without regard to state laws purporting to regulate or otherwise affect their credit activities, except to the extent provided in paragraph (c) of this section.... 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(a). In section 560.2(b), OTS provided illustrative examples of the types of state laws preempted. Among these listed examples, preempted state laws “include, without limitation, state laws purporting to impose requirements regarding”: (4) The terms of credit, including amortization of loans and the deferral and capitalization of interest and adjustments to the interest rate, balance, payments due, or term to maturity of the loan, including the circumstances under which a loan may be called due and payable upon the passage of time or a specified event external to the loan; (9) Disclosure and advertising, including laws requiring specific statements, information, or other content to be included in credit application forms, credit solicitations, billing statements, credit contracts, or other credit-related documents and laws requiring creditors to supply copies of credit reports to borrowers or applicants; (10) Processing, origination, servicing, sale or purchase of, or investment or participation in, mortgages; 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(b)(4), (9), and (10). OTS expressly provided, in section 560.2(c), categories of state laws that “are not preempted to the extent that they only incidentally affect the lending operations *733 of Federal savings associations or are otherwise consistent with the purposes of paragraph (a).... ” 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(c). The state laws generally excepted from preemption by HOLA are: (1) Contract and commercial law; (2) Real property law; (3) Homestead laws specified in 12 U.S.C. 1462a®; (4) Tort law; (5) Criminal law; and (6) Any other law that OTS, upon review, finds: (i) Furthers a vital state interest; and (ii) Either has only an incidental effect on lending operations or is not otherwise contrary to the purposes expressed in paragraph (a) of this section. Id. OTS has explained that the preemption provision in section 560.2(a) is not intended “to preempt basic state laws such as state uniform commercial codes and state laws governing real property, contracts, torts, and crimes.” OTS, Lending and Investment, 61 Fed.Reg. 50951, 50966 (Sept. 30, 1996). “[T]he purpose of [the exemptions in] paragraph (c) is to preserve the traditional infrastructure of basic state laws that undergird commercial transactions, not to open the door to state regulation of lending by federal savings associations.” Id. OTS outlined the proper analysis for courts to employ when confronted with interpretive questions under section 560.2(a): When analyzing the status of state laws under § 560.2, the first step will be to determine whether the type of law in question is listed in paragraph (b). If so, the analysis will end there; the law is preempted. If the law is not covered by paragraph (b), the next question is whether the law affects lending. If it does, then, in accordance with paragraph (a), the presumption arises that the law is preempted. This presumption can be reversed only if the law can clearly be shown to fit within the confines of paragraph (c). For these purposes, paragraph (c) is intended to be interpreted narrowly. Any doubt should be resolved in favor of preemption. Id. at 50966-67. See also Casey v. F.D.I.C., 583 F.3d 586, 593 (8th Cir.2009); Silvas v. E*TRADE Mortgage Corp., 514 F.3d 1001, 1005 (9th Cir.2008). If a court performs the first step of the OTS’s analysis and concludes that the state law bases for plaintiffs claims fall within section 560.2(b), plaintiffs claims are preempted by HOLA. Alternatively, if the court concludes that the state law claim falls outside of section 560.2(b), it must then determine whether plaintiffs claims clearly fit within the confines of permissible state law claims laid out in section 560.2(c). In order to fit within these confines, the court must be satisfied that the state law involved has, at most, only an incidental effect on lending operations. 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(c). When Congress granted the OTS the expansive authority to regulate federal savings and loan banks, the OTS created section 560.2 to provide consistent national regulations and preempted those state laws that burden federal savings and loan banks from freely exercising their federally-granted powers. State Farm Bank v. Reardon, 539 F.3d 336, 344 (6th Cir.2008); Flagg v. Yonkers Sav. & Loan Ass’n, FA, 396 F.3d 178, 184 (2d Cir.2005). By excluding from preemption only those laws with an incidental effect on lending operations, the OTS preempts all state laws which attempt to regulate in OTS’s stead. Although our court of appeals has yet to consider the application of section 560.2(c) to state law claims, the United States Courts of Appeal for the Eighth and Ninth Circuit have interpreted section 560.2 as *734 meaning that any “state law that either on its face or as applied imposes requirements regarding the 'examples listed in § 560.2(b) is preempted.” Casey v. F.D.I.C., 583 F.3d 586, 595 (8th Cir.2009); Silvas, 514 F.3d at 1006. Accordingly, the “as applied” rule exempts from preemption only those generally applicable state laws that fit within the confines of section 560.2(c) without more than incidentally affecting lending. Whereas the courts of appeal in Casey and Silvas relied on an “as applied” analysis, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit reached a similar conclusion in In re Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC Mortg. Servicing Litigation without expressly employing the “as applied” rule. 491 F.3d 638 (7th Cir.2007). In Ocwen, the court engaged in a thorough analysis of what state laws fall within section 560.2(c). In its determination, the court balanced the OTS’s authority over the federal savings and loan banks with the ability of consumers to recover under HOLA’s statutory structure in its consideration of whether HOLA preempted the plaintiffs state law claims. Id. at 643. While OTS is empowered to regulate federal savings and loan banks, the court of appeals in Ocwen noted that OTS has very limited power to oversee disagreements between the banks and their customers. Id. at 643 (citing to “How to Resolve a Consumer Complaint” 1-2, www.OTS.treas.gov/docs/4/480924.pdf). Inasmuch as HOLA provides no private right of action to consumers, consumers have little recourse in disputes with federal savings banks outside of those generally applicable state laws exempted from preemption in section 560.2(c). Id. (citing Burns Int’l Inc. v. Western Savings & Loan Ass’n, 978 F.2d 533, 535-37 (9th Cir.1992)). “Against this background of limited remedial authority,” the court in Ocwen “read subsection (c) to mean that OTS’s assertion of plenary regulatory authority does not deprive persons harmed by the wrongful acts of savings and loans associations of their basic state common-law-type remedies.” Id. Thus, while HOLA and OTS preempt any attempt at state regulation of federal savings banks, OTS allows states to maintain their state-law-based causes of action to protect their citizens. 2 Id. To provide support for its conclusion, the court quoted at length from an OTS opinion letter similarly relied upon by the courts in Casey and Silvas. Id. at 644 (quoting Preemption of State Laws Applicable to Credit Card Transactions, Op. OTS Chief Counsel, 1996 WL 767462, ¶ IIC (Dec. 24, 1996)). 3 In this letter, OTS’s chief counsel addressed whether HOLA preempted Indiana’s generally-applicable state law prohibiting deceptive acts and practices in the course of commerce. Op. OTS Chief Counsel, 1996 WL 767462, ¶ IIC. Noting OTS’s indication that it does not intend to preempt state laws establishing basic norms undergirding commercial transactions, the chief counsel determined that the Indiana state law fell within the traditional contract and commercial law category properly excluded from preemption under section 560.2(c). *735 The impact the law had on lending appeared to be only incidental to the primary purpose of the statute and there was no indication that the law was in conflict with the purpose of HOLA’s preemption provision or OTS’s regulation of federal savings associations. Id. Thus, the chief counsel found that the Indiana deceptive acts and practices law was not preempted by federal law. Id. Based on its analysis of HOLA and the OTS’s position as stated in the chief counsel’s letter, the court in Ocwen ruled that section 560.2(c) preserves those state laws of general applicability only incidentally affecting the banking and lending activities of a federal savings association. Ocwen, 491 F.3d at 644-45; see also State Farm Bank v. Reardon, 539 F.3d 336, 344 (6th Cir.2008). In accordance with the chief counsel’s letter, Omen evaluated each of the plaintiffs claims to determine whether the state law imposed impermissible regulatory requirements upon federal savings and loan banks or complemented the overall purposes of the federal regulatory scheme with only incidental effect upon lending. Ocwen, 491 F.3d at 644-49. While not expressly adopting the “as applied” rule as the courts did in Casey and Silvas, the approach taken in Ocwen parallels that in Casey and Silvas. Finding several generally applicable state statutes preempted by section 560.2(a) because they fell within the section 560.2(b) illustrative examples, the court clarified that “[n]ot all state statutes that might be invoked against a federal [savings and loan banks] are preempted, any more than all common law doctrines are.” Ocwen, 491 F.3d at 646. While Ocwen concluded that traditional common law actions of fraud, breach of contract, defamation and slander of title generally avoid preemption under HOLA, preemption depends on the particular nature of the claims as alleged by the plaintiff. 491 F.3d at 646 (“The twentieth [claim] alleges fraud, and does not appear to be preempted, though this could depend on the nature of the fraud, which is unexplained.”). 4 Evaluating the particularized allegations of common law claims functions much like the “as applied” rule and will often reach the same result. Indeed, the court in Casey rejected plaintiffs’s argument that Ocwen was at odds with the “as applied” rule adopted by the court in Casey, 583 F.3d at 595 n. 3. In Casey, Silvas, and Omen, the courts considered the specific nature of each state law claim to determine whether an allegation is a state-based cause of action or an attempt at regulation preempted by section 560.2(b). See also Watkins v. Wells Fargo Home Mortg., 631 F.Supp.2d 776, 782 (S.D.W.Va.2008) (“Whatever the claim, a court must look at the underlying allegations proffered in support of the claim and ask on which side of the Ocwen court’s ledger they fall.”). Accordingly, each of plaintiffs allegations must be considered individually in order to determine whether the state law claim is preempted by section 560.2. III. A. Count I — Negligence of Home Loan Plaintiff alleges that Home Loan (1) falsely and negligently misrepresented to plaintiff that she would benefit by entering into the mortgage loan with it, (2) negligently ignored plaintiffs grant of a publicly recorded power of attorney, and (3) *736 negligently failed to determine whether plaintiff could afford the mortgage loan. (Am. Compl. ¶¶26, 31, 32). Regarding plaintiffs first claim of negligent and false misrepresentation, plaintiff alleges that Home Loan and its agents misrepresented to her that she would benefit by entering into the loan. (Am. Compl. ¶ 26). As a result, plaintiff claims she was induced by and relied upon such false and negligent misrepresentations and received no benefit from the Home Loan mortgage loan. (Id. at ¶¶ 27, 29). However, plaintiff states that she does not remember the transaction, and she has pled no facts indicating how Home Loan negligently or falsely represented that she would benefit from this loan. Plaintiff has thus failed to provide “[f|actual allegations ... [sufficient] to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955. Accordingly, plaintiffs first claim, consisting of negligent and false misrepresentation, is dismissed without prejudice. 5 Plaintiffs second negligence claim alleges that Home Loan “was further negligent by ignoring the Power of Attorney on public record and failing to make reasonable inquiry regarding the necessity for the same or Plaintiffs ability to make financial decisions.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 31). Plaintiff contends that her second negligence claim is not an attempt to require federal savings and loan banks to conduct title examinations prior to lending. While plaintiff does not allege that Home Loan actually became aware of the power of attorney on the record, she asserts that defendants were negligent by failing to inquire further upon the presumed discovery of the durable power of attorney during the examination ordinarily conducted prior to lending. (Pl.’s Resp. at 8). However, such a duty would place a significant burden upon federal savings and loan banks during the “[processing, origination, servicing, sale or purchase of, or investment or participation in, mortgages.” 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(b)(10). Once a lender became aware of a power of attorney on the record, plaintiffs claims would impose a duty to inquire into the nature of the power of attorney, its justifications, and the current status of the principal. 6 This is a significant undertaking that more than incidentally affects lending. Inasmuch as the OTS has the sole authority to impose such a burden upon federal savings banks, plaintiffs second negligence claim in Count I is preempted by section 560.2(b)(10). Plaintiffs final claim of negligence under Count I alleges that Home Loan was “negligent by failing to determine whether Plaintiff could afford the mortgage loan.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 31). Plaintiff *737 contends, in essence, that defendants did not properly qualify her for the loan she was given as evidenced by her inability to pay it off. Determinations of a home buyer’s ability to afford a loan and their overall qualifications for the loan directly implicate the “[processing, origination, servicing, sale or purchase of, or investment or participation in, mortgages” by federal savings banks. 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(b)(10); see Garcia v. Wachovia Mortg. Corp., 676 F.Supp.2d 895, 913 (C.D.Cal.2009) (“To the extent Plaintiff makes claims relating to inability to qualify for the loan she was given, these are preempted by 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(b)(10).”). In order to quantify an applicant’s ability to “afford” a loan, lenders would necessarily be forced to engage in comprehensive calculations of the income and expenditures of mortgage applicants which more than incidentally affects lending. The OTS has the sole authority to set prerequisites for federal savings and loan banks participation in and origination of mortgages. Accordingly, plaintiffs third negligence claim is impermissibly regulatory in nature, and preempted by section 560.2(b)(10). B. Count II — Unfair or Deceptive Acts and Practices of Home Loan Plaintiff alleges in Count II that Home Loan committed unfair and deceptive acts upon plaintiff in violation of the West Virginia Consumer Credit and Protection Act (“WVCCPA”). Specifically, plaintiff alleges Home Loan violated the WVCCPA “by representing their services have characteristics or benefits that they do not have in violation of W. Va.Code § 46A-6-104 and 46A-6-102(7)(E)” and “by engaging in conduct which created the likelihood of confusion or misunderstanding in violation of W. Va.Code [§§ ] 46A-6-104 and 46A-6-102(7)(L).” (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 36-37). West Virginia law prohibits “[u]nfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce.” W. Va.Code § 46A-6-104. (7) “Unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices” means and includes, but is not limited to, any one or more of the following: (E) Representing that goods or services have sponsorship, approval, characteristics, ingredients, uses, benefits or quantities that they do not have ...; (L) Engaging in any other conduct which similarly creates a likelihood of confusion or of misunderstanding; W. Va.Code §§ 46A-6-102(7)(E) and (7)(L). Based on the limited facts provided by plaintiff, it appears that she bases her unfair or deceptive acts claims on Home Loan’s alleged misrepresentation of the benefit of the loan for plaintiff. However, as with plaintiffs first claim of negligent misrepresentation, plaintiff has not pled “[fjactual allegations ... [sufficient] to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955. Plaintiff states that she does not remember any of the transactions regarding the formation of the loan and has pled no facts within the amended complaint with which to support these allegations. As with plaintiffs first negligence claim, the lack of factual allegations limit the court’s ability to determine the precise nature of plaintiffs claim. Additional factual allegations are necessary to determine whether the plaintiff is making an impermissible attempt at regulating the actions of federal savings banks or simply seeking remedy through state-law claims allowed under section 560.2(c). Without more factual pleadings, plaintiffs claims in Count II are insufficient to survive Home Loan’s *738 motion to dismiss. Accordingly, Count II is dismissed with prejudice. C. Count V — Unconscionable Conduct Plaintiff alleges in Count V that Home Loan engaged in unconscionable conduct by (1) failing to determine if the Plaintiff could afford these loans, (2) placing an elderly person into a loan that she could not pay off within her lifetime, and (3) placing a person in a loan from which that person would receive no benefit in violation of W. Va.Code § 46A-2-121(l)(a), reading as follows: (1) With respect to a transaction which is or gives rise to a consumer credit sale, consumer lease or consumer loan, if the court as a matter of law finds: (a) The agreement or transaction to have been unconscionable at the time it was made, or to have been induced by unconscionable conduct, the court may refuse to enforce the agreement.... W. Va.Code § 46A-2-121(l)(a). Plaintiffs allegations of Home Loan’s unconscionable inducement into the mortgage create impermissible regulatory requirements under HOLA. The OTS has exclusive authority to impose requirements relating to the “[processing, origination, servicing, sale or purchase of, or investment or participation in, mortgages” under section 560.2(b)(10). Plaintiffs claims would require federal savings banks to make determinations of whether borrowers can afford the loan, whether borrowers will live long enough to repay the loan, and whether the borrowers will benefit from the loan. Only the OTS can compel federal savings banks to engage in complex assessments of borrowers’ financial means, life expectancy, and benefits received from the loan in order to qualify for a mortgage. See Garcia, 676 F.Supp.2d at 913 (“To the extent Plaintiff makes claims relating to inability to qualify for the loan she was given, these are preempted by 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(b)(10).”). Any attempt to impose similar requirements through state law is preempted by HOLA. Accordingly, plaintiffs claims of unconscionable conduct in Count V are dismissed with prejudice. D. Statutes of Limitations Home Loan asserts that Count I of the amended complaint is barred by W. Va. Code § 55-2-12’s two-year statute of limitations, while Counts II and V are barred by the one-year period in W. Va.Code § 46A-5-101. Plaintiff counters that the discovery rule tolled the statute of limitations for her claims so that her claims are not barred. 7 West Virginia’s discovery rule is “generally applicable to all torts, unless there is a clear statutory prohibition to its application.” Dunn v. Rockwell, 225 W.Va. 43, 689 S.E.2d 255, 264 (2009) (emphasis added). [ Ujnder the discovery rule the statute of limitations begins to run when the plaintiff knows, or by the exercise of reasonable diligence, should know (1) that the plaintiff has been injured, (2) the identity of the entity who owed the plaintiff a duty to act with due care, and who may have engaged in conduct that breached that duty, and (3) that the conduct of that entity has a causal relation to the injury. *739 Id. (quoting Syllabus Point 4, Gaither v. City Hosp., Inc., 199 W.Va. 706, 487 S.E.2d 901 (1997)). The test to determine whether a plaintiff has discovered the cause of action is an objective one. Id. at 265. “This objective test focuses upon whether a reasonable prudent person would have known, or by the exercise of reasonable diligence should have known, of the elements of a possible cause of action.” Id. The West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals has provided a five-step analysis to determine whether a cause of action is statutorily barred by the passage of time: First, the court should identify the applicable statute of limitation for each cause of action. Second, the court (or, if material questions of fact exist, the jury) should identify when the requisite elements of the cause of action occurred. Third, the discovery rule should be applied to determine when the statute of limitation began to run by determining when the plaintiff knew, or by the exercise of reasonable diligence should have known, of the elements of a possible cause of action, as set forth in Syllabus Point 4 of Gaither v. City Hosp., Inc., supra. Fourth, if the plaintiff is not entitled to the benefit of the discovery rule, then determine whether the defendant fraudulently concealed facts that prevented the plaintiff from discovering or pursuing the cause of action. Whenever a plaintiff is able to show that the defendant fraudulently concealed facts which prevented the plaintiff from discovering or pursuing the potential cause of action, the statute of limitation is tolled. And fifth, the court or the jury should determine if the statute of limitation period was arrested by some other tolling doctrine. Only the first step is purely a question of law; the resolution of steps two through five will generally involve questions of material fact that will need to be resolved by the trier of fact. Id. Regarding steps two through five of the above test, “the trial court is required to analyze mixed questions of law and fact ... in order to determine ‘whether there is ... [a] genuine issue of fact to be tried and inquiry concerning the facts is ... desirable to clarify the application of the law.’ ” Id. (quoting Syll. Pt. 3, Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Federal Ins. Co. of N.Y., 148 W.Va. 160, 133 S.E.2d 770 (1963)). 1. Count I — Negligence of Home Loan. Negligence is a tort claim as to which the discovery rule may apply to toll the statute of limitations. Plaintiffs amended complaint alleges that Home Loan’s negligent conduct was discovered in late 2007. (Am. Comp. ¶ 23) and she filed her complaint on April 10, 2009. Id. Inasmuch as plaintiffs negligence claim is subject to the two-year statute of limitations within W. Va.Code § 55-2-12, plaintiff has pled sufficient facts to assert that she complied with the two-year statute of limitations as tolled by the discovery rule. Accordingly, Home Loan’s motion to dismiss the entirety of plaintiffs claims within Count I based on the statute of limitations is denied. 2. Count II — Unfair or Deceptive Acts and Practices of Home Loan As discussed above, plaintiff provided insufficient factual allegations to support her unfair or deceptive acts claim against Home Loan under the WVCCPA. W. Va. Code § 46A-1-101 et seq. Accordingly, the court dismissed Count II with prejudice for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Nevertheless, the court will perform the statute of limitations analysis for Count II. In Count II, plaintiff alleges that Home Loan committed unfair and deceptive acts *740 and practices upon her by misrepresenting the characteristics and benefits of Home Loan’s services and by engaging in conduct which created a likelihood of confusion or misunderstanding in violation of the WVCCPA. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 36-37). The WVCCPA contains a one-year statute of limitations for nonrevolving consumer loans. See W. Va.Code § 46A-5-101(l). 8 Home Loan argues that the discovery rule does not apply to Count II because it is statutory in nature, but Home Loan provides no authority in support of this argument. (Reply 13). Plaintiff responds that the discovery rule applies to a tort or fraud claim and that Count II is based in tort. (Resp. 6). Plaintiffs acknowledgment that her claims in Count II are considered tort claims governs the resolution of the statute of limitations issue. The facts as pled within plaintiffs amended complaint indicate that the statute of limitations has run on her WVCCPA claims regardless of whether the discovery rule applies. The amended complaint states that plaintiffs injuries were discovered in late 2007. Thus, even applying the discovery rule, the WVCCPA’s one-year statute of limitations from the time of discovering her injuries has expired. Count II is dismissed with prejudice. 3. Count V — Unconscionable Conduct The court dismissed Count V of plaintiffs amended complaint with prejudice inasmuch as HOLA and 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(b) preempt the entire Count. However, as it did for Count II, the court will perform the statute of limitations analysis for Count V. Plaintiff alleges in Count V that Home Loan engaged in unconscionable conduct by (1) failing to determine if the plaintiff could afford these loans, (2) placing an elderly person into a loan that she could not pay off within her lifetime, and (3) placing a person in a loan from which she would receive no benefit in violation of the WVCCPA, specifically W. Va.Code § 46A-2-121(a). (Comp. ¶ 53-54). Home Loan argues that Count V of plaintiffs amended complaint is barred by W. Va. Code 46A-5-101(l)’s one year statute of limitations. In response, plaintiff contends the discovery rule tolled the running of the statute of limitations. Assuming arguendo that the discovery rule applies to plaintiffs claims in Count V, plaintiffs daughter did not discover Home Loan’s alleged actions until late 2007. (Am. Compl. ¶ 23). Inasmuch as plaintiff filed her complaint April 10, 2009, over a year after the discovery of Home Loan’s alleged actions, W. Va.Code 46A-5-101(l)’s one year statute of limitations bars this claim. Count V is dismissed with prejudice. IV. Plaintiff asserts in Count VI of her amended complaint that Citimortgage, as Home Loan’s assignee of plaintiffs loan, is liable for actions of Home Loan under Counts I, II, and V of plaintiffs amended complaint. Citimortgage asserted that plaintiffs claims were barred by HOLA preemption and applicable statutes of limitation, incorporating those arguments made in Home Loan’s motion to dismiss. To the extent plaintiffs claims have been dismissed against Home Loan, the claims are consequently dismissed as against Home Loan’s assignee, Citimortgage. Accordingly, the first negligence claim in Count I is dismissed without prejudice as to Citimortgage, and the second and third claims in Count I as well as the entirety of *741 Counts II and V are dismissed with prejudice as to Citimortgage. 9 V. Based on the foregoing analysis, the Court it is ORDERED as follows: 1) plaintiff’s first allegation of negligence under Count I be, and hereby is, dismissed without prejudice; 2) plaintiffs second and third allegations of negligence under Count I be, and hereby are, dismissed as preempted with prejudice; 3) Count II be, and hereby is, dismissed with prejudice; 4) Count V be, and hereby is, dismissed with prejudice; 5) plaintiffs first allegation of negligence under Count I and incorporated as to Citimortgage through Count VI be, and hereby is, dismissed without prejudice as to Citimortgage; 6) plaintiffs second and third allegations of negligence under Count I and incorporated as to Citimortgage through Count VI be, and hereby are, dismissed with prejudice as to Citimortgage; 7) Count II as incorporated through Count VI as to Citimortgage be, and hereby is, dismissed with prejudice; and 8) Count V as incorporated through Count VI as to Citimortgage be, and hereby is, dismissed with prejudice. The Clerk is directed to forward copies of this written opinion and order to all counsel of record and any unrepresented parties. Footnotes [1] Home Loan was formerly known as Ocean Bank, F.S.B. Plaintiff refers to Home Loan as Ocean Bank throughout the amended complaint. For purposes of this opinion, the court will refer to the defendant as Home Loan. [2] The court of appeals provided an example for clarity — "Suppose an S & L signs a mortgage agreement with a homeowner that specifies annual interest rate of 6 percent and a year later bills the homeowner at a rate of 10 percent and when the homeowner refuses to pay institutes foreclosure proceedings. It would be surprising for a federal regulation to forbid the homeowner’s state to give the homeowner a defense based on the mortgagee's breach of contract.” Ocwen, 491 F.3d at 643-44. [3] OTS issued this opinion on December 24, 1996, three months after it issued the explanation of 12 C.F.R. § 560.2 on September 30, 1996. [4] The court in Ocwen summarized its conclusions as follows: "[s]ome of the charges are pretty clearly, even certainly, preempted, as we have tried to indicate. Others probably are not, though this may depend on particulars omitted from the complaint. Many of the charges are so vaguely worded that we cannot guess whether they are preempted or not.” 491 F.3d at 648. [5] Not only does plaintiff fail to provide sufficient factual allegations to survive Home Loan’s motion to dismiss, her claim does not contain enough factual allegations for the court to determine the relevance of her claim to the preemption provisions under section 560.2. [6] Additionally, even if this claim were not preempted by HOLA, it is unclear whether defendants have a duty to inquire further upon discovering a durable power of attorney. A recorded power of attorney does not indicate that the grantor is incapable of acting on her own behalf. A power of attorney grants someone the authority to act as an agent or attorney-in-fact for the grantor. Black’s Law Dictionary 1290 (9th ed.2009). A durable power of attorney remains in effect in the event of the grantor's incompetency. Id. Plaintiff granted Ms. Potts a durable power of attorney, which merely allows Ms. Potts to take certain actions as an agent on plaintiff's behalf in addition to those actions taken by plaintiff. Ms. Potts was not appointed as her conservator or guardian. See W. Va.Code § 44A-1-4. Without a conservatorship or guardianship on the record, there is insufficient inquiry notice to warrant a well-founded belief that she is unable to act on her own behalf. [7] There is a discrepancy between plaintiff's amended complaint and her response to the defendants’ motions to dismiss. In plaintiff's amended complaint at paragraph 23, she states that her injuries were discovered in late 2007. However, in plaintiff's response to Home Loan’s motion on page 9, she states that the injuries were discovered when "Plaintiff's daughter inquired into her mother’s financial situation” in late 2008. In resolving the statute of limitations issues raised by the motions to dismiss, the allegations of the amended complaint are controlling. [8] The WVCCPA creates a four-year statute of limitations for claims involving consumer credit sales or consumer loans made pursuant to revolving charge accounts or revolving loan accounts while all other consumer credit sales and consumer loans are subject to a one-year statute of limitations. [9] Plaintiff's interpretation of assignee liability may be contradicted by W. Va.Code § 46A-2-102(3), which indicates assignee liability serves primarily as a defensive measure for consumers with limited exceptions otherwise.