Moore v. Potter

OPINION AND ORDER BROWN, District Judge. This matter comes before the Court on Defendant John E. Potter’s Motion (# 27) for Summary Judgment. For the reasons that follow, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s Motion (#27) for Summary Judgment in its entirety and DISMISSES this matter with prejudice. FACTUAL BACKGROUND The following facts are undisputed or, if disputed, are viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff. Plaintiff Erick T. Moore is an African-American resident of the State of Oregon who began working for the United States Postal Service (USPS) in 1993 and at all relevant times remained a USPS employee. Defendant John E. Potter is the Postmaster General of the USPS. In 2005 Plaintiff attended a roundtable discussion held by USPS and the Western Regional Vice President of USPS, Sylvester Black, to discuss complaints of race discrimination. Portland District Manager Dallas Keck, Portland Postmaster Shawneen Betha, and management-level employees Kim Anderson and Beverly Spina-Denson also attended the roundtable. 1 Plaintiff contends the Portland District has a history of race discrimination that led to the roundtable discussion at which Plaintiff; Harlan Henry, another African-American postal worker; and others complained about race discrimination. Between September 2006 and April 2007, USPS offered Plaintiff multiple management-training opportunities. In September 2006 Plaintiff was enrolled in the Associate Supervisor’s Training Program (ASP), which is a 16-week program designed to train employees to perform supervisory duties. Management candidates begin ASP with a two-week, classroom-based training that culminates in written examinations. Plaintiff failed his written tests and did not advance to the on-site training. USPS subsequently assigned Plaintiff as a temporary supervisor (known as a 204-b Supervisor) for additional training to accommodate Plaintiffs stated preference for hands-on training. Plaintiff attended training at the Crestón and Cherry *1176 Blossom Stations between October and December 2006.’ In January 2007 Plaintiff was assigned to his second ASP. Plaintiff began the classroom-based portion of his ASP assignment at the Park Rose Station, which was close to his home. Plaintiff passed his written tests, and Karen Sharp, the ASP Coordinator, assigned Plaintiff to finish the bulk of the program at the Oak Grove Station 19.5 miles from Plaintiffs home. Between February 12 and March 30, 2007, Plaintiffs ASP trainer, Shelley Lifto, completed five On-Site Instruction Reviews (OSIRs) of Plaintiff, which entails assignment of numerical scores between 1 and 4 for performance in 13 categories and narrative feedback on the trainee’s performance. According to the evaluations, Plaintiff did not satisfactorily perform a number of tasks assigned to him, was unprepared for meetings, and was tardy to certain meetings and shifts. Plaintiff acknowledged at his deposition that the information in his first two OSIR evaluations for the weeks of February 12 through February 23, 2007, is accurate. Plaintiff, however, contends the third, fourth, and fifth OSIRs are inaccurate in that he did not meet expectations because he did not receive adequate training from Lifto and his Training Coach, Anthony Spina-Denson, who was also the manager of the Oak Grove Station. Plaintiff attested he made multiple requests for additional training with respect to areas in which he needed to improve as reflected in his OSIRs, but he was not given that additional training. Plaintiff complained to Keck and Charles Collins, Diversity Coordinator, that he was being treated “differently” and “unfairly” by Lifto and Spina-Denson during the ASP. Plaintiff, however, did not expressly assert racial discrimination. During Plaintiffs participation in the ASP at the Oak Grove Station, Lifto and Spina-Denson made the following statements on which Plaintiff relies to support his claims: (1) Spina-Denson told Plaintiff in one of their first meetings that he didn’t have to pass Plaintiff; (2) Lifto told Plaintiff that he would have to “kiss a little butt” in order to pass the program; (3) in response to Plaintiff questioning Spina-Denson’s mail-counting method, Spina-Denson told Plaintiff that he was “messing with [Spina-Denson’s] money”; and (4) in response to questioning by Plaintiff, Spina-Denson put his hand to his head and stated, “You just ask too many questions.” Plaintiff cites his “belief’ that there was a clear lack of upward mobility for African Americans in the Portland District; that Spina-Denson did not want Plaintiff to have the same advancement opportunities as Spina-Denson; that “the Postal Service is analogous to a plantation with privileged African-American employees who keep other African-Americans from encroaching on them positions; and that five members of management [Douglas Batchelor, Human Resources; Keck; Beverly Spina-Denson; Kim Anderson; and Shawneen Betha, Portland Postmaster] conspired against him to ensure he failed the ASP.” Defendant, in turn, provides numerous emails and correspondence from Plaintiffs ASP Trainer, Coach, and Coordinator documenting their concerns about Plaintiffs progress and performance in the ASP. Defendant provides an email from USPS HR Specialist and ASP Coordinator Karen Sharp in which she responded to Plaintiffs complaints about his third OSIR evaluation and suggested six specific additional practices to help him improve his evaluation scores. Defendant also provides emails from Lifto to Spina-Denson and to Betha detailing additional mistakes made by Plaintiff and areas that needed improvement. Spina-Denson also sent emails to Lifto regarding Plaintiffs tardi *1177 ness, unpreparedness, and failure to follow instructions. Plaintiff was removed from the ASP on April 4, 2007, by the ASP Advisory Board on the stated ground that he was not making the necessary progress to justify his continued participation in the program. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND Plaintiff filed a formal complaint of race discrimination with the USPS Equal Employment Opportunity Department. That case was closed on December 21, 2004. Plaintiff does not contend his first USPS EEO complaint was the basis for any discrimination or retaliation by Defendant. On July 11, 2007, Plaintiff filed a second formal complaint with the USPS EEO alleging race discrimination and retaliation. Plaintiff filed his Complaint in this Court on August 27, 2008, seeking relief under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C.2000e-5, et seq., for unlawful race discrimination based on disparate treatment and hostile work environment and for retaliation for engaging in protected activity. Defendant filed his Answer on December 1, 2008. The Court heard oral argument on Defendant’s Motion on January 5, 2010, and requested the parties to file supplemental briefs. On February 1, 2010, the Court took the Motion under advisement. STANDARDS I. Summary Judgment Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c) authorizes summary judgment if no genuine issue exists regarding any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. The moving party must show the absence of an issue of material fact. Rivera v. Philip Morris, Inc., 395 F.3d 1142, 1146 (9th Cir.2005). In response to a properly supported motion for summary judgment, the nonmoving party must go beyond the pleadings to show there is a genuine issue of material fact. Id. An issue of fact is genuine “ ‘if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.’ ” Villiarimo v. Aloha Island Air, Inc., 281 F.3d 1054, 1061 (9th Cir.2002)(quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., All U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). The court must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. Id. “Summary judgment cannot be granted where contrary inferences may be drawn from the evidence as to material issues.” Easter v. Am. W. Fin., 381 F.3d 948, 957 (9th Cir.2004)(citing Sherman Oaks Med. Arts Ctr., Ltd. v. Carpenters Local Union No.1936, 680 F.2d 594 (9th Cir.1982)). A mere disagreement about a material issue of fact, however, does not preclude summary judgment. Jackson v. Bank of Haw., 902 F.2d 1385, 1389 (9th Cir.1990). When the nonmoving party’s claims are factually implausible, that party must “come forward with more persuasive evidence than otherwise would be necessary.” Wong v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 379 F.3d 1097 (9th Cir.2004), as amended by 410 F.3d 1052, 1055 (9th Cir.2005)(citing Blue Ridge Ins. Co. v. Stanewich, 142 F.3d 1145, 1149 (9th Cir.1998)). The substantive law governing a claim or a defense determines whether a fact is material. Miller v. Glenn Miller Prod., Inc., 454 F.3d 975, 987 (9th Cir.2006). If the resolution of a factual dispute would not affect the outcome of the claim, the court may grant summary judgment. Id. “[W]e require very little evidence to survive summary judgment in a discrimination case, because the ultimate question is one that can be resolved through a searching inquiry-one that is most appropriately conducted by the fact-finder, upon a full *1178 record.” Schnidrig v. Columbia Machine, Inc., 80 F.3d 1406, 1410 (9th Cir.) (citations omitted), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 927, 117 S.Ct. 295, 136 L.Ed.2d 214 (1996). II. Title VII. It is unlawful under Title VII for an employer to “discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(l). When a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of discrimination, it creates a presumption “that the plaintiffs employer undertook the challenged employment action because of the plaintiffs race.” (Cornwell v. Electra Cent Credit Union, 439 F.3d 1018, 1028 § 9th Cir.2006). To rebut the presumption, the defendant “must produce admissible evidence showing that the defendant undertook the challenged employment action for a ‘legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason.’ ” Id. (quoting McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817). If the defendant produces that evidence, “the presumption of discrimination ‘drops out of the picture’ and the plaintiff may defeat summary judgment by satisfying the usual standard of proof required in civil cases under Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).” Cornwell, 439 F.3d at 1028 (quoting Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 143, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000)). Thus, In the context of employment discrimination law under Title VII, summary judgment is not appropriate if, based on the evidence in the record, a reasonable jury could conclude by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant undertook the challenged employment action because of the plaintiffs race. Cornwell, 439 F.3d at 1028 (citing Wallis v. J.R. Simplot Co., 26 F.3d 885, 889 (9th Cir.1994)). To meet the standard of proof required by Rule 56(c), a plaintiff may offer direct or circumstantial evidence “ ‘that a discriminatory reason more likely motivated the employer’ to make the challenged employment decision.” Cornwell, 439 F.3d at 1028 (quoting Texas Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 256, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981)). Alternatively, a plaintiff may offer evidence “that the employer’s proffered explanation is unworthy of credence.” Cornwell, 439 F.3d at 1028 (quoting Burdine, 450 U.S. at 256, 101 S.Ct. 1089). In other words, a plaintiff may defeat a defendant’s motion for summary judgment “by offering proof that the employer’s legitimate, nondiseriminatory reason is actually a pretext for racial discrimination.” Cornwell, 439 F.3d at 1028 (citing McGinest v. GTE Serv. Corp., 360 F.3d 1103, 1123 (9th Cir.2004)). A plaintiff, however, “may not defeat a defendant’s motion for summary judgment merely by denying the credibility of the defendant’s proffered reason for the challenged employment action.” Corn-well, 439 F.3d at 1028 n. 6 (citing Wallis, 26 F.3d at 890, and Schuler v. Chronicle Broad. Co., 793 F.2d 1010, 1011 (9th Cir. 1986)). In addition, a plaintiff cannot establish a genuine issue of material fact exists “by relying solely on the plaintiffs subjective belief that the challenged employment action was unnecessary or unwarranted.” Cornwell, 439 F.3d at 1028, n. 6 (citing Bradley v. Harcourt, Brace & Co., 104 F.3d 267, 270 (9th Cir.1996)) (despite the plaintiffs claims that she had performed her job well, “an employee’s subjective personal judgments of her competence alone do not raise a genuine issue of material fact”). DISCUSSION Defendant moves for summary judgment on the following grounds: (1) Plain *1179 tiff has not met his burden to establish a prima facie case of race discrimination under Title VII on the basis of either a hostile work environment or disparate treatment; (2) even if Plaintiff established a prima facie case with respect to race discrimination, Plaintiff has not met his burden to show Defendant’s legitimate, nondiseriminatory bases for removing Plaintiff from the ASP were merely pretextual; (3) Plaintiff has not met his burden to establish a prima facie case of retaliation for engaging in protected activity; and (4) even if Plaintiff establishes a prima facie case with respect to his claim of retaliation, Plaintiff has not met his burden to show Defendant’s legitimate, nondiseriminatory bases for removing Plaintiff from the ASP were merely pretextual. I. Race Discrimination. Defendant contends Plaintiff has not provided sufficient evidence to establish a prima facie case of race discrimination under Title VII on the basis of either a hostile work environment or disparate treatment. In the alternative, Defendant contends Plaintiff has not met his burden to show that Defendant’s legitimate, nondiscriminatory bases for removing Plaintiff from the ASP were merely pretextual. A. Hostile Work Environment. Plaintiff contends Defendant subjected Plaintiff to a hostile work environment during the approximately five weeks that he received on-site training in the ASP under Lifto and Spina-Denson at the Oak Grove Station. To establish a prima facie case of race discrimination under Title VII based on a hostile work environment, a plaintiff must establish (1) he was “subjected to verbal or physical conduct” because of his race, (2) “the conduct was unwelcome,” and (3) “the conduct was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of [the plaintiffs] employment and create an abusive work environment.” Manatí v. Bank of Am., NA, 339 F.3d 792, 798 (9th Cir.2003)(quoting Kang v. U. Lim Am., Inc., 296 F.3d 810, 817 (9th Cir.2002)). Title VII does not constitute a “general civility code.” Manatí, 339 F.3d at 798 (quoting Faragher, 524 U.S. at 788, 118 S.Ct. 2275). The Supreme Court has concluded a hostile work environment exists when the workplace is permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult. Faragher v. Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 786, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 141 L.Ed.2d 662 (1998). “[S]imple teasing, offhand comments, and isolated incidents (unless extremely serious) will not amount to discriminatory changes in the ‘terms and conditions of employment.’ ” Id. (internal citation omitted). See also Jordan v. Clark, 847 F.2d 1368, 1374-75 (9th Cir. 1988)(court held no hostile work environment when “off-color” jokes were told in workplace). A plaintiff must show “the work environment was both subjectively and objectively hostile.” McGinest, 360 F.3d at 1113-14. To determine objective hostility, courts consider the “frequency of discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Id. at 1114 (quoting Nichols v. Azteca Rest. Enter., 256 F.3d 864, 872 (9th Cir. 2001)). As noted, the verbal conduct Plaintiff identifies as creating a hostile work environment consists of four statements: (1) Spina-Denson told Plaintiff that he did not have to pass Plaintiff; (2) Lifto told Plaintiff that he would have to “kiss a little butt” to pass the program; (3) in response to Plaintiff questioning Spina-Denson’s *1180 mail-counting method, Spina-Denson told Plaintiff he was “messing with [Spina-Denson’s] money”; and (4) in response to questioning by Plaintiff, Spina-Denson put his hand to his head and stated, “You just ask too many questions.” Plaintiff testified at his deposition that these were the only comments made by any USPS employees that created the alleged hostile work environment. Defendant contends these statements are neither racial in nature nor hostile. Moreover, Defendant contends these comments are “occasional, isolated, sporadic or trivial” as opposed to severe and pervasive. See Manatt, 339 F.3d at 798. Defendant notes Plaintiff admitted at his deposition that these four comments were not racial on their face. Plaintiff also admitted the four comments, although personally hurtful, did not interfere with his performance in the workplace, which undermines Plaintiffs assertion that these statements altered the conditions of his employment. See id. Although the comments by Spina-Denson and Lifto, when viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, may have seemed aggressive, insulting, or subjectively hurtful to Plaintiff, they do not rise to the level of creating an objectively hostile work environment. Viewed objectively, the first and third comments cited by Plaintiff appear to be true based on this record: Participation in the ASP did not guarantee trainees a management position, and management compensation is tied, in part, to the proper reporting of mail volumes. In addition, the Court notes these comments were sporadic and isolated, and none were repeated in a harassing manner. Moreover, the statements were not racial in nature even when considered from Plaintiffs perspective. Plaintiff testified at his deposition that Lifto’s statement that Plaintiff would have to “kiss a little butt” implied he would have to supplicate in some manner to white management. It is undisputed, however, that Plaintiff had both white and black managers (the record reflects Lifto is Caucasian, Spina-Denson is mixed-heritage Caucasian and African-American, Dallas Keck is Caucasian, and Shawneen Betha is African-American). Without more, Lifto’s statement does not reflect racial animus or hostility, and Plaintiff conceded at his deposition that he is not asserting Lifto discriminated against him based on his race. In any event, the Court concludes as a matter of law that these statements by Lifto and Spina-Denson were neither so severe or pervasive as to alter the conditions of Plaintiffs employment. See, e.g., Vasquez v. County of Los Angeles, 307 F.3d 884, 893 (9th Cir.2002)(no hostile work environment when the employee was told he had “a typical Hispanic macho attitude,” he should work in the field because “Hispanics do good in the field,” and he was yelled at in front of others); Kortan v. Cal. Youth Auth., 217 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir.2000)(no hostile work environment when a supervisor referred to females as “castrating bitches,” “Madonnas,” or “Regina” in front of the plaintiff on several occasions and directly called the plaintiff “Medea”); Manatt, 339 F.3d at 798-99 (racially charged but sporadic or isolated behavior such as calling someone a “China man” and pulling eyes back to mock the appearance of Asians as insufficient to create a hostile work environment). Compare McGinest, 360 F.3d at 1114-15 (hostile work environment existed when the plaintiffs supervisors failed to maintain his automobile because of his race causing him to be involved in a serious auto accident and, in addition, subjected him to extreme racial insults, including a management-level employee calling him a “stupid nigger”); Nichols v. Azteca Rest. Enters., 256 F.3d 864, 872-73 (9th Cir.2001)(hostile work environment existed *1181 when a male employee was called “faggot” and “fucking female whore” by co-workers and supervisors at least once a week and often several times per day). On this record, the Court concludes Plaintiff has not satisfied his burden to establish a prima facie case that the statements by Lifto and Spina-Denson created a racially hostile work environment. B. Disparate Treatment. Plaintiff also contends Defendant removed him from the ASP because of his race and treated him differently than similarly situated employees who were not members of his protected class. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges he was treated differently during the ASP on the basis of his race as evidenced by his low evaluation scores and a lack of training. To support his claim, Plaintiff provides the Declaration of Harlan Henry, another African-American USPS employee, who attests Spina-Denson treated Henry and other African-American employees with much more scrutiny than Henry witnessed Spina-Denson treating Caucasian USPS employees. A person suffers disparate treatment in his employment “ ‘when he or she is singled out and treated less favorably than others similarly situated on account of race.’ ” Cormuell v. Electra Cent Credit Union, 439 F.3d 1018, 1028 (9th Cir.2006)(quoting Jauregui v. City of Glendale, 852 F.2d 1128, 1134 (9th Cir.1988)). To establish a prima facie case of discrimination under Title VII, a plaintiff must offer proof [that]: (1) ... the plaintiff belongs to a class of persons protected by Title VII; (2) ... the plaintiff performed his or her job satisfactorily; (3) ... the plaintiff suffered an adverse employment action; and (4) ... the plaintiffs employer treated the plaintiff differently than a similarly situated employee who does not belong to the same protected class as the plaintiff. Id. (citing McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973)). Defendant does not dispute Plaintiff is African-American, a class protected under Title VII, nor that terminating Plaintiffs involvement in the ASP was an adverse employment action. 2 Defendant, however, contends Plaintiff has not made a prima facie showing of element two (that Plaintiff performed his job satisfactorily) or element four (that Defendant treated Plaintiff differently than a similarly situated employee who is not in the same protected class as Plaintiff). In the alternative, Defendant contends he has provided legitimate, nondiseriminatory bases for removing Plaintiff from the ASP, and Plaintiff has not met his burden to show those reasons were pretextual. 1. Satisfactory Job Performance. Defendant contends he removed Plaintiff from the ASP for legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons as reflected in the OSIR evaluations and in correspondence between Lifto, Spina-Denson, and Sharp. As noted, Plaintiff does not dispute the accuracy *1182 of the first two OSIR evaluations that Lifto performed in February 2007. Moreover, Plaintiff only contends the three subsequent OSIR evaluations are inaccurate insofar as Plaintiff was not adequately trained for the duties he had purportedly performed poorly. As the Court requested at oral argument, the parties filed supplemental briefs as to whether a plaintiffs claim of inadequate training relieves him of the burden of proving satisfactory job performance to establish a prima, facie claim of race discrimination based on disparate treatment. a. Plaintiffs Performance. As noted, Plaintiff does not dispute the accuracy of his first two OSIR evaluations performed by Lifto on February 20 and 23, 2007, resulting in average scores of 1.4 and 2.3 respectively out of possible scores of four. A score of one indicates the employee is “often ineffective,” and a score of two indicates the employee is “sometimes effective.” By the eighth week in the program, the ASP trainee must score above a 2.0 average to avoid review by the ASP Advisory Board as to whether the trainee is progressing enough to justify continuation in the program. In his first OSIR evaluation, Lifto rated Plaintiff “often ineffective” in seven of ten categories, including managing employee work performance, managing day-to-day operations, safety, office management, street management, city-route management, and quality retail customer service. Lifto noted Plaintiff needed to hold mail carriers to their projected delivery times more effectively, to submit daily paperwork on safety observations, and to report time-wasting practices. In his second OSIR, Lifto reported Plaintiff was “sometimes ineffective” in seven of nine categories. , Lifto noted Plaintiff continued to be deficient in submitting all daily reports such as “MSP” reports, making safety observations, and reporting carrier time-wasting practices. On March 13, 2007, Lifto gave Plaintiff a 1.3 average rating in nine categories and noted Plaintiff did not satisfactorily complete his week of training. Lifto rated Plaintiff “often ineffective” in seven of nine categories and noted Plaintiffs continuing deficiency in submitting all daily reports such as MSPs, choosing an employee to evaluate his performance as instructed, documenting mail case checks and safety observations, arriving to work on time, documenting mail-carrier return times, recording employee safety violations, and documenting time-wasting practices. On March 15, 2007, Lifto gave Plaintiff a 2.09 average rating in eleven categories and noted Plaintiff was “sometimes effective” in. submitting all required daily reports such as MSPs, had not copied his trainer on case checks or safety inspections, and had not documented time-wasting practices. Lifto also found Plaintiff was “[s]till struggling with mail volume recording,” Plaintiff had improperly entered volume counts, and the “[s]tation ha[d] dropped to 88% DPS because of AM volume counts.” On March 30, 2007, Lifto performed the fifth and final OSIR evaluation of Plaintiff, who scored an average of 1.4 out of four. Lifto rated Plaintiff “often ineffective” in seven of ten categories. Lifto noted numerous areas in which Plaintiff had either failed to improve or had not performed adequately, including failing to report to two management meetings on time, failing to bring proper reports to two meetings, completion of only one out of five daily performance reviews of employee Mike Ferrell, running the TACS report before the DOIS report four out of five days, failing to report 11 employees’ unauthorized overtime, failing to provide any of *1183 the daily case check reports, reporting incorrect carrier return times, continuing to make errors with mail-volume reporting that caused 18 hours of additional work to correct, reporting only two out of four safety infractions after receiving direct coaching from Spina-Denson on those violations, and continuing to fail to report any time-wasting practices. Moreover, the record contains numerous correspondences between Lifto, Spina-Denson, and Sharp that reflect Lifto and Spina-Denson consistently discussed Plaintiffs poor performance and provided Plaintiff with instruction on multiple occasions as to many of his shortcomings through the OSIRs and in performance review meetings. The record reflects Plaintiff also received instruction and feedback with respect to errors in mail-volume counting and reporting, improper reporting of mail-carrier projected return times, a failure to follow direct instructions to clock out mail-carriers, failure to count all mail before running volume reports, repeated failure to follow a two-step process of running the TACS report before running the DOIS report, failure to investigate an obvious reporting error, failure to follow up with mail-carriers who missed projected return times, and failure to perform required employee evaluations. In response to Plaintiffs complaint of March 14, 2007, about his evaluation scores, Sharp emailed Plaintiff to address his concerns and suggested six specific additional practices to help Plaintiff improve his evaluation scores: (1) review MSP scans with three carriers daily, (2) identify an employee to track daily performance, (3) perform daily case checks and submit written findings to Lifto, (4) talk with mail carriers about their projected return times, (5) try to arrive 15 minutes early for a shift, and (6) document one time-wasting practice per day. Moreover, Sharp suggested Plaintiff follow up with Lifto three to four times per day to report his progress on these items. Thus, the record contains substantial evidence that Plaintiff was not performing his job satisfactorily and that he was receiving feedback as to areas of needed improvement. b. Lack of Training. Plaintiff asserts Lifto and Spina-Denson did not provide him with adequate training to be successful in the ASP. As noted, the Court requested the parties to file supplemental briefs as to whether Plaintiffs complaints that he did not receive adequate training to enable him to perform satisfactorily relieves him of the burden to prove the second element of a race-discrimination claim based on disparate treatment. In his supplemental brief, Plaintiff conceded no controlling precedent exists in the Ninth Circuit. The Court, however, notes the McDonnell Douglas factors are flexible in order to accommodate a wide range of possible facts in each particular instance, and, therefore, the Court will consider Plaintiffs evidence that his training was inadequate when determining whether Plaintiff has established a prima facie case with respect to his disparate-treatment claim. See McGinest, 360 F.3d at 1123 n. 17. Plaintiff makes few arguments in his Response to Defendant’s Motion to counter Defendant’s numerous complaints about Plaintiffs poor performance. At his deposition, Plaintiff stated he was not trained properly on TACS, was not provided the proper forms to report case checks, and was not provided with examples of time-wasting practices that Plaintiff should report each day. The record, however, reflects Plaintiff received substantial training and instruction between September 2006 and April 2007, and Plaintiff was in management training for most of that *1184 time. As noted, Plaintiff participated in the classroom portion of the ASP twice. In addition, Plaintiff received a month of 204b training with Shaver and Bowers, which Plaintiff admitted was critical to an employee’s success in the ASP. At his deposition Plaintiff stated he sought additional training from Lifto for the TACS program and that he told her from the beginning that I don’t have any TACS experience. I haven’t 204b’ed — I only 204b’ed a short time. I trained this an even shorter time. I said, and neither time have they really sat down and shown me TACS. I said, if you want me to learn TACS, you are going to have to dumb it down to me. Because I never 204b’ed, I don’t have any experience with it or anything else. This statement, however, is contradicted by Plaintiffs training while in the 204b program. At his deposition Plaintiff stated that training included instruction on MSP reports, DOIS, CSDRS, reporting and evaluating mail-carrier projections and overages, and exposure to TACS while shadowing Bowers. Plaintiff testified Bowers would take extra time to “go back and explain why he did certain things and why certain things were done a certain way.” Plaintiff also admitted Bowers and Shaver were very good trainers and managers who worked well with him, gave him good experience, and taught him the job. Significantly, Plaintiff did not offer any evidence that other ASP or 204b candidates were trained differently than he was trained. In fact, Plaintiff testified at his deposition that he viewed the ASP as having an across-the-board deficiency in training due to a low ratio of coaches to trainees that affected all candidates equally regardless of race. At oral argument Plaintiffs counsel stated there were not any available comparitors because Plaintiff was the only ASP candidate at the Oak Grove Station. The record, however, reflects there were 15 ASP candidates in the Portland area during the time Plaintiff was being trained at the Oak Grove Station who may have provided a basis for assessing the relative quantity and quality of training received by Plaintiff. On this record, however, the Court may only speculate as to whether Plaintiffs training was on par with that of other ASP trainees. Moreover, as noted, Plaintiff conceded Lifto did not refuse to train Plaintiff on the basis of his race. Thus, Plaintiffs subjective complaints that he did not receive adequate training ring hollow in light of Defendant’s numerous evaluations and correspondence that demonstrate Defendant provided Plaintiff with substantial feedback and training in an effort to overcome Plaintiffs failure to make appropriate progress in the ASP. In any event, even if Plaintiff were persuasive in arguing that a lack of training removes the requirement of proving element two, Plaintiff still fails to show that he satisfactorily performed some of those aspects of his job that did not depend on formalized training or for which he was adequately trained. For example, Plaintiff conceded, inter alia, that he was late to meetings, failed to review employees as instructed, and struggled with reporting proper mail volumes. Based on the foregoing, the Court concludes on this record that Plaintiff has not met his burden to show that he performed his job satisfactorily. 2. Pretext. Even if Plaintiff had established a prima facie case of race discrimination, Defendant maintains Plaintiff has not shown Defendant’s legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for removing Plaintiff from the ASP were a mere pretext for racial discrimination. As noted, when a defendant produces evidence of a nondiscriminatory *1185 basis for an adverse employment action, “the presumption of discrimination drops out of the picture and the plaintiff may defeat summary judgment by satisfying the usual standard of proof required in civil cases under Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c) .... [that] a reasonable jury could conclude by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant undertook the challenged employment action because of the plaintiffs race.” Cormvell, 439 F.3d at 1028-29. Although Plaintiff contends the standard of proof at this stage remains minimal and that the motive of an employer is a pure question of fact for the jury, Plaintiff does not identify any direct evidence in the record to support even an inference of pretext by Defendant. On the other hand, there is significant evidence in the record to support Defendant’s stated rationale for removing Plaintiff from the ASP. The Court notes the Ninth Circuit has held even after a defendant has provided a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for an adverse employment action, the plaintiff “may rely on circumstantial evidence, which we previously have said must be ‘specific’ and ‘substantial’ to create a genuine issue of material fact.” Id. at 1029. a. Specific and Substantial Evidence. In Cornwell v. Electra Central Credit Union, the Ninth Circuit held when a plaintiff depends on circumstantial evidence to rebut a defendant’s nondiscriminatory explanation for its actions, such evidence must be “specific and substantial” to defeat summary judgment. 439 F.3d at 1029 n. 9 (citing five Ninth Circuit opinions that uphold the “specific and substantial” circumstantial-evidence showing for proof of employer’s pretense). In Cornwell, however, the Ninth Circuit expressed some concern that the “specific and substantial” circumstantial-evidence standard may conflict with the Ninth Circuit’s holding in McGinest and the Supreme Court’s holding in Desert Palace, Inc. v. Costa, 539 U.S. 90, 123 S.Ct. 2148, 156 L.Ed.2d 84 (2003): In view of the Supreme Court’s recognition in Costa that circumstantial evidence may be “more certain, satisfying and persuasive than direct evidence,” and McGinest’s holding that a disparate treatment plaintiff can defeat a motion for summary judgment relying on circumstantial evidence, we conclude that in the context of summary judgment, Title VII does not require a disparate treatment plaintiff relying on circumstantial evidence to produce more, or better, evidence than a plaintiff who relies on direct evidence. Although there may be some tension in our post-Costa cases on this point-several of our cases decided after Costa repeat the Godwin requirement that a plaintiffs circumstantial evidence of pretext must be “specific” and “substantial” — this panel may not overturn Ninth Circuit precedents in the absence of “intervening higher authority” that is “clearly irreconcilable” with a prior circuit holding, see Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 893 (9th Cir.2003) (en banc), because that power is generally reserved to our en banc panels. Id. at 1030-31 (citations omitted). The Court notes the Ninth Circuit has continued to rely on the “specific and substantial” test after Cornwell with little discussion or controversy. See, e.g., Nilsson v. City of Mesa, 503 F.3d 947, 953-55 (9th Cir.2007); Metoyer v. Chassman, 504 F.3d 919, 930-31 (9th Cir.2007). In Davis v. Team Electric Co., however, the Ninth Circuit again raises concerns about the consistency between Cormvell, Costa, and McGinest: In Cornwell we relied on the Supreme Court’s decision in Costa to conclude that “in the context of summary judgment, Title VII does not require a dispa *1186 rate treatment plaintiff relying on circumstantial evidence to produce more, or better, evidence than a plaintiff who relies on direct evidence.” Cornwell, 439 F.3d at 1030; see also McGinest, 360 F.3d at 1122 (“circumstantial and direct evidence should be treated alike”). We have also held in numerous other cases since Costa that a plaintiffs circumstantial evidence of pretext must be “specific” and “substantial.” See, e.g., Dominguez-Curry v. Nev. Transp. Dep’t, 424 F.3d 1027,1038 (9th Cir.2005). 520 F.3d 1080, 1091 n. 6 (9th Cir.2008). The Ninth Circuit, however, did not resolve any potential conflict between these cases and did not abrogate Cornwell. Moreover, the Ninth Circuit recently cited Cornwell’s “specific and substantial” standard favorably in E.E.O.C. v. The Boeing Co. and did not repeat the concerns raised in Cornwell or Davis. 577 F.3d 1044, 1049-50 (9th Cir.2009). Thus, there is a substantial body of Ninth Circuit decisions before and after Cornwell in which the court allows a Plaintiff to rely on “specific and substantial” circumstantial evidence to rebut a defendant’s nondiseriminatory explanation for taking an adverse employment action. b. Plaintiffs Evidence. In response to Defendant’s arguments, Plaintiff merely asserts the circumstantial evidence he relies on to establish his prima facie claim of disparate treatment is sufficient to create an issue of fact as to a pretextual motive by Defendant for removing Plaintiff from the ASP and, therefore, is sufficient to defeat summary judgment. Plaintiff cites Wallis v. J.R. Simplot, Co., 26 F.3d 885, 890 (9th Cir.1994), to support his position. In Wallis, however, the Ninth Circuit held: [T]he mere existence of a prima facie case, based on the minimum evidence necessary to raise a McDonnell Douglas presumption, does not preclude summary judgment. Indeed, in Lindahl v. Air France, 930 F.2d 1434, 1437 (9th Cir.1991), we specifically held “a plaintiff cannot defeat summary judgment simply by making out a prima facie case.” “[The plaintiff] must do more than establish a prima facie case and deny the credibility of the [defendant’s] witnesses.” Schuler v. Chronicle Broadcasting Co., 793 F.2d 1010, 1011 (9th Cir.1986). In response to the defendant’s offer of nondiseriminatory reasons, the plaintiff must produce “specific, substantial evidence of pretext.” Steckl v. Motorola, Inc., 703 F.2d 392, 393 (9th Cir.1983). In other words, the plaintiff “must tender a genuine issue of material fact as to pretext in order to avoid summary judgment.” Id. Wallis’ assertion, that once a plaintiff makes out a prima facie case summary judgment is impermissible, is untenable. His position would require a trial in every discrimination case, even where no genuine issue of material fact exists concerning the legitimacy of the employer’s nondiseriminatory reasons. Such a result is not compelled by Sischo-Nownejad [v. Merced Community College Dist., 934 F.2d 1104 (9th cir.1991) ] and would be contrary to other cases affirming summary judgment where the plaintiff failed to produce evidence of intentional discrimination. Id. In his Response, Plaintiff does not make any argument as to why Defendant’s reasons for removing Plaintiff from the ASP were merely pretext. Although Plaintiff cites Harlan Henry’s Declaration as evidence that Spina-Denson treats African-American employees with more scrutiny and with less cordiality than Caucasian employees, Plaintiff does not provide either specific or substantial evidence that *1187 the motivations of Lifto, Spina-Denson, Sharp, and the ASP Advisory Board or their reasons for removing Plaintiff from the ASP were discriminatory. See id. at 892. Accordingly, on this record the Court concludes Plaintiff has failed to provide sufficient evidence to establish that Defendant’s reasons are not credible or are more likely than not a pretext for discrimination. In summary, Plaintiff has not provided sufficient evidence to show “ ‘that a discriminatory reason more likely motivated the employer’ to make the challenged employment decision.” Cornwell, 439 F.3d at 1028 (quoting Texas Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 256, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981)). Thus, the Court concludes on this record that a reasonable jury could not “conclude by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant undertook the challenged employment action because of the plaintiffs race.” See Cornwell, 439 F.3d at 1028-29. II. Retaliation. Plaintiff contends he engaged in protected activity by speaking out at the 2005 roundtable held by USPS and the Western Regional Vive President and by informing Lifto, Sharp, Keck, Collins, and Spina-Denson that he was being evaluated unfairly. Plaintiff alleges Defendant retaliated against him for his complaints of discrimination by ensuring he failed in the ASP. “To make out a prima facie case of retaliation, [a plaintiff] must establish ‘that she acted to protect her Title VII rights, that an adverse employment action was thereafter taken against her, and that a causal link existed between those two events.’ ” Kortan v. Cal. Youth Auth., 217 F.3d 1104, 1112 (9th Cir.2000)(quoting Steiner v. Showboat Operating Co., 25 F.3d 1459, 1465 (9th Cir.1994)). To establish a prima facie case of retaliation under Title VII, a plaintiff must show (1) he engaged in a protected activity, (2) the defendant subjected the plaintiff to an adverse employment action, and (3) a causal link exists between the protected activity and the adverse action. Manatt, 339 F.3d at 800 (quotation omitted). Complaining about race discrimination to a supervisor is a protected activity. Id. at 800 n. 8. If a plaintiff has established a prima facie retaliation claim, the burden shifts to the defendant to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action. Id. (citation omitted). If the defendant then “articulates such a reason, [the plaintiff] bears the ultimate burden of demonstrating that the reason was merely a pretext for a discriminatory motive.” Id. (quotation omitted). Defendant concedes it took an adverse employment action against Plaintiff when it removed him from the ASP, but Defendant contends Plaintiff has not satisfied the first and third elements required to establish his prima facie case. A. Protected Activity. Defendant contends Plaintiff did not show that he engaged in protected activity by complaining about “unfair” treatment to Lifto, Spina-Denson, Sharp, Keck, and Collins. Defendant contends such statements do not fairly put the USPS on notice that Plaintiff believed Defendant was unlawfully discriminating against him. Defendant cites the unpublished case of Fundukian v. United Blood Services in which the plaintiffs general complaints about racial attitudes and minority hiring practices were insufficient to constitute protected activity because such complaints would not reasonably be interpreted as complaints of racial discrimination. 18 Fed.Appx. 572, 575-77 (9th Cir.2001). *1188 In Crawford v. Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, Tennessee, the Supreme Court addressed the type of “opposition” to discriminatory practices that suffice to trigger protection of the statute. 555 U.S. -, 129 S.Ct. 846, 172 L.Ed.2d 650 (2009). The Court broadened the application of Title VII protection in Crawford and held an employee need not instigate complaints of discrimination, but may oppose such practices even by merely responding to employer inquiries. Id. at 851. Without deciding whether Plaintiffs complaint of “unfair” treatment alone constitutes protected activity, the Court concludes Plaintiffs complaints of racial discrimination to his superiors at the 2005 roundtable coupled with his complaints of unfair treatment in his performance evaluations are sufficient in light of Crawford to constitute protected activity under Title VII. B. Causation. Defendant next contends Plaintiff has not made any reasonable argument that Plaintiffs removal from the ASP was causally connected to his complaints regarding race discrimination. Plaintiff, in turn, reiterates minimal evidence is required to establish a prima facie case of retaliation and notes the temporal proximity between the complaints of discrimination and the adverse employment action is generally sufficient to permit an inference of causation; ie., temporal proximity alone can support a causal inference when the period between the protected activity and the alleged retaliation is short. See Villiarimo v. Aloha Island Air, Inc., 281 F.3d 1054, 1065 (9th Cir.2002) (“causation can be inferred from timing alone where an adverse employment action follows on the heels of protected activity,” but 18 months was too long to infer causation). See also Yartzojf v. Thomas, 809 F.2d 1371, 1376 (9th Cir.l987)(eausation could be inferred when an adverse employment action took place less than three months after protected activity); Clark County Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 273-74, 121 S.Ct. 1508, 149 L.Ed.2d 509 (2001)(timing alone is insufficient to support a claim of retaliation when almost two years had passed between the protected activity and the adverse employment action). Plaintiffs reliance solely on temporal proximity as proof of causation, therefore, is problematic. The roundtable took place in 2005 and Plaintiff was removed from the ASP program in April 2007, which does not establish a close nexus between the protected activity and the alleged retaliatory conduct. Moreover, between the 2005 roundtable and Plaintiffs removal from the ASP in 2007, Defendant provided Plaintiff with multiple management-training opportunities, which seriously undermines the inference of retaliation based on proximity. In September 2006 Plaintiff was assigned to his first training in the ASP. After two weeks of classroom training, Plaintiff did not pass the written examination to be eligible for further participation in the program. Plaintiff was then accepted into the 204b Supervisor training program and was assigned to train with Lance Shaver and Troy Bowers, whom Plaintiff and Betha described as experienced managers and good trainers. Plaintiff trained with Bowers and Shaver for three or four weeks at the Crestón Station in October and November 2006. Plaintiff had additional 204b training in December 2006 at the Cherry Creek Station. In January 2007 Plaintiff was assigned to his second training in the ASP. After his practical 204b experience, Plaintiff passed his written examination and received an additional five weeks of training in the ASP before Defendant removed him from the program. *1189 At his deposition, Plaintiff asserted a wide-ranging conspiracy theory in which high-level USPS management conspired to ensure that he failed in the ASP. When questioned at his deposition about the evidence to support his theory, Plaintiff stated: “I don’t have no written evidence, no photographs. I don’t have anything. It’s just how I feel.” Plaintiff made this admission twice in his deposition. As noted, however, Plaintiffs subjective beliefs are an insufficient basis for a Title VII claim for retaliation. See Corn-well, 439 F.3d at 1028 n. 6. At oral argument, Plaintiff maintained Defendant began assembling a “mountain of evidence” against Plaintiff after he complained about unfair treatment. Plaintiff contends Defendant’s conduct is evidence of retaliation. The record reflects Plaintiff first raised concerns about his OSIR scores on March 14, 2007, in an email to Sharp. As noted, Lifto had evaluated Plaintiff on three occasions and had noted numerous areas in which Plaintiff was rated “often ineffective” prior to that date. In addition, Lifto also scored Plaintiff as only “sometimes effective” in numerous similar categories and noted several areas in which Plaintiff failed to meet expectations. Both Lifto and Spina-Denson repeated nearly all of these concerns about Plaintiffs performance in the weeks that followed Plaintiffs complaints about his OSIR scores. The consistency of the criticisms of Plaintiffs performance by his trainer and coach before and after Plaintiffs complaints undermines Plaintiffs argument that Defendant merely made up such criticism after Plaintiff raised concerns over his OSIR scores. Moreover, the fact that Plaintiff does not assert Lifto was motivated by retaliation when she reporting Plaintiffs lack of progress undermines any causal link between Plaintiffs complaints of discrimination and his removal from the ASP. The Court concludes on this record that Plaintiff has not shown there is sufficient evidence to create a jury question as to causation as required to state a claim for retaliation under Title VII. C. Pretext. Finally, Defendant maintains even if Plaintiff had satisfied each of the elements to establish a prima facie case of retaliation, he must overcome Defendant’s nondiscriminatory explanation of Plaintiffs removal from the ASP. See Manatí, 339 F.3d at 800. Plaintiff, however, fails to articulate any argument or identify any evidence in the record that establishes a reasonable juror could conclude by a preponderance of the evidence that Defendant’s explanation for removing Plaintiff from the ASP was a pretext for retaliating against him because of his complaints of discrimination. In any event, Plaintiffs assertion of pretext related to his retaliation claim fails for the same reasons as his assertion of pretext related to his disparate-treatment claim. The Court, therefore, concludes on this record that Plaintiff has not established a prima facie case of retaliation under Title VII nor satisfied his burden to establish that Defendant’s legitimate, nondiscriminatory bases for removing Plaintiff from the ASP are not credible or are pretext for retaliation. CONCLUSION For these reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s Motion (#27) for Summary Judgment in its entirety and DISMISSES this matter with prejudice. IT IS SO ORDERED. Footnotes [1] At the time, these positions were held by the named persons. [2] Plaintiff conceded at oral argument that terminating Plaintiff's involvement in the ASP is the only adverse action at issue. Plaintiff originally asserted two additional adverse employment actions: (1) Defendant shifted Plaintiff's assignment for training from Park Rose Station, which was only a few miles from Plaintiff's home, to Oak Grove Station, which was 19.5 miles from his home and (2) Defendant's assignment of Plaintiff to the night shift after his removal from the ASP. As noted, Plaintiff's counsel stated at oral argument that Plaintiff does not contend these actions were adverse employment actions independent of his removal from the ASP.