Maida Dzakula v. John McHugh

OPINION GRABER, Circuit Judge: Plaintiff Maida Dzakula appeals the district court’s dismissal of this action, which alleges that certain adverse employment actions by her employer, Defendant John M. McHugh, Secretary of the Army, resulted from discrimination. Plaintiff had filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection, but she failed to list this action as an asset on her bankruptcy schedules. Only when Defendant moved to dismiss this action on the ground of judicial estoppel did Plaintiff amend her bankruptcy schedules to add this potential asset. The district court held that no evidence suggested that Plaintiffs original omission had been inadvertent or mistaken and that, weighing the factors set forth in New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 750-51, 121 S.Ct. 1808, 149 L.Ed.2d 968 (2001), judicial es-toppel bars this action. Plaintiff timely appeals, and we affirm. While this appeal was pending, we decided Ah Quin v. County of Kauai Department of Transportation, 733 F.3d 267 (9th Cir.2013). In that case, the plaintiff-debtor, like Plaintiff here, failed to list her separate action as an asset in her bankruptcy schedules, and the defendant moved to dismiss the action as barred by judicial estoppel. Id. at 269-70. When considering whether the omission was “inadvertent or mistaken,” the district court in Ah Quin applied a “narrow interpretation” of those terms and held that, because the plaintiff-debtor knew about the claim and had a motive to conceal it, the omission was not “inadvertent or mistaken” as a matter of law. Id. at 271-72; see id. at 272 (explaining that the district *635 court appeared to conclude that it was “bound to apply” the narrow interpretation). We reversed. We held that “the ordinary understanding of ‘mistake! and ‘inadvertence’ ” — not the narrow interpretation applied by the district court — applies. Id. at 277. We further held that the district court’s application of the wrong legal rule was not harmless. See id. at 277-79. The evidence in that case supported “a conclusion either of mistake and inadvertence, or of deceit.” Id. at 277. Many circumstances, such as the timing of Plaintiffs amendment to the bankruptcy schedules, suggested that perhaps the omission had been deceitful. Id. at 278. But some circumstances supported the conclusion that the omission had been inadvertent. Id. at 277-78. Of particular note, the plaintiff-debtor had “filed an affidavit in which she swore that, when she reviewed the bankruptcy schedules, she did not think that she had to disclose her pending lawsuit because the bankruptcy schedules were ‘vague.’” Id. at 277. “[V]iewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, and thus crediting her affidavit, her bankruptcy filing was inadvertent.” Id. at 278 (citation omitted). Accordingly, we remanded for further factual development. Id. at 279. After we decided Ah Quin, we ordered supplemental briefing on the effect of Ah Quin on this case. We now conclude that Ah Quin is distinguishable. Unlike in Ah Quin, the district court here did not apply the wrong legal rule. Instead, the court correctly assessed whether Plaintiffs omission was inadvertent or mistaken under the ordinary understanding of those terms. As in Ah Quin, Plaintiff here filed false (materially incomplete) bankruptcy schedules and did not amend those schedules until Defendant filed a motion to dismiss this action, suggesting that her omission had not been inadvertent. But unlike in Ah Quin, Plaintiff presented no evidence, by affidavit or otherwise, explaining her initial failure to include the action on her bankruptcy schedules. The district court found: While Dzakula amended her schedules to reflect the pending action, she has not provided any explanation whatsoever as to why the pending action was not included on her schedules in the first place. She is silent on whether omission of the pending action from the schedules was inadvertent or intentional. For example, in a declaration, Dzakula could have stated whether or not she had knowledge of enough facts to know that she had a potential cause of action against the Army or whether she was, or was not, able to engage counsel who thought enough of her case to represent her and pursue such claims. Even after the district court entered its order, Plaintiff did not seek reconsideration. Nor did she ever attempt to supplement the record with a declaration or any other evidence. And on appeal, Plaintiff does not challenge the accuracy of the district court’s assessment. Instead, Plaintiff appears to argue that Ah Quin mandates an evidentiary hearing any time a plaintiff-debtor omits a claim on his or her bankruptcy schedules and later amends those schedules. We disagree. As noted above, Ah Quin remanded for further factual development because, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff-debtor, a reasonable fact-finder could conclude that the omission was inadvertent. On the present record, however, particularly in light of the timing of Plaintiffs amendment and her choice not to file a declaration explaining her initial error, no reasonable fact-finder could conclude that the omis *636 sion was inadvertent or mistaken. Because the district court applied the correct legal rule and did not otherwise err in assessing inadvertence or mistake, Ah Quin does not help Plaintiff. Plaintiff also argues that the district court abused its discretion in assessing the three main New Hampshire factors. See Hamilton v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 270 F.3d 778, 782 (9th Cir.2001) (“We review the district court’s application of the doctrine of judicial estoppel to the facts of this case for an abuse of discretion.”); see also New Hampshire, 532 U.S. at 750-51, 121 S.Ct. 1808 (describing the three main factors). We disagree. As to the first factor, the district court held that, by failing to list the claim while at the same time pursuing the claim, Plaintiff “clearly asserted inconsistent positions.” Hamilton, 270 F.3d at 784. Concerning the second factor, the district court concluded that, on the facts of this case, the bankruptcy court was misled by Plaintiffs omission. Cf id. (“[A] discharge of debt by a bankruptcy court, under these circumstances, is sufficient acceptance to provide a basis for judicial estoppel, even if the discharge is later vacated.”). Finally, on the third factor, the district court held that Plaintiff derived an unfair advantage in bankruptcy court by failing to list the claim. See id. at 785 (“Hamilton’s failure to list his claims against State Farm as assets on his bankruptcy schedules deceived the bankruptcy court and Hamilton’s creditors, who relied on the schedules to determine what action, if any, they would take in the matter.”). Although the district court might have been within its discretion to reach the opposite conclusion, we find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s analysis. Finally, Plaintiff raises new arguments on appeal, which we do not address. See O’Guinn v. Lovelock Corr. Ctr., 502 F.3d 1056, 1063 n. 3 (9th Cir.2007) (holding that arguments not raised before the district court generally are waived). AFFIRMED.