White v. Hillcrest Davidson & Associates

MEMORANDUM OPINION AMY BERMAN JACKSON, District Judge. This matter is before the Court on the motion to dismiss filed on behalf of Hill-crest Davidson and Associates and the plaintiffs responses to the motion. 1 For the reasons discussed below, the motion will be granted. I. BACKGROUND The plaintiff brings this action against Hillcrest Davidson and Associates (“Hill-crest”) under the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”), see 15 U.S.C. § 1681, the Fair Debt ■ Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”), see 15 U.S.C. § 1692, and the D.C. Consumer Protection Procedures Act (“CPPA”), see D.C.Code § 28-3904. She alleges that Hillcrest, a Texas corporation, erroneously has “reported [her] as a collection to the three Credit Bureaus.” Compl. ¶ 9; see id. ¶¶ 1, 3. As a result, she alleges, “her credit score dropped drastically ... which prevented her from getting some necessary loans.” Id. ¶ 12. “Although these errors were corrected, the misplacement of this on the Plaintiffs credit reports presented undue hardship on [her].” Id. ¶ 13. The plaintiff demands a judgment -in her favor and an award of “statutory damages of $15,000.00 ..., any legal or Court fees and costs pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1681n[ ] and § .1692L” Id. ¶ 14. II. DISCUSSION On September 15, 2012, Hillcrest moved to dismiss the complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. See Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss Compl. & Brief *82 in Support- of Mot. to Dismiss Compl. (“Def.’s Mot.”) [Dkt. No. 4] at 1. The Court issued an order pursuant to Fox v. Strick land, 837 F.2d 507, 509 (D.C.Cir.1988), that advised the plaintiff to-respond by October 19, 2012 [Dkt. No. 5]. On October 18, 2012, the plaintiff opposed the motion. See Pl.’s Resp. to Def. Mot. to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) [Dkt. No. 6]. Upon receipt of the plaintiffs opposition, which focused on the question of federal subject matter jurisdiction, on March 7, 2013, the Court issued another order directing the plaintiff to file a supplemental response addressing the question of personal jurisdiction [Dkt. No. 7]. The plaintiff supplemented her opposition on March 25, 2013. See Pl.’s Supp. Resp. to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Supp. Resp.”) [Dkt. No. 9]. A. Dismissal Under Rule 12(b)(2) for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction The plaintiff bears the “burden of establishing personal jurisdiction over [the] defendant.” Thompson Hine LLP v. Smoking Everywhere, Inc., 840 F.Supp.2d 138, 141 (D.D.C.2012) (citing Crane v. N.Y. Zoological Soc’y, 894 F.2d 454, 455-56 (D.C.Cir.1990)). A plaintiff cannot rely on bare allegations or conclusory statements, but “must allege specific acts connecting [the defendant] with the forum.” Second Amendment Found. v. U.S. Conference of Mayors, 274 F.3d 521, 524 (D.C.Cir.2001) (internal quotation omitted). The plaintiffs pro se status does not relieve her of her obligation to “plead an adequate jurisdictional basis for her claims.” Donnelly v. Sebelius, 851 F.Supp.2d 109, 116 (D.D.C. 2012) (internal quotation omitted). Hillcrest argues that the plaintiff has not alleged sufficient facts to carry her burden to show that this Court has personal jurisdiction over the defendant and therefore, the complaint should be dismissed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2). Def.’s Mot. at 3. “No where in the [p]laintiff[’s] complaint do[es] the [p]laintiff[ ] allege specific facts connecting [the] defendant with the forum.” Id. at 3-4. The plaintiff responds that this Court’s “jurisdiction ... arises under (FRCA) 15 U.S.C. § 1681 ... & 15 U.S.C. [§' ]1692 ... along with D.C.Code[ ] § 28-3904 ... in that Defendant did indeed violate the Fair Credit Reporting Act.” PL’s Opp’n ¶ 2. In her supplemental response, she repeats that “the jurisdiction of this Court is conferred by 15 U.S.C. [§ ]1681p.” PL’s Supp. Resp. ¶ 1. Further, the plaintiff asserts that the District of Columbia’s long-arm statute includes “a reference to the authorization to ‘reach out’ beyond the borders of a state,” id. ¶ 3, and that it applies to Hillcrest because it “causes injury here by an act committed elsewhere,” id. ¶ 4. Lastly, citing Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, she claims that “serving a summons ... establishes personal jurisdiction.” Id. ¶ 2. The plaintiff, who has blurred the distinction between subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction, is mistaken on all counts. The plaintiffs reliance on 15 U.S.C. § 1681p is misplaced, as this section establishes a limitations period within which to bring an action under the FCRA “in any appropriate United States district court, without regard to the amount in controversy, or in any other court of competent jurisdiction.” Id. The statute does not purport to deal with the question of personal jurisdiction, and the plaintiff does not indicate any particular provision of the FDCPA or CPPA relevant to this discussion. Further, the service of a summons and complaint does not alone establish personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant. Rather, under Rule 4(k) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, “[serving a summons or filing a waiver of service establishes personal jurisdiction over a defendant ... who is subject to the jurisdic *83 tion of a court of general jurisdiction in the state where the district court is located.” Id. (emphasis added).- Service on this non-resident defendant by mail to a Texas address might establish personal jurisdiction only if Hillcrest otherwise were subject to this Court’s jurisdiction. The Court determines whether personal jurisdiction may be exercised “by reference to District of Columbia law.” United States v. Ferrara, 54 F.3d 825, 828 (D.C.Cir.1995). “A District of Columbia court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a person domiciled in ... or maintaining ... -its principal place of business in, the District of Columbia as to any claim for relief.” D.C.Code § 13-422. Nowhere in the complaint does the plaintiff allege that Hillcrest either is domiciled .in or maintains its principal place of business in the District of Columbia. In this circumstance, the Court engages in a two-part inquiry to determine whether it may exercise personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant. See GTE. New Media Servs., Inc. v. BellSouth Corp., 199 F.3d 1343, 1347 (D.C.Cir.2000). “A court must first examine whether jurisdiction is applicable under the [District of Columbia’s] long-arm statute and then determine whether a finding of jurisdiction satisfies the constitutional requirements of due process.” Id. (citing Ferrara, 54 F.3d at 828). In relevant part, the District' of Columbia long-arm statute provides that: A District of Columbia court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a person ... as to a claim for relief arising from the person’s— (1) transacting any business in the District of Columbia; (2) contracting to supply services in the District of Columbia; (3) causing tortious injury in the District of Columbia by an act or omission in the District of Columbia; [or] (4) causing tortious injury in the District of Columbia by an act or omission outside the District of Columbia if he regularly does or solicits business, engages in any other persistent course of conduct, or derives substantial revenue - from goods used or consumed, or services rendered, in the District of Columbia. ... D.C.Code § 13-423(a). 2 The complaint does not allege that Hillcrest transacts any business in or contracts to supply services in the District of Columbia. It merely alleges that, “[u]pon information and belief ... Hillcrest ... is authorized to do business in the District of Columbia.” Compl. ¶ 8. The plaintiff asserts that Hillcrest “causes injury here by an act committed elsewhere,” Pl.’s Supp. Resp. ¶ 4, and suggests that D.C.Code § 13-423(a)(4) therefore' applies. This bare assertion is insufficient however, because the plaintiff fails to establish “any of subsection (a)(4)’s so-called ‘plus factors’: regularly do[ing] or soliciting] business, engaging] in any other persistent course of conduct, or deriving] substantial revenue from goods used or consumed, or services rendered, in the District of Columbia.” McIntosh v. Gilley, 753 F.Supp.2d 46, 59 (D.D.C.2010) (quoting D.C.Code § 13-423(a)(4)). The second component of the analysis turns on whether a defendant’s “minimum contacts” with the District of Columbia establish that “the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 *84 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Such minimum contacts must arise from “some act by which the defendant purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the [District of Columbia], thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.” Asahi Metal Indus. Co. v. Super. Ct. of Cal., Solano Cty., 480 U.S. 102, 109, 107 S.Ct. 1026, 94 L.Ed.2d 92 (1987) (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985)). In other words, Hillcrest’s “conduct and connection with the [District of Columbia must be] such that [it] should reasonably anticipate being haled into court” in the District of Columbia. World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297, 100 S.Ct. 559, 62 L.Ed.2d 490 (1980). Missing from the complaint are any factual allegations to show that Hillcrest “‘purposefully directed’ any activities at residents of the District of Columbia ... [or] that the defendant has any ‘contacts, ties, or relation’ to the District of Columbia.” Buesgens v. Brown, 567 F.Supp.2d 26, 36 (D.D.C.2008) (quoting Burger King, 471 U.S. at 472, 105 S.Ct. 2174). Hillcrest, therefore, is neither subject to the District’s long-arm statute nor maintains sufficient contacts with the District so as to render it subject to this Court’s jurisdiction. B. Dismissal Under Rule 12(b)(6) for Failure to State a Claim A plaintiff need only provide a “short and plain statement of [her] claim showing that [she] is entitled to' relief,” Fed. R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2), that “give[s] the defendant fair notice of what the ... claim is and the grounds upon which it rests,” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93, 127 S.Ct. 2197, 167 L.Ed.2d 1081 (2007) (per curiam) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)) (internal quotation marks omitted). To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570, 127 S.Ct.. 1955). In considering such a motion, the “complaint is construed liberally in the plaintiff[’s] favor, and [the Court] grant[s] [a] plaintiff[ ] the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.” Kowal v. MCI Commc’ns Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C.Cir.1994) (internal citations omitted). However, “the [C]ourt need not accept inferences drawn by [the] plaintiff[ ] if such inferences are unsupported by the facts set out-in the complaint.” Id. Nor must the Court accept “a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation,” nor “naked assertions devoid of further factual enhancement.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (internal quotation marks omitted). Although a pro se complaint “must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers,” Erickson, 551 U.S. at 94, 127 S.Ct. 2197 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), it too, “must plead ‘factual matter’ that permits the court to infer ‘more than the mere possibility of misconduct,’ ” Atherton v. Dist. of Columbia Office of the Mayor, 567 F.3d 672, 681-82 (D.C.Cir. 2009) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678-79, 129 S.Ct. 1937). Hillcrest argues that the complaint fails ■ to state a claim under the FDCPA because the statute pertains only to consumer debt. Def.’s Mot. at 4. “The term ‘debt’ means any obligation or alleged obligation of a consumer to pay money arising out of a transaction in which the money, property, insurance, or services which are the subject of the transaction are primarily *85 for personal, family, or household purposes....” 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(5). Here, Hillcrest argues, the plaintiff has failed to plead that the debt at issue is a consumer debt because she fails to “allege facts that show a primarily personal, family, or household purpose for the debt,” and, “[therefore, no violation of § 1692 can be established----” Def.’s Mot. at 4. The FCRA also includes specific requirements that are not mentioned in the plaintiffs complaint. For example, in order to show a violation of the FCRA, the plaintiff must allege that the defendant is a “consumer reporting agency,” 3 or that it creates “consumer report[s],” 4 or that it “regularly engages in ... assembling or evaluating consumer credit information, or other information on consumers for the purpose of furnishing consumer reports to third parties.” 15 U.S.C. § 1681 a(f). Here the complaint alleges simply that Hillcrest incorrectly reported to credit agencies that she owed it a debt. Because the plaintiff neither describes the nature of the debt in question, nor provides any additional information regarding the applicability of the FDCPA or the FCRA to her case, she fails to state a claim under either statute upon which relief can be granted. Finally, although the plaintiff mentions the CPPA in her complaint, see Comp. ¶ 1, she claims only that the defendant violated the FCRA and FDCPA. Her complaint fails to include a short and plain statement alleging that the defendant violated the CPPA and, therefore, she fails to state a claim for relief under it. III. CONCLUSION The Court concludes that it lacks personal jurisdiction over the defendant and that the complaint fails to state claims under the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, and the D.C. Consumer Protection Procedures Act upon which relief can be granted. Accordingly, the defendant’s motion to dismiss will be granted. An Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion. Footnotes [1] It appears that Patricia White has granted a durable general power of attorney to Latrieia Hardy. See Compl. at 1 (introductory paragraph); see generally id., Attach. (Durable General Power of Attorney dated April 23, 2010). The complaint refers to only one plaintiff, see id. ¶ 7, and so, too, does this Memorandum Opinion. [2] The alternative bases set forth under the long-arm statute for exercising jurisdiction are inapplicable to this case. [3] "The term 'consumer reporting agency’ means any person which ... regularly engages in whole or in part in the practice of assembling or evaluating consumer credit information or other information on consumers for the purpose of furnishing consumer reports to third parties ....” 15 U.S.C. § 1681a(f) (emphasis added). [4] "The term 'consumer report' means any written, oral, or other communication of any information by a consumer reporting agency bearing on a consumer's credit worthiness [creditworthiness], credit standing, credit capacity, character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living which is used or expected to be used or collected in whole or in part for the purpose of serving as a factor in establishing the consumer's eligibility for (A) credit or insurance to be used primarily for personal, family, or household purposes; (B) employment purposes; or (C) any other purpose authorized under section [1681b].” 15 U.S.C. § 1681a(d) (emphasis added).