Silverman v. Teamsters Local 210 Affiliated Health and Insurance Fund

13‐392 (L) Silverman v. Teamsters Local 210 Affiliated Health and Insurance Fund 1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS [2] 3 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT [4] 5 August Term, 2013 [6] 7 (Argued: February 6, 2014 Decided: August 1, 2014) [8] 9 Docket Nos. 13‐392‐cv(L), 13‐1175‐cv(XAP) [10] 11 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x [12] 13 Leon Silverman, Trustee of the Union Mutual Medical 14 Fund, [15] 16 Plaintiff‐Appellee‐Cross‐ 17 Appellant, [18] 19 James Crowley, Trustee of the Union Mutual Medical 20 Fund, Janet Sachs, Trustee of the Union Mutual Medical 21 Fund, Herbert Pobiner, Trustee of the Union Mutual 22 Medical Fund, Louis Flacks, Trustee of the Union 23 Mutual Medical Fund, Paul Berkman, Trustee of the 24 Union Mutual Medical Fund, Union Mutual Medical 25 Fund, [26] 27 Plaintiffs‐Counter‐ 28 Defendants‐Appellees‐Cross‐ 29 Appellants, [30] 31 Arthur Fishbein, Trustee of the Union Mutual Medical 32 Fund, [33] 34 Plaintiff‐Counter‐ 35 Defendant, 1 ‐ v.‐ [2] 3 Teamsters Local 210 Affiliated Health and Insurance 4 Fund, George Miranda, in his capacity as Trustee of the 5 Allied Welfare Fund and in his capacity as Trustee of 6 Teamsters Local 210 Affiliated Health and Insurance, 7 Robert Bellach, in his capacity as Trustee of Teamsters 8 Local 210 Affiliated Health and Insurance Fund, 9 Anthony Cerbone, in his capacity as Trustee of 10 Teamsters Local 210 Affiliated Health and Insurance 11 Fund, [12] 13 Defendants‐Appellants‐ 14 Cross‐Appellees, [15] 16 Crossroads Healthcare Management, LLC, [17] 18 Defendant‐Counter‐Claimant, [19] 20 Allied Welfare Fund, Charles Hall, Sr., in his capacity as 21 Trustee of the Allied Welfare Fund, Martin Keane, in his 22 capacity as Trustee of the Allied Welfare Fund, Thomas 23 Mackell, Jr., in his capacity as Trustee of the Allied 24 Welfare Fund, Martin Sheer, in his capacity as Trustee 25 of the Allied Welfare Fund and in his capacity as 26 Trustee of Teamsters Local 210 Affiliated Health and 27 Insurance Fund, John Does 1‐6 in their capacities as 28 Trustees of Teamsters Local 210 Affiliated Health and 29 Insurance Fund and Crossroads Healthcare 30 Management, LLC, [31] 32 Defendants.* [33] 34 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x * The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption to conform with the above. [2] 1 Before: JACOBS, CALABRESI, and POOLER, Circuit Judges. [2] 3 The Teamsters Local 210 Affiliated Health and Insurance Fund (“210 4 Fund”) and its trustees appeal from a final judgment of the United States District 5 Court for the Southern District of New York (Jones, J.), awarding approximately 6 $2.5 million to the Union Mutual Medical Fund (“UMM Fund”) for unpaid 7 ERISA plan contributions. Because the 210 Fund was not obligated to contribute 8 funds to the UMM Fund under the terms of an ERISA plan, the district court 9 lacked subject matter jurisdiction under ERISA over the claims on which the 10 UMM Fund prevailed. However, because these claims can be construed as state 11 law breach‐of‐contract claims, we vacate and remand for the district court to 12 decide, in the first instance, whether to exercise supplemental jurisdiction and 13 decide the claims under this alternative theory. 14 Judge Calabresi concurs in part and dissents in part in a separate opinion. [15] 16 THOMAS A. THOMPSON, Law Offices of 17 Thomas A. Thompson, Yarmouth, Maine 18 (Roland Acevedo, Scoppetta Seiff Kretz & 19 Abercrombie, New York, New York, on the 20 brief), for Defendants‐Appellants‐Cross‐ 21 Appellees. [3] 1 ROBERT J. KIPNEES (Ryan J. Cooper, on 2 the brief), Lowenstein Sandler LLP, 3 Roseland, New Jersey, for Plaintiffs‐ 4 Counter‐Defendants‐Appellees‐Cross‐ 5 Appellants. [7] 8 DENNIS JACOBS, Circuit Judge: 9 Under collective bargaining agreements (“CBAs”) entered into by multiple 10 employers with Teamsters Local Union No. 210 (the “Union”), the employers 11 promised to contribute to the Teamsters Local 210 Affiliated Health and 12 Insurance Fund (“210 Fund”), and the 210 Fund would, in turn, 13 “unconditionally and irrevocably” transfer approximately 14 percent of the 14 payments to another fund, the Union Mutual Medical Fund (“UMM Fund”), 15 which provided medical benefits primarily to retired union members. Both the 16 210 Fund and the UMM Fund are group health plans governed by the Employee 17 Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”). 18 In 2006, after some years in which the 210 Fund duly paid the UMM Fund 19 in accordance with the CBAs, the 210 Fund established a new medical plan for 20 the retirees and, no longer in need of the UMM Fund, amended the CBAs‐‐with 21 consent of the employers but not the UMM Fund‐‐to reduce payments to the [4] 1 UMM Fund by 98 percent. The UMM Fund (and its trustees) brought this action 2 in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Jones, 3 J.), against the 210 Fund and its trustees (collectively, “Defendants”) to contest 4 the amendment of the CBAs without its consent, to demand an accounting of all 5 amounts received by the 210 Fund under the CBAs, and to collect the payments 6 abated by the amendment. 7 The UMM Fund’s Amended Complaint asserts three claims against the 8 210 Fund. The first two claims, which plead entitlement to money, an 9 accounting and payment, do not indicate whether the one or both claims arise 10 under state contract law, under a federal or state statute, or under some 11 combination of these. The third claim asserts a violation of ERISA. 12 The district court construed all three claims as pleading causes of action 13 under section 502 of ERISA, which provides a federal civil cause of action to an 14 ERISA plan fiduciary to obtain equitable relief for harms resulting from 15 violations of (i) “the terms of” an ERISA “plan,” and (ii) ERISA. ERISA 16 § 502(a)(3)(B), 29 U.S.C. § 1132 (a)(3)(B). The district court construed the first two 17 claims to allege that, by failing to remit the amounts owed to the UMM Fund 18 under each CBA, the 210 Fund violated “the terms of” an ERISA “plan,” and [5] 1 proceeded to identify the CBA as constituting the terms of an ERISA plan. The 2 court construed the third claim as asserting a violation of ERISA, but not 3 violation of an ERISA plan term: i.e., that the 210 Fund’s reduced payments to 4 the UMM Fund violated section 515 of ERISA, which requires an employer, or an 5 entity acting in the interest of an employer, to fulfill its CBA plan contribution 6 obligations (the “Section 515 claim”). 7 The district court dismissed the Section 515 claim on the ground that the 8 210 Fund was neither an “employer” nor an entity acting “in the interest of an 9 employer.” Fishbein v. Miranda, 670 F. Supp. 2d 264 , 277‐78 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) 10 (“Miranda I”). Two years later, the district court granted summary judgment in 11 favor of the UMM Fund on its first two claims, concluding that each CBA 12 “established” an ERISA “plan,” and that the 210 Fund violated a plan term by 13 reducing payments to the UMM Fund. Fishbein v. Miranda, 785 F. Supp. 2d 375 , 14 384‐85 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (“Miranda II”). The court awarded the UMM Fund 15 approximately $2.5 million (plus interest) in damages and fees. The 210 Fund 16 appeals from the award, and the UMM Fund cross‐appeals the dismissal of the 17 Section 515 claim. [6] 1 The Section 515 claim was properly dismissed because, as the district court 2 explained, the 210 Fund is not an employer, and the 210 Fund’s payments to the 3 UMM Fund were not made in the interest of an employer. See Miranda I, 670 F. 4 Supp. 2d at 277‐78. Absent some type of agency or ownership relationship, or 5 direct assumption of an employer’s obligations, an entity is not considered to be 6 acting “in the interest of” an employer for purposes of section 515. Greenblatt v. 7 Delta Plumbing & Heating Corp., 68 F.3d 561 , 575‐76 (2d Cir. 1995). 8 However, the district court erred in granting summary judgment in favor 9 of the UMM Fund on its first two claims, because the terms of each CBA were 10 not terms of an ERISA plan. The terms of an ERISA plan, and the benefits it 11 agrees to provide, are not set forth in a CBA; they are by definition set out in a 12 governing trust document and the summary plan description. 13 Although the UMM Fund has failed to state a claim under ERISA, the first 14 two claims in the Amended Complaint can be construed as state law 15 breach‐of‐contract claims. We therefore (i) affirm the dismissal of the Section 515 16 claim; and (ii) vacate the grant of summary judgment in favor of the UMM Fund 17 on the first two claims, and remand for the district court to decide in the first 18 instance whether to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over them. [7] 1 BACKGROUND 2 Plaintiff UMM Fund is an employee health plan established in 1978 to 3 obtain and provide medical and insurance benefits to its participants and 4 beneficiaries, primarily retired Union members and their spouses. The purposes 5 and obligations of the UMM Fund are enumerated in a September 6, 1978 Trust 6 Indenture (“UMM Fund Trust Indenture”) entered into between the predecessor 7 to the Union and a corporation that represents the interests of the retirees. The 8 UMM Fund is an employee welfare benefit plan governed by ERISA. See 29 9 U.S.C. § 1002 . The named plaintiffs are trustees of the UMM Fund. 10 Defendant 210 Fund is likewise an employee welfare benefit plan under 11 ERISA. It was established to provide health insurance for Union members and 12 their spouses, and is funded by contributions from employers who are party to 13 CBAs with the Union. In April 2006, the 210 Fund assumed all the liabilities (and 14 80 percent of the assets) of another ERISA plan, the Allied Welfare Fund (“Allied 15 Fund”), and began to receive contributions pursuant to a number of CBAs under 16 which employers had previously been contributing to the Allied Fund.2 2 The Allied Fund was initially a named defendant in this case but was voluntarily dismissed. The administrator and manager of the 210 Fund, Crossroads Healthcare Management, LLC (“Crossroads”), was also initially named as a defendant but was voluntarily dismissed. [8] 1 The UMM Fund receives the bulk of its funding from employer 2 contributions pursuant to CBAs with the Union. But employers pay nothing to 3 the UMM Fund directly. The CBAs (in nearly identical language) direct the 4 employers to contribute funds to the Allied Fund‐‐now the 210 Fund‐‐and then, 5 in turn, direct the 210 Fund to pass a portion of the contribution along to the 6 UMM Fund: 7 It is hereby agreed . . . the Employer shall pay to the 8 Allied Welfare Fund the sum of Fifty‐Nine ($59.00) 9 Dollars, each and every week for each employee who is 10 employed within the bargaining unit[.] . . . [11] 12 From and out of the contributions made to the Allied 13 Welfare Fund as specified above, Eight Dollars per 14 employee per week shall be unconditionally and 15 irrevocably allocated and paid to the Union Mutual 16 Medical Fund . . . for the benefit of retired employees of 17 the Employer and retired employees of all other 18 employers similarly situated and their families. 19 In January 2006, the Allied Fund and the Union began persuading 20 employers to amend their CBAs and reduce the amount remitted to UMM Fund. 21 The motive for the Union’s initiative is in dispute: The UMM Fund alleges that it 22 was retaliation for a failed merger between the UMM Fund and the Allied Fund, 23 whereas the 210 Fund cites the Union’s unhappiness with certain fees and [9] 1 practices of the UMM Fund (leading the Union to create a replacement medical 2 plan). Whatever the motivation, the CBAs were amended in March or April 3 2006, without the UMM Fund’s consent. Under the amended CBAs, the amount 4 the 210 Fund remitted to the UMM Fund per employee per week was reduced 5 from eight dollars to ten cents. 6 In the first quarter of 2006, the UMM Fund received between $59,000 and 7 $74,000 pursuant to the CBAs. After the CBA amendments became effective in 8 April, the UMM Fund’s receipts dwindled to a few hundred dollars per month. 9 At the same time the Allied Fund and the Union were persuading 10 employers to amend their CBAs, the trustees of the Allied Fund were in 11 settlement negotiations with Duane Reade, an employer that had allegedly failed 12 to make required CBA payments years earlier. The parties settled their dispute 13 in March 2006 for $825,000. The 210 Fund concedes that these funds were 14 received by the Allied Fund in satisfaction of Duane Reade’s obligation to pay 15 contributions to the Allied Fund under its CBA, and that the UMM Fund got 16 nothing from the settlement, but denies that the 210 Fund received all the 17 settlement proceeds when it became successor in interest to the Allied Fund one 18 month later. Miranda II, 785 F. Supp. 2d at 379‐80. [10] 1 The UMM Fund filed suit in November 2006, and filed an Amended 2 Complaint in June 2008 asserting three claims against the 210 Fund.3 The first 3 claim alleged that the Allied Fund received “at least [$825,000] from Duane 4 Reade by way of settlement of the [Allied Fund]’s claim for unpaid 5 contributions,” and that “[t]he [UMM Fund] is entitled” to eight dollars for every 6 fifty‐nine dollars of the settlement proceeds received. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 44‐46. The 7 requested relief was, principally, an accounting of the funds received in the 8 settlement and remittance of the portion claimed by the UMM Fund (plus 9 interest). Id. at ¶ 46 . 10 The second claim alleged that payments to the UMM Fund “dropped 11 precipitously since the end of March 2006,” and sought an accounting of all 12 monies received by the Allied Fund and the 210 Fund “for the period January 1, 13 2005, to the date of judgment.” Id. at ¶¶ 48‐50. A prospective order was sought, 14 requiring the Local 210 Trustees “to remit to the [UMM Fund] Trustees, within 15 five (5) days of receipt . . . , that portion properly payable to the [UMM Fund] out 16 of all monies received by way of contributions by employers pursuant to 3 The Amended Complaint also asserted three causes of action against Crossroads, which were all voluntarily dismissed and are not at issue in this appeal. [11] 1 [CBAs].” Id. at ¶ 50 . 2 The UMM Fund’s third claim, the Section 515 claim, asserted that “failure 3 by the [Allied Fund] and the [210 Fund] to remit contributions constitutes a 4 violation of section 515 of ERISA, 29 U.S.C. § 1145 .” Id. at ¶ 53 . The UMM Fund 5 asked the court to “[o]rder[] the [Allied Fund] and the [210 Fund] to remit to the 6 [UMM Fund] all employer contributions received by them which were properly 7 payable to the [UMM Fund] pursuant to the terms of the collective bargaining 8 agreement.” Id. The Section 515 claim also asks for liquidated damages 9 available for a section 515 violation, see 29 U.S.C. 1132(g), plus interest and 10 attorney’s fees. 11 Absent from the first two claims in the Amended Complaint is mention of 12 their legal basis. The pleading is unclear as to whether the duty of the 210 Fund 13 to remit funds and provide an accounting was premised on state contract law, a 14 federal or state statute, or something else. Only the Section 515 claim indicates 15 the legal basis for monetary relief: a violation of the ERISA provision mandating 16 that an employer (or an entity acting in the interest of an employer) comply with 17 its plan contribution obligations under a CBA. Such an ERISA violation is 18 actionable under section 502(a) of the statute. See 29 U.S.C. § 1132 (a). [12] 1 The 210 Fund (jointly with the other defendants) filed a motion to dismiss 2 all three claims for lack of jurisdiction and failure to state a claim under Federal 3 Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). On November 16, 2009, the 4 district court dismissed the Section 515 claim with prejudice, holding that the 5 Allied Fund and the 210 Fund were not “employers” and were not acting in the 6 interest of any employers. The court held that, within the meaning of ERISA, an 7 entity can act “in the interest of” an employer only if it is empowered to 8 negotiate benefits on behalf of the employer. Miranda I, 670 F. Supp. 2d at 278 . 9 Since the Allied Fund and the 210 Fund were no more than “intermediaries 10 between the Contributing Employers and Plaintiffs” and were not authorized to 11 negotiate on behalf of the contributing employers, Section 515 liability was 12 precluded. Id. 13 The district court, however, preserved the first two claims in the Amended 14 Complaint. The court began by considering the legal basis for the claims, 15 omitting that the complaint itself failed to offer one: 16 I. Claims for “Appropriate Equitable Relief” Under ERISA § 502(a)(3)(B) [17] 18 Under ERISA § 502(a)(3)(B), 29 U.S.C. § 1132 (a)(3)(B), a “participant, 19 beneficiary, or fiduciary” of an employee benefit plan may bring a 20 civil suit “to obtain other appropriate equitable relief (i) to redress . . . [13] 1 violations or (ii) to enforce . . . the terms of the plan.” Plaintiffs make 2 claims for equitable relief under this section, demanding an 3 accounting of all monies received from Duane Reade pursuant to the 4 Duane Reade Settlement and a judgment ordering Defendants 5 [Allied Fund] and Local 210 Fund to remit to Plaintiff [UMM Fund] 6 the same percentage of the Duane Reade Settlement monies as would 7 be owed to Plaintiff [UMM Fund] under the Duane Reade CBA. 8 Plaintiff further demands an accounting of all monies received by 9 Defendants [Allied Fund] and Local 210 Fund since January 1, 2005 10 pursuant to all CBAs in which Plaintiff is named and a judgment 11 ordering Defendants to relinquish all monies owing to Plaintiff 12 [UMM Fund] under these CBAs. [14] Id. at 271 . The district court thus interpreted the claims as alleging that the 15 failure to pay the UMM Fund under the terms of the CBA was a “violation” of 16 “the terms of the plan” and was therefore actionable under section 502(a)(3)(B) of 17 ERISA. But the opinion did not consider how the terms of a CBA, which is not 18 an UMM Fund plan document, could constitute terms of an ERISA plan. The 19 district court went on to deny the Defendants’ motion to dismiss, concluding that 20 the UMM Fund had standing to sue as a third‐party beneficiary of the CBA, and 21 that the CBA could be “enforced against” the 210 Fund, a non‐signatory, because 22 the 210 Fund “accepted the written agreement and . . . acted upon it.” Id. at 272 . 23 After discovery, the UMM Fund moved for summary judgment. In 24 opposition, the 210 Fund argued that the district court lacked subject matter [14] 1 jurisdiction over the two claims, because: Section 502(a) permits an ERISA plan 2 fiduciary to sue for equitable relief only if (i) a party has violated an ERISA 3 provision or (ii) a party has violated “the terms of the plan”; the court had 4 already dismissed the Section 515 claim, the sole alleged violation of ERISA 5 itself; and the CBAs were not part of an ERISA “plan.” 6 The district court held that it had jurisdiction on the following analysis. 7 Under ERISA, a “plan” includes “any . . . plan, fund, or program . . . established 8 or . . . maintained for the purpose of providing for its participants or their 9 beneficiaries . . . medical, surgical, or hospital care or benefits, or benefits in the 10 event of sickness, accident, disability, death or unemployment, or vacation 11 benefits.” 29 U.S.C. § 1002 (1). Because each CBA earmarks the funds 12 contributed to the Allied Fund (and the UMM Fund) for “insurance, welfare, 13 Major Medical insurance and similar benefits” of union members, the district 14 court concluded that the CBA itself “established” an ERISA plan, and therefore 15 its terms constituted terms of “a plan.” Miranda II, 785 F. Supp. 2d at 384 . 16 Turning to the merits of the two remaining claims, the district court 17 granted summary judgment in favor of the UMM Fund, and directed the 210 18 Fund to provide the UMM Fund with an accounting of (1) all monies received [15] 1 from the Duane Reade settlement; and (2) all monies received pursuant to the 2 CBAs from January 1, 2005, to the date of the order. Id. at 375 . After the 3 accounting was complete, the district court entered judgment in favor of the 4 UMM Fund in the amount of $2,460,777.33, plus pre‐ and post‐judgment interest. 5 Silverman v. Miranda, 918 F. Supp. 2d 200, 221 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (“Miranda III”). 6 The request for attorney’s fees was denied. Id. 7 Both parties appeal. The 210 Fund appeals the award to the UMM Fund. 8 The UMM Fund cross‐appeals, challenging (i) the dismissal of its Section 515 9 claim, (ii) the method used to calculate interest on the award, and (iii) the denial 10 of attorney’s fees. [11] 12 DISCUSSION 13 We review the district court’s dismissal of the Section 515 claim pursuant 14 to Rule 12(b)(6) de novo. See, e.g., Legnani v. Alitalia Linee Aeree Italiane, S.P.A, [15] 274 F.3d 683, 685 (2d Cir. 2001). We review de novo a district court’s grant of 16 summary judgment, Pilgrim v. Luther, 571 F.3d 201, 204 (2d Cir. 2009), and we 17 affirm only where we are able to conclude, after construing the evidence in the 18 light most favorable to the non‐moving party and drawing all reasonable [16] 1 inferences in its favor, that “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact 2 and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). [3] 4 I 5 Subject matter jurisdiction over ERISA claims is conferred by section 6 502(f), which allows the federal district court to grant relief “provided for in 7 subsection (a) of this section.” ERISA § 502(f), 29 U.S.C. § 1132 (f). The 8 referenced subsection enumerates the following ERISA causes of action: 9 (a) A civil action may be brought . . . [10] 11 (3) by a participant, beneficiary, or fiduciary [12] 13 (A) to enjoin any act or practice which violates any 14 provision of this subchapter or the terms of the plan, or [15] 16 (B) to obtain other appropriate equitable relief 17 (i) to redress such violations or 18 (ii) to enforce any provisions of this subchapter or the 19 terms of the plan. [20] 21 ERISA § 502(a), 29 U.S.C. § 1132 (a). The provision specifies the parties who have 22 standing to bring suit‐‐a plan participant, beneficiary, or fiduciary‐‐as well as 23 two categories of redressable violations: (i) violations of “any provision of this 24 subchapter;” and (ii) violations of “the terms of the plan.” Id. [17] 1 The trustees of the UMM Fund assert standing as fiduciaries. Their third 2 claim sought relief for an ERISA violation; specifically, a failure to comply with 3 section 515 of ERISA, which provides that 4 [e]very employer who is obligated to make contributions to a 5 multiemployer plan under the terms of the plan or under the terms 6 of a collectively bargained agreement shall, to the extent not 7 inconsistent with law, make such contributions in accordance with 8 the terms and conditions of such plan or such agreement. [9] 10 ERISA § 515, 29 U.S.C. § 1145 . An ERISA “employer” is defined as “any person 11 acting directly as an employer, or indirectly in the interest of an employer in 12 relation to an employee benefit plan.” 29 U.S.C. § 1002 (5); see also Greenblatt v. 13 Delta Plumbing & Heating Corp., 68 F.3d 561, 575 (2d Cir. 1995) (applying this 14 definition of “employer” to section 515). The Amended Complaint asserts that 15 the 210 Fund was obligated to contribute to the UMM Fund “in the interest of” 16 the “employers” who were signatories to the CBAs, and that the 210 Fund failed 17 to do so. Am. Compl. ¶ 12. 18 A person who acts in an employer’s interest is one who controls an 19 employer (e.g., a parent corporation) or explicitly assumes the employer’s 20 obligations. Thus, in Cement & Concrete Workers District Council Welfare 21 Fund v. Lollo, a corporate president who personally assumed the corporation’s [18] 1 obligation to make pension contributions under a CBA was held liable under 2 section 515. 35 F.3d 29 , 37 (2d Cir. 1994); see also Simas v. Quaker Fabric Corp. 3 of Fall River, 6 F.3d 849, 855 (1st Cir. 1993) (corporation that took control of an 4 employer is an ERISA employer); Frank v. U.S. West, Inc., 3 F.3d 1357 , 1363 n.5 5 (10th Cir. 1993) (parent corporation may be an ERISA employer). However, 6 absent “any type of agency or ownership relationship or direct assumption of 7 the employer’s functions with regard to the administration of a plan,” courts in 8 this Circuit have been reluctant to find employer status for the purpose of 9 section 515. Greenblatt, 68 F.3d 561 at 575‐76; see also Bldg. Serv. 32B–J Health 10 Fund v. Impact Real Estate Mgmt., Inc., No. 00‐Civ‐1343, 2000 WL 1530009 , at *4 11 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 16, 2000); Mason Tenders Dist. Council Welfare Fund v. Logic 12 Constr. Corp., 7 F. Supp. 2d 351, 356 (S.D.N.Y. 1998). 13 Citing Lollo, the UMM Fund argues that the 210 Fund actually assumed 14 the employer’s contribution obligation under the terms of each CBA. The 15 argument does not withstand scrutiny of the CBA wording in Lollo. There, the 16 president of a family‐owned business signed the CBA 17 in a dual capacity both on behalf of himself and on behalf of the 18 Employer and represents by his signature his authority to bind 19 himself, the Employer or Firm, and the principals and members [19] 1 thereof. The person signing on behalf of the Employer also agrees to 2 be personally bound by and to assume all the obligations of the 3 Employer provided for in this Agreement. [4] 5 Cement & Concrete Workers Dist. Council Welfare Fund, Pension Fund, Legal 6 Servs. Fund and Annuity Fund v. Lollo, No. 89 cv 3784, 1992 WL 281039 7 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 1, 1992). The CBAs here contain no provision obligating the 8 employer to pay the UMM Fund, or an assumption by the 210 Fund of such an 9 obligation. Rather, each CBA obligates the employer to pay a contribution in 10 full to the 210 Fund, which in turn dispenses it. 11 The CBAs do provide that “[f]rom and out of the contributions made” to 12 the 210 Fund, a portion “shall be unconditionally and irrevocably allocated and 13 paid to the Union Mutual Medical Fund.” Whether this provision contractually 14 obligated the 210 Fund, a non‐signatory to the CBAs, to remit these funds to the 15 UMM Fund is a question of contract law heavily litigated in the district court. A 16 related contract question is whether, under relevant state law, the UMM Fund 17 was a third‐party beneficiary of the pre‐amendment CBAs, such that the Union 18 and management could not amend the CBAs to impair the flow of payments to 19 the UMM Fund without its consent. But under no reading of the CBAs (pre‐ 20 amendment or post‐amendment) is the employer obligated to contribute any [20] 1 money to the UMM Fund. Not a single employer has been named as a 2 defendant. Because the 210 Fund was not obligated to remit funds to the UMM 3 Fund “in the interest of” an employer, the Section 515 claim was properly 4 dismissed. [5] 6 II 7 The other two claims against the 210 Fund were understood by the 8 district court to be included within the category of civil ERISA claims that 9 permit a plan fiduciary to seek “appropriate equitable relief . . . to enforce any 10 provisions of . . . the terms of the plan.” 29 U.S.C. § 1132 (a) (emphasis added). 11 The UMM Fund argued that by failing to comply with a term of the CBA, the 12 210 Fund violated the terms of an ERISA plan. 13 ERISA defines an “employee benefit welfare plan” as 14 any plan, fund, or program which was heretofore or is hereafter 15 established or maintained by an employer or by an employee 16 organization, or by both, to the extent that such plan, fund, or 17 program was established or is maintained for the purpose of 18 providing for its participants or their beneficiaries, through the 19 purchase of insurance or otherwise, [20] 21 (A) medical, surgical, or hospital care or benefits, or benefits 22 in the event of sickness, accident, disability, death or [21] 1 unemployment, or vacation benefits, apprenticeship or other 2 training programs, or day care centers, scholarship funds, or 3 prepaid legal services, or [4] 5 (B) any benefit described in section 186(c) of this title (other 6 than pensions on retirement or death, and insurance to provide such 7 pensions). [8] 9 ERISA § 3(1), 29 U.S.C. § 1002 (1). The parties agree that the UMM Fund is an 10 employee benefit welfare plan under this definition. 11 ERISA itself does not make plain where one looks to find the “terms” of 12 an ERISA plan, other than to mandate that “[e]very employee benefit plan shall 13 be established and maintained pursuant to a written instrument.” ERISA 14 § 402(a), 29 U.S.C. § 1102 (a)(1); see Smith v. Dunham‐Bush, Inc., 959 F.2d 6 (2d 15 Cir. 1992) (discussing the written instrument requirement). But a number of 16 federal appellate circuits, including this Court, have identified (in various 17 contexts) two documents as setting forth plan terms: (1) the governing plan 18 document, i.e., the trust agreement or contract under which the plan was 19 formed;4 and (2) the summary plan description (“SPD”), a plain‐English 4 ERISA establishes a general requirement that plan assets be held in trust, 29 U.S.C. § 1103 (a), (b). The trust agreement is sometimes signed by the union and its employers, see, e.g., Chao v. Merino, 452 F.3d 174, 177 (2d Cir. 2006), and sometimes, as here, by the union and a separate corporation representing a subset of union members. [22] 1 summary of plan benefits and obligations that the plan administrator must file 2 with the United States Department of Labor and provide to each participant and 3 beneficiary of the plan. See, e.g., Pettaway v. Teachers Ins. & Annuity Ass’n of 4 Am., 644 F.3d 427, 434 (D.C. Cir. 2011); Jenkins v. Yager, 444 F.3d 916 , 934 n.4 5 (7th Cir. 2006); Militello v. Cent. States, Se. & Sw. Areas Pension Fund, 360 F.3d 6 681 , 686 n.2 (7th Cir. 2004); Bergt v. Ret. Plan for Pilots Employed by MarkAir, 7 Inc., 293 F.3d 1139, 1143 (9th Cir. 2002); Sunbeam‐Oster Co., Inc. Grp. Benefits 8 Plan for Salaried & Non‐Bargaining Hourly Emps. v. Whitehurst, 102 F.3d 1368 , 9 1375 (5th Cir. 1996) (noting that in some circumstances, the SPD may be the only 10 plan document); cf. Heidgerd v. Olin Corp., 906 F.2d 903 , 907‐08 (2d Cir. 1990) 11 (discussing which plan term controls when the governing plan document 12 contradicts the SPD). These two documents must be made available by the plan 13 administrator “for examination by any plan participant or beneficiary.” 29 14 U.S.C. § 1124 (b). In other words, the documents that lay out the plan terms 15 must be readily accessible in written form to all covered employees. See 16 Curtiss–Wright Corp. v. Schoonejongen, 514 U.S. 73, 83 (1995) (noting that one of 17 ERISA’s purposes was to afford employees the opportunity to inform 18 themselves, “‘on examining the plan documents,’” of their rights and obligations [23] 1 under the plan) (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 93–1280, at 297 (1974), reprinted in 1974 2 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4639, 5077, 5078). The UMM Fund finds no case that treats a CBA 3 as a governing plan document setting forth ERISA plan terms. The district court 4 cited none. 5 If a plan’s trust agreement explicitly provides that employers must fulfill 6 their CBA contribution obligations (or comply with other plan terms), such a 7 provision can subject a delinquent employer to suit under section 502(a) for 8 violating a plan term. However, the Supreme Court has only recognized such a 9 cause of action when the employer violated a plan term that the CBA expressly 10 bound the employer to perform. Cent. States, Se. & Sw. Areas Pension Fund v. 11 Cent. Transp., Inc., 472 U.S. 559 (1985). For example, the CBA in Central States 12 provided that the employer was “bound by [the plan] trust agreement[].” Id. at 13 565. And the trust agreement specifically “place[d] on each participating 14 employer the responsibility to make ‘continuing and prompt payments to the 15 Trust Fund as required by the applicable collective bargaining agreement,’” and 16 further obligated each employer to furnish records to the plan administrator 17 upon request. Id. On those facts, the employer was required to adhere to these 18 plan terms and submit to a field audit conducted by the plan trustee. [24] 1 Here, however, no term of the UMM Fund Trust Indenture obligates 2 employers to make prompt payments under their CBAs. See UMM Fund Trust 3 Indenture, Silverman v. Miranda, No. 06‐cv‐13222 (S.D.N.Y. June 5, 2010), ECF 4 #125‐2. And in any event, the CBAs do not require that the employers bind 5 themselves to the UMM Fund Trust Indenture. Although the CBAs provide that 6 the Allied Fund and the UMM Fund must handle the contributions received in 7 accordance with the terms of their respective trust indentures, that is not an 8 obligation that the employers perform (or could perform). 9 The district court opinion granting summary judgment in favor of the 10 UMM Fund held that the CBA “established” an ERISA plan: 11 Here, pursuant to the terms of each CBA, nearly all of which contain 12 identical operative language, “an employer” (i.e., each contributing 13 employer) and “an employee organization” (i.e., the unions) 14 “established” a plan to provide “insurance, welfare, Major Medical 15 insurance and similar benefits for” retired employees of the 16 unions. . . . Although not every CBA qualifies as a “plan” under 17 ERISA § 502(a)(3)(B), in view of the plain language of the CBAs at 18 issue here and the [UMM Fund] indenture, Plaintiffs’ action to 19 enforce the CBAs is an action to enforce “the terms of [a] plan.” 29 20 U.S.C. § 1132 (a)(3)(B). [21] 22 Miranda II, 785 F. Supp. 2d at 384 . True, each CBA directs an employer to 23 contribute money for certain welfare benefits; however, the contributions are [25] 1 not directed to some distinct plan established under the CBA. The contributions 2 are to be made to the Allied Fund, with a portion passed along to the UMM 3 Fund, and the UMM Fund was itself “established” by a 1978 trust indenture that 4 long preceded all the CBAs at issue in this case. Although the CBAs recite some 5 of the provisions found in the Allied Fund and UMM Fund trust documents, 6 those references do not transmute the CBA itself into a plan document; and it 7 certainly does not make the employer contribution requirement, which does not 8 appear in the UMM Fund Trust Indenture, an UMM Fund plan term. It is 9 telling that Congress added section 515 to ERISA in 1980 for the express 10 purpose of creating a federal cause of action for delinquent contributions, see, 11 e.g., Robbins v. B.W. Blaushild Motors, Inc., 559 F. Supp. 1, 2 (D.C. Ill. 1981)‐‐a 12 legislative measure that would have been unnecessary if aggrieved plan trustees 13 could simply sue under ERISA for delinquent contributions as a violation of a 14 plan term. [15] 16 III 17 The first two claims in the Amended Complaint, which the district court 18 decided in favor of the UMM Fund, identified no legal basis for relief. Though [26] 1 we conclude that these allegations fail to state a claim under ERISA‐‐because the 2 payment terms of the CBAs were not UMM Fund plan terms‐‐these claims do 3 meet the pleading requirements for state law breach‐of‐contract claims. And 4 because a breach of contract claim was pleaded against a defendant who was 5 later voluntarily dismissed, the Amended Complaint recites supplemental 6 jurisdiction as a proper basis for subject matter jurisdiction. Am. Compl. ¶ 11. 7 Therefore, rather than reverse and direct dismissal of all the UMM Fund’s 8 claims, we vacate the award to the UMM Fund and remand for the district court 9 to consider whether to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the first two 10 claims, construed as alleging state law breach of contract. The district court had 11 discretion to retain supplemental jurisdiction over such claims after it (properly) 12 dismissed the Section 515 claim. See Klein & Co. Futures, Inc. v. Bd. of Trade of 13 City of New York, 464 F.3d 255 , 262‐63 (2d Cir. 2006). 14 Federal courts will normally decline to retain jurisdiction in such 15 circumstances. See id. However, in this case, it may be that discretion will be 16 exercised in favor of retaining jurisdiction, given that most of the relevant 17 contract law issues have already been briefed by the parties and decided in a [27] 1 trio of opinions.5 2 We take no position on whether those issues were correctly decided; and 3 we have no occasion to consider the calculation of the award, or the denial of 4 attorney’s fees. [5] 6 CONCLUSION 7 For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the judgment in favor of the UMM 8 Fund, and remand to the district court for further proceedings consistent with 9 this opinion. 5 Treating the remaining claims as contract claims rather than ERISA claims is no mere formality. The 210 Fund may enjoy additional defenses to state law claims for breach of contract, including ERISA preemption. We express no view on the merits of such a defense. [28] 1 CALABRESI, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part: 2 I concur with Part I of the majority’s opinion, in which we affirm dismissal 3 of UMMF’s ERISA § 515 claim. I write separately to dissent from Part II of the 4 majority opinion, which concludes that the district court lacked subject matter 5 jurisdiction over UMMF’s other claims because the CBAs in question did not 6 constitute an ERISA “plan” under § 502(a)(3)(B). 7 I dissent for the simple reason that the district court expressly found, as a 8 factual matter, that the language and circumstances of these particular CBAs 9 made them an ERISA “plan” under § 502, and this factual finding was not 10 appealed. The district court wrote: “Although not every CBA qualifies as a 11 ‘plan’ under ERISA § 502(a)(3)(B), in view of the plain language of the CBAs at 12 issue here and the UMMF indenture, Plaintiffs’ action to enforce the CBAs is an 13 action to enforce ‘the terms of [a] plan.’” Miranda II, 785 F. Supp. 2d at 384 14 (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 1132 (a)(3)(B)). However dubious such a finding may be, 15 since the Local 210 Fund did not contest it on appeal, a factual finding it remains, 16 and it gives the district court a proper basis for subject matter jurisdiction under 17 § 502(f). [1] 1 Were I to decide this issue in the first instance, I might well agree with the 2 majority that these CBAs do not meet § 502(a)’s definition of an ERISA “plan.” 3 But I am not prepared to say that there are no circumstances in which a CBA 4 could ever be an ERISA “plan,” and therefore am not prepared to vacate the 5 district court’s decision that, in this instance, it was. 6 I join the majority in remanding this case to the district court, which, I 7 hope, will decide the remaining claims under state law. I note that if the district 8 court were to find a state law contract breach for the same reasons that it found a 9 violation of ERISA, then the district court would likely reach the same result as 10 before. That is because the district court denied attorney’s fees, which, had they 11 been granted, would have been the principal difference between a victory by 12 UMMF on state law grounds and a victory under ERISA. 13 For these reasons, I concur in Part I of the majority’s opinion, respectfully 14 dissent from Part II, and join the majority in remanding the case to the district 15 court for reconsideration of UMMF’s remaining claims.