Shenyang Yuanda Aluminum Industry Engineering Co. v. United States

OPINION EATON, Judge: This matter is before the court on plaintiffs Shenyang Yuanda Aluminum Industry Engineering Co., Ltd.’s and Yuanda USA Corp.’s (collectively, “Yuanda”), Jangho Curtain Wall Americas Co., Ltd.’s, Overgaard Ltd.’s, and Bucher Glass, Inc.’s (collectively, “plaintiffs”) motion for judgment on the agency record pursuant to USCIT Rule 56.2. See Pis.’ Rule 56.2 Mot. for J. on the Agency R. (ECF Dkt. No. 23) (“Pis.’ Mot.”). By their motion, plaintiffs challenge the Department of Commerce’s (“Commerce” or the “Department”) scope ruling made following the final determinations in Aluminum Extrusions from the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”), 76 Fed.Reg. 30,650 (Dep’t of Commerce May 26, 2011) (antidumping duty order) (“Antidumping Duty Order”), and Aluminum Extrusions From the PRC, 76 Fed.Reg. 30,653 (Dep’t of Commerce May 26, 2011) (countervailing duty order) (“Countervailing Duty Order”) (collective *1294 ly, the “Orders”). 1 See Final Scope Ruling on Curtain Wall Units and Other Parts of a Curtain Wall System from the PRC, PD 37 at bar code 3108210-01 (Nov. 30, 2012), ECF Dkt. No. 56-37 (Sept. 18, 2013) (“Final Scope Ruling”). Plaintiffs seek a remand of the Final Scope Ruling for Commerce to reconsider its findings. See Pis.’ Mot. 2. Defendant United States opposes plaintiffs’ motion and asks that Commerce’s Final Scope Ruling be sustained. See Def.’s Opp’n to Pis.’ Mot. for J. upon the Agency R. 1-2 (ECF Dkt. No. 41) (“Def.’s Br.”). Defendant-intervenors, Walters & Wolf, Bagatelos Architectural Glass Systems, Inc., and Architectural Glass & Aluminum Co., collectively referred to as the Curtain Wall Coalition (collectively, the “CWC” or the “CWC companies”), join in opposition to plaintiffs’ motion. See Def.Ints.’ Resp. Br. in Opp’n to Pis.’ Mot. for J. on the Agency R. 1 (ECF Dkt. No. 38) (“Def.-Ints.’ Br.”). The court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1581(c), (i) (2006) and 19 U.S.C. §§ 1516a(a)(2)(A)(ii), (B)(vi) (2006). Because curtain wall units are “parts for” a finished curtain wall, the court’s primary holding is that curtain wall units and other parts of curtain wall systems fall within the scope of the Orders. See Anti-dumping Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. at 30,-650. For this reason, and the others set out below, Commerce’s Final Scope Ruling is sustained. BACKGROUND On March 31, 2010, the United States International Trade Commission (“ITC”) initiated an investigation into whether a domestic industry was materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of imports of certain aluminum extrusions from the PRC. See Certain Aluminum Extrusions From China, USITC Pub. 4153, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-475, 731-TA-1177, at 1 (June 2010) (Preliminary) (“ITC’s Preliminary Determinations”). On May 26, 2011, as a result of the ITC’s investigations, and following its own investigations and resulting determinations of sales at less than fair value and subsidized imports, the Department issued antidumping and countervailing duty orders on aluminum extrusions from the PRC. See Antidumping Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. 30,650; Countervailing Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. 30,653. On October 11, 2012, defendant-intervenors, the CWC, submitted an amended scope request to Commerce, pursuant to 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(c) (2012). See Am. Scope Req. of the CWC, PD 24 at bar code 3100845-01 (Oct. 11, 2012), ECF Dkt. No. 56-24 (Sept. 18, 2013) (“Am. Scope Req.”). The scope request was limited in nature, and asked Commerce to “issue a scope ruling confirming that curtain wall units and other parts of curtain wall systems are subject to the scope of the' [Orders].” Am. Scope Req. at 1-2. Commerce commenced an initial scope investigation and determined that the language of the Orders and the description of the products in defendant-intervenors’ petition were dis-positive and that curtain wall units fell within the scope of the Orders. See Final Scope Ruling at 1. Accordingly, Commerce determined that it was “unnecessary to consider” the secondary criteria set forth in 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(2). Final Scope Ruling at 8. Further, in its Final Scope Ruling, Commerce found that the CWC companies qualified as interested parties *1295 under section 771(9)(C) of the Tariff Act of 1980, as amended, “as manufacturers, producers, or wholesalers of a domestic like product, and thus ha[d] standing to bring the Amended Scope Request.” Final Scope Ruling at 2; see 19 U.S.C. § 1677(9)(C) (2006) (“Tariff Act”). STANDARD OF REVIEW “The court shall hold unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion found ... to be unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(l)(B)(i) (2006). DISCUSSION 1. Legal Framework Following receipt of an application from an interested party, Commerce’s regulations direct it to undertake an investigation to determine whether a product falls within the scope of a final antidumping or countervailing duty order. 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k). Initially, Commerce’s investigation is limited to consideration of “[t]he descriptions of the merchandise contained in the petition, the initial investigation, and the determinations of the Secretary [of Commerce] (including prior scope determinations) and the [ITC].” Id. § 351.225(k)(l). The use of these descriptions is circumscribed, however, for “[w]hile the petition, factual findings, legal conclusions, and preliminary orders can aid in the analysis, they cannot substitute for the language of the order itself, which remains the ‘cornerstone’ in any scope determination.” Walgreen Co. of Deerfield, IL v. United States, 620 F.3d 1350, 1357 (Fed.Cir.2010) (quoting Duferco Steel, Inc. v. United States, 296 F.3d 1087, 1097 (Fed.Cir.2002)). If Commerce’s evaluation of these sources, and the scope language itself, are conclusive in determining whether the products at- issue are subject to the scope of an order, Commerce is required to issue a final scope ruling. 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(d). If these primary criteria are not dispositive and the scope of the order is ambiguous, Commerce is required to commence a formal scope inquiry in which it examines five secondary factors 2 : “(i) [t]he physical characteristics of the product; (ii) [t]he expectations of the ultimate purchasers; (iii) [t]he ultimate use of the product; (iv) [t]he channels of trade in which the product is sold; and (v) [t]he manner in which the product is advertised and displayed.” Id. § 351.225(k)(2). Where a scope determination is challenged, the court’s objective is to determine whether the scope of the order “contain[s] language that specifically includes the subject merchandise or may be reasonably interpreted to include it.” Duferco Steel, 296 F.3d at 1089. II. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Judgment on the Agency Record A. The Scope of the Orders The relevant scope language at issue in the Orders reads as follows: Subject aluminum extrusions may be described at the time of importation as parts for final finished products that are assembled after importation, including, but not limited to, window frames, door frames, solar panels, curtain walls, or furniture. Such parts that otherwise *1296 meet the definition of aluminum extrusions are included in the scope. The scope includes the aluminum extrusion components that are attached (e.g., by welding or fasteners) to form subassemblies, i.e., partially assembled merchandise unless imported as part of the finished goods ‘kit’ defined further below. The scope does not include the non-aluminum extrusion components of subassemblies or subject kits. Antidumping Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. at 30,650-51. The Orders, however, contain two narrow exceptions that exclude from their scope finished merchandise containing aluminum extrusions as parts that are fully and permanently assembled and completed at the time of entry, such as finished windows with glass, doors with glass or vinyl, picture frames with glass pane and backing material, and solar panels. The scope also excludes finished goods containing aluminum extrusions that are entered unassembled in a “finished goods kit.” Antidumping Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. at 30,651. Plaintiffs’ primary contention is that the scope language of the Orders explicitly excludes finished merchandise, and that curtain wall units that are filled in with glass and sealed at the time of importation, qualify as finished products. See Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Pis.’ Mot. for J. on the Agency R. 17-18 (EOF Dkt. No. 23-1) (“Pis.’ Br.”). Plaintiffs argue that “[t]he scope of the Orders covers aluminum extrusions, not curtain wall units,” and that “Commerce [mistakenly] determined that an aluminum frame fully and permanently in-filled with glass, sealed and attached to brackets and with holes drilled, ready for installation onto a building is an aluminum extrusion ‘part’ for a final finished product, i.e., a building fagade assembled after importation.” Pis.’ Br. 17, 18. Plaintiffs insist, however, that “[fjairly read,” the scope excludes “curtain wall units that (1) are ‘fully and permanently’ filled in with glass and sealed and, therefore ready for installation, before importation, (2) can be installed upon the side of the building with no additional fabrication, and (3) become the ‘finished windows with glass’ of the buildings on which they are installed.” Pis.’ Br. 19-20. Curtain walls are a relatively new innovation. The American Society of Testing and Materials, describes a curtain wall as “ ‘a nonbearing exterior wall, secured to and supported by the structural members of the building.’ ” Final Scope Ruling at 3 (quoting ASTM Dictionary of Engineering Science & Technology 674 (10th ed. 2005)); see also American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 446 (5th ed. 2011) (defining a curtain wall as “[a] nonbearing wall, often of glass and steel, fixed to the outside of a building and serving especially as cladding”); Dictionary of Architecture & Construction 289 (4th ed. 2006) (“In a tall building of steel-frame construction, an exterior wall that is non-load-bearing, having no structural function.”); Dictionary of Engineering 140 (2d ed. 2003) (“An external wall that is not load-bearing.”). Commerce, in its Final Scope Ruling, described a curtain wall as “a building fagade 3 from the roof top to the ground floor that does not carry any building dead loads (i.e., the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building).” Final Scope Ruling at 3. Plaintiffs acknowledge that a curtain wall unit falls *1297 short of the finished curtain wall that constitutes the fagade of a structure, and that a building’s entire exterior wall (the curtain wall) is composed of numerous interlocked curtain wall units. See Pis.’ Br. 6. Nevertheless, plaintiffs reason that the scope of the Orders only encompasses aluminum extrusions, and excludes final finished products. See Pis.’ Br. 17-18; Antidumping Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. at 30,651 (“The scope also excludes finished merchandise containing aluminum extrusions as parts that are fully and permanently assembled and completed at the time of entry, such as finished windows with glass.... ”). Therefore, according to plaintiffs, once the curtain wall unit’s aluminum frame is filled in with glass, it is no longer an aluminum extrusion, but rather, something akin to a finished window with glass, and is thus, excluded from the scope of the Orders. See Pis.’ Br. 17-18. Plaintiffs argue that “[b]y definition, a window ... and a curtain wall unit in which all or a portion of the in-fill is glass [are] precisely [the same thing:] a transparent opening in a wall to allow the passage of light, framed by the extruded aluminum parts.” Pis.’ Br. 20. They further contend that “a curtain wall unit that functions as a window is explicitly outside the scope of the Orders.” Pis.’ Br. 20. Additionally, plaintiffs insist that Commerce should have considered whether plaintiffs’ curtain wall units, as imported, were entitled to the benefits of the “finished goods kit” exception in the Final Scope Ruling. Pis.’ Br. 21; Antidumping Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. at 30,651 (“The scope also excludes finished goods containing aluminum extrusions that are entered unassembled in a ‘finished goods kit.’ ”). Having taken plaintiffs’ arguments into consideration, the court finds that their interpretation of the Orders’ scope language lacks merit. The relevant language provides that “[s]ubjeet aluminum extrusions may be described at the time of importation as parts for final finished products that are assembled after importation, including, but not limited to ... curtain walls.” Antidumping Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. at 30,650-51 (emphasis added). All parties agree that a curtain wall itself is a final finished product that is assembled and completed from the curtain wall units. See Pis.’ Br. 6, 25; Def.-Ints.’ Br. 7-9; Corrected Oral Arg. Tr. 7:21-8:12, 26:17-24, 27:11-17, 31:10-32:2, 32:19-33:3, Sept. 25, 2013 (ECF Dkt. No. 63) (“Oral Arg. Tr.”). As the above-quoted language demonstrates, parts for curtain walls are expressly included within the scope of the Orders. In addition, the Orders state that “[t]he scope includes the aluminum extrusion components that are attached (e.g., by welding or fasteners) to form subassemblies, i.e., partially assembled merchandise .... ” Antidumping Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. at 30,651. Curtain wall units are assembled into completed curtain walls by, among other things, fasteners. See, e.g., Letter from Cassidy Levy Kent (US) LLP to Sec’y of Commerce at 9, PD 12 at bar code 3098432-01 (Sept. 25, 2012), ECF Dkt. No. 56-12 (Sept. 18, 2013) (“In short, in a stick system, the curtain wall is assembled on-site from extruded aluminum (or steel) frame components, in-fill (glass or panel), silicon sealant, and various brackets and fasteners.” (emphasis added)); Am. Scope Req. at 19 (“Hardware consists generally of fasteners, elastomeric lineal gaskets, anchor assemblies and components, screws, nuts and bolts, steel embeds, insulation, splices to adjoin adjacent units, and sealants that are used between the frame, infill materials, and the building structure to construct the curtain wall system and secure it to the building structure and adjoining sections.” (emphasis added)); Deck of John J.P. D’Amario ¶ 8, PD 13 at *1298 bar code 3098432-02 (Sept. 24, 2012), ECF Dkt. No. 56-13 (Sept. 18, 2013). Plaintiffs necessarily concede that “absolutely no one purchases for consumption a single curtain wall piece or unit.” Pis.’ Br. 25 (internal quotation marks omitted). This is because a number of curtain wall units are attached to form the completed curtain wall, the final finished product. Curtain wall units are therefore undeniably components that are fastened together to form a completed curtain wall. Thus, they are “parts for,” and “subassemblies” for, completed curtain walls. Accordingly, curtain wall units fall within the scope of the Orders. While implicit in plaintiffs’ argument is the idea that the term “parts for” somehow means something smaller or less manufactured than a curtain wall unit, there is nothing in the “parts for” language that would suggest this kind of restriction, and the court will not add any. Further, plaintiffs’ attempts to liken curtain walls to finished windows are unconvincing. Although “finished windows with glass” are excluded from the scope of the Orders, the scope language distinguishes between finished windows and curtain walls by identifying them each individually. See Antidumping Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. at 30,650-51 (“Subject aluminum extrusions may be described at the time of importation as parts for final finished products' that are assembled after importation, including, but not limited to, window frames, door frames, solar panels, curtain walls, or furniture.” (emphasis added)). Thus, the “parts for” portion of the scope language expressly includes parts for window frames and parts for curtain walls. This is- not the case, however, with respect to the “finished merchandise” exclusionary language. See Antidumping Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. at 30,650-51 (“The scope also excludes finished merchandise containing aluminum extrusions as parts that are fully and permanently assembled and completed at the time of entry, such as finished windows with glass, doors with glass or vinyl, picture frames with glass pane and backing material, and solar panels.” (emphasis added)). In accordance with this language, specifically excluded from the Orders, as completed products, are finished windows with glass. There is no similar exclusion for curtain wall parts (e.g., curtain wall units). That is, in the finished products portion of the scope language, “finished windows with glass” are specifically listed, while any mention of curtain walls is notably absent. Thus, it is apparent that the Orders separately and intentionally distinguish windows from curtain wall units, and that the “finished merchandise” exception does not encompass curtain wall units. Moreover, the specific exclusion of infilled windows and door frames from the scope of the Orders, while parts for window frames and door frames are expressly included, demonstrates that the determinative factor for exclusion under the “finished merchandise” provision is not whether a product is in-filled with glass or vinyl. Rather, what is significant is whether the product itself, once in-filled, is a standalone completed and finished product. Thus, each enumerated item of finished merchandise in the Orders is a complete product upon entry. For example, a finished window needs nothing more to be a completed product, purchased individually for consumption. The same is true of a finished door or picture frame, other goods explicitly excluded from the Orders’ scope. A user can purchase one of these items and put it to use without buying additional identical merchandise. On the other hand, multiple curtain wall units are designed to be attached together to form a completed curtain wall. An-individual curtain wall unit, on its own, has no consumptive or practical use because mul *1299 tiple units are required to form the wall of a building. Therefore, a curtain wall unit’s sole function is to serve as a part for a much larger, more comprehensive system: a curtain wall. All of this being the case, it is clear that curtain wall units are not finished merchandise but, rather, are parts for curtain walls.,, In addition to claiming that the plain language of the Orders excludes curtain wall units from their scope, plaintiffs assert that their curtain wall units were not intended to fall within the scope of the Orders. As evidence for this conclusion, plaintiffs note that neither Commerce nor the ITC initiated a comprehensive investigation involving the curtain wall industry during their material injury dumping or subsidy investigations, nor did the ITC make an affirmative material injury finding specifically regarding curtain wall units. See Pis.’ Br. 15. Plaintiffs, however, are unable to point to, and the court is unaware of, any statute or regulation that makes an individual product’s inclusion within the scope of an order contingent upon the initiation by Commerce or the ITC of a specific investigation regarding that product. See cf. 19 C.F.R. § 351.225. Furthermore, although curtain wall units were not the subject of an individualized investigation, it is clear that they were intended to be within the scope of the Orders from the investigation phase. The curtain wall language has been included in the scope of these investigations since the initial petition, seeking the imposition of antidumping and countervailing duties, was filed in March 2010. See Petition for the Imposition of Antidumping and Countervailing Duties Against Certain Aluminum Extrusions from the PRC (Volume I) at 4 (Mar. 31, 2010) (“Petition”) (“Aluminum extrusions may also be described as parts for products that are assembled or otherwise further processed after importation, including, but not limited to, ... curtain walls....”). Thereafter, the curtain wall language was included in Commerce’s notices of initiation in April 2010 and the ITC’s Preliminary Determinations in June 2010. See Aluminum Extrusions from the PRC, 75 Fed.Reg. -22,109, 22,114 (Dep’t of Commerce Apr. 27, 2010) (initiation of antidumping duty investigation) (“Subject aluminum extrusions may be described at the time of importation as parts for final finished products that are assembled after importation, including, but not limited to, ... curtain walls.... ”); Aluminum Extrusions from the PRC, 75 Fed.Reg. 22,114, 22,118 (Dep’t of Commerce Apr. 27, 2010) (initiation of countervailing duty investigation) (“Subject aluminum extrusions may be described at the time of importation as parts for final finished products that are assembled after importation, including, but not limited to, ... curtain walls ----”) (collectively, “Notices of Initiation”). Finally, early on in response to a product exclusion request made by plaintiff Yuanda in May of 2010, Commerce made a preliminary determination that the company’s curtain wall units and component parts fell within the ambit of the Orders. See Preliminary Determinations Mem.: Comments on the Scope of the Investigations at 4, 11, PD 41 at bar code 3116929-01 (Oct. 27, 2010), ECF Dkt. No. 56-41 (Sept. 18, 2013) (“Investigations Mem.”) (“The language of the scope of these investigations as articulated in the Petition and the Notices of Initiation explicitly states that curtain walls assembled after importation are within the scope.”). All of the foregoing being the case, it is clear that “curtain wall units” are “parts for” curtain walls, and are reasonably included in the scope of the. Orders by the scope’s unambiguous language. *1300 As to the “finished goods kit” exception, 4 plaintiffs further contend that their curtain wall units, as imported, qualify for the exemption found in the Orders, and that “Commerce’s refusal to address the issue [in its Final Scope Ruling] renders [the Department’s] determination unsupported by substantial evidence.” Reply Br. of Consolidated Pis. 17 (ECF Dkt. No.. 42) (internal quotation marks omitted). Plaintiffs posit that, even if their curtain wall units are found to be “subassemblies” that constitute parts for curtain walls, and are thus, covered by the scope language, that their product should have been excluded from the Orders’ coverage under this exception. See Pis.’ Br. 22-24. The “finished goods kit” exception excludes from the Orders’ reach “partially assembled merchandise ... packaged [as a] combination of parts that contains, at the time of importation, all of the necessary parts to fully assemble a final finished good.” Antidumping Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. at 30,-651. The Department contends that it did not consider whether plaintiffs’ curtain wall units qualified for the “finished goods kit” exception because “the CWC’s Amended Scope Request d[id] not seek a scope ruling on complete curtain wall units, but rather ‘parts of curtain walls.’ ” Final Scope Ruling at 9 (quoting Am. Scope Req. at 13). In its Amended Scope Request, the CWC sought a ruling confirming that “curtain wall units and other parts of curtain walls are explicitly covered by the scope of the [0]rders.” Am. Scope Req. at 13 (emphasis added). Thus, Commerce found the CWC’s request to be restricted to a confirmation, based on the explicit language of the Orders, that curtain wall units were “parts for” curtain walls. Therefore, Commerce determined that the request did not ask for an examination of whether particular entries would qualify for the “finished goods kit” exception at the time that they crossed the border. For defendant and defendant-intervenors, plaintiffs’ attempts to expand the request to include exceptions to the scope language simply extended too far beyond the confirmation that the CWC sought. Thus, the CWC asserts that the Department properly declined to consider the “finished goods kit” exception because it “properly indicated that the scope request d[id] not seek a scope ruling on a particular ‘curtain wall kit,’ but instead s[ought] a ruling on ‘parts of curtain walls.’ ” 5 Def. *1301 Ints.’ Br. 33 (quoting Final Scope Ruling at 9). The court finds that Commerce properly-confined its inquiries to the request made by the CWC and was not required to make the entry by entry examination that plaintiffs propose. That is, an inquiry as to whether a particular entry, or even product, would qualify for an exception to the scope language simply goes far beyond the CWC’s request. The CWC’s request was limited to seeking a determination as to whether curtain wall units were “parts for” curtain walls, based on the language of the Orders. This is clear from the use of the words “and other parts for” in the CWC’s Amended Scope Request. Am. Scope Req. 11, 13 (emphasis added) (titling its Amended Scope Request as “Amended Scope Request of [the CWC] Regarding the Inclusion of Curtain Wall Units and Other Parts of Curtain- Wall Systems in the Scope of the Orders.” (emphasis added)). The CWC sought a ruling on what products were covered by the Orders, not whether specific companies’ merchandise could be excluded from them. If plaintiffs wished treatment for their specific products under the “finished goods kit” exception, their route was to file a petition of their own seeking the benefit of the exclusion with respect to their curtain wall units. Indeed, as represented by plaintiffs at oral argument, they appear to have already done so. See Oral Arg. Tr. 39:21-40:14 (“THE COURT [(addressing plaintiffs’ counsel):] Is it Commerce’s position [that] if you want to find [out whether plaintiffs’ products qualify for the finished goods kit exception,] you have to bring a [separate] scope ruling [of your own? PLAINTIFF’S COUNSEL]: It seems to be that way and in fact in all candor to this Court we have brought a separate ruling that followed on with this because there is some confusion in the trade as to what this actually applies to.... ”). Thus, Commerce did not err in restricting itself to the issue presented by the CWC’s request and leaving the issue presented by plaintiffs for another day. B. Standing Plaintiffs next contend that Commerce should have refrained from initiating its inquiry resulting in the Final Scope Ruling because defendant-intervenors’ product was not within the scope of the Orders, and therefore they lacked standing to submit a scope request. See Pis.’ Br. 13-17. The Tariff Act confers standing upon “interested parties],” including “manufacturer[s], producers], or wholesalers] in the United States of a domestic like product.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(9)(C). In making their claim, plaintiffs assert that the CWC companies lack standing because they are domestic producers of curtain wall units and curtain wall systems, products that are not subject to the Orders. See Pis.’ Br. 13-15. In other words, plaintiffs’ standing argument is a variation of their argument that their curtain wall units are finished products and thus not subject to the Orders. Commerce’s regulations permit the submission of applications regarding “whether a particular product is within the scope of an order or a suspended investigation” by “[a]ny interested party.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(c)(1). The Tariff Act defines an “interested party” in relevant part as *1302 (C) a manufacturer, producer, or wholesaler in the United States of a domestic like product, ... (E) a trade or business association a, majority of whose members manufacture, produce, or wholesale a domestic like product in the United States, [and] (F) an association, a majority of whose members is composed of interested parties ... with respect to a domestic like product. 19 U.S.C. §§ 1677(9)(C), (E)-(F). Although “manufacturer, producer, or wholesaler” are not among the terms further defined in the statute, Congress contemplated “a liberal construction” of the Tariff Act’s standing requirements, intending that those requirements “be administered to provide an opportunity for relief for an adversely affected industry and to prohibit petitions filed by persons with no stake in the result of the investigation.” Brother Indus. (USA), Inc. v. United States, 16 CIT 789, 793-94, 801 F.Supp. 751, 757 (1992); S. Rep. No. 96-249, at 47 (1979), reprinted in 1979 U.S.C.C.A.N. 381, 433. The Tariff Act further defines a “domestic like product” as “a product which is like, or in the absence of like, most similar in characteristics and uses with, the article subject to ... investigation.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(10). Therefore, “so long as [a party] manufactures or produces any one of the .... like products ... it is an interested party.” Brother Indus., Ltd. v. United States, 16 CIT 1106, 1108, 1992 WL 394225 (1992). Since the court finds that defendant-intervenors’ products are indeed covered by the Orders, there is no merit to plaintiffs’ argument. That is, because defendant-intervenors produce and manufacture “aluminum extrusions for the production of curtain wall units and parts of curtain wall systems,” products that the court finds fall within the ambit of the Orders, defendant-intervenors are interested parties, and thus have standing. Company Certifications at 6-8, PD 24 at bar code 3100845-01 (Oct. 11, 2012), ECF Dkt. No. 56-24 (Sept. 18, 2013). C. Commerce’s Instructions to Customs Plaintiffs’ final challenge is to Commerce’s instructions to U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“Customs”) which stated that the Department has “found that curtain wall units and other parts and components of curtain wall systems are within the scope of the order[s]” and ordered Customs to “[c]ontinue to suspend liquidation of entries of aluminum extrusions from the PRC, including curtain wall units and other parts and components of curtain walls....” Antidumping Duty Liquidation Instructions Issued Jan. 3, 2013 at 184, 185 (Jan. 3, 2013), Tab 11, Public App. for Pis.’ Mem. of P. & A., at 1, 2 at bar code 3116056-01 (ECF Dkt. No. 27-1); Countervailing Duty Liquidation Instructions Issued Jan. 3, 2013 at 1, 2, PD 40 at bar code 3116057-01 (Jan. '3, 2013), ECF Dkt. No. 56-40 (Sept. 18, 2013) (“Countervailing Duty Liquidation Instructions Issued Jan. 3, 2013”) (collectively, “Final Scope Ruling Instructions to Customs”). 6 Plaintiffs assert that (1) the instructions were, inconsistent with Commerce’s conclusions in its Final Scope Ruling, and “Commerce [consequently] instructed Customs to collect duties on a product which Commerce did not address in its [Final] Scope Ruling,” and (2) “the retroactive application of suspension of liquidation [was] in *1303 contravention of Commerce’s regulations and this Court’s precedent when [p]lain-tiffs’ entries were not subject to suspension of liquidation previously.” Pis.’ Br. 3, 30. Because the court finds that the curtain wall units are, in fact, subject merchandise that falls within the Orders’ scope, and that liquidation of plaintiffs’ curtain wall units has been suspended since the publication of the preliminary determinations that preceded the issuance of the Orders, these arguments must both fail. First, there are no inconsistencies between the language of Commerce’s instructions and its Final Scope Ruling. To the contrary, the language included within the instructions and that derived from the Final Scope Ruling are virtually identical. In its Amended Scope Request, the CWC asked Commerce to “issue a scope ruling confirming that curtain wall units and other parts of curtain wall systems [were] subject to the scope of the [Orders].” Am. Scope Req. at 1-2 (emphasis added). Commerce’s Final Scope Ruling confirmed that “the products described in [the] CWC’s Amended Scope Request are within the scope of the Orders.” Final Scope Ruling at 10. The Department’s instructions to Customs state that “Commerce found that curtain wall units and other parts and components of curtain wall systems are within the scope of the order[s].” Countervailing Duty Liquidation Instructions Issued Jan. 3, 2013 at 1. As noted, this language has remained consistent since publication of the Notices of Initiation in April 2010. See Aluminum Extrusions from the PRC, 75 Fed.Reg. at 22,114 (“Subject aluminum extrusions may be described at the time of importation as parts for final finished products that are assembled after importation, including, but not limited to, ... curtain walls.... ”); Aluminum Extrusions from the PRC, 75 Fed. Reg. at 22,118 (“Subject aluminum extrusions may be described at the time of importation as parts for final finished products that are assembled after importation, including, but not limited to, ... curtain walls.... ”). The instructions following Commerce’s Final Scope Ruling directed Customs to “[e Continue to suspend liquidation of entries of aluminum extrusions from the PRC, including curtain wall units and other parts and components of curtain walls.... ” Countervailing Duty Liquidation Instructions Issued Jan. 3, 2013 at 2 (emphasis added). Thus, Commerce’s instructions were consistent with its Final Scope Ruling and with the language used since the beginning of these proceedings. As to plaintiffs’ contention that Commerce’s instructions to continue to suspend liquidation and collect cash deposits on entries of subject merchandise were ultra vires, the court is not convinced. See Pis.’ Br. 31-32. Plaintiffs’ argument that the Department’s instructions were invalid is premised on AMS Associates, Inc. v. United States, where Commerce’s instructions to Customs were found to be ultra vires. AMS Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 36 CIT-,-, 881 F.Supp.2d 1374, 1382 (2012), aff'd, 737 F.3d 1338 (Fed.Cir.2013). In AMS, Commerce issued clarification instructions that interpreted the scope of an existing antidumping duty order to cover new products and then retroactively suspended liquidation of these products. See AMS, 36 CIT at-, 881 F.Supp.2d at 1377. AMS is inapplicable to this case because, here, the instructions added no new products to the scope, and because liquidation of plaintiffs’ curtain wall units has been suspended since publication of the preliminary determinations. In these proceedings, the Final Scope Ruling merely confirmed what had previously been the ease. *1304 Where, as here, a scope ruling confirms that a product is, and has been, the subject of an order, the Department has not acted beyond its authority by continuing the suspension of liquidation of the product. Thus, this case presents precisely the situation described by the Federal Circuit in AMS, as one where Commerce would act within its powers by issuing instructions suspending liquidation: Commerce does not have to initiate a formal scope proceeding under 19 C.F.R. § 351.225 when it wishes to issue a ruling that does not clarify the scope of an unambiguous original order. Commerce must only follow the procedures outlined in § 351.225[(k)(2) (the Diversified Products criteria) ] when it wishes to clarify an order that is unclear. To hold otherwise would permit importers to potentially avoid paying antidumping duties on past imports by asserting unmeritorious claims that then-products fall outside the scope of the original order. Importers cannot circumvent antidumping orders by contending that their products are outside the scope of existing orders when such orders are clear as to their scope. Our precedent evinces this understanding. We have not required Commerce to initiate a formal scope inquiry when the meaning and scope of an existing anti-dumping order is clear. AMS Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 737 F.3d 1338, 1344 (Fed.Cir.2013) (citing Huaiyin Foreign Trade Corp. (SO) v. United States, 322 F.3d 1369, 1378-79 (Fed.Cir.2003)). AMS involved a situation where “Commerce [was found to have] erred in failing to conduct a formal scope inquiry ... because the scope of the original anti-dumping order was unclear.” AMS, 737 F.3d at 1344. Here, the scope language of the antidumping and countervailing duty orders on aluminum extrusions from the PRC presents no similar problems of ambiguity with respect to its coverage of plaintiffs’ curtain wall units. Therefore, the holding in AMS does not affect the outcome of the present case. In addition, liquidation of parts for curtain walls has been suspended since publication of the preliminary determinations for the countervailing duty order on September 7, 2010, and November 12, 2010 for the antidumping duty order. 7 See Alumi *1305 num Extrusions From the PRC, 75 Fed. Reg. 54,302, 54,321 (Dep’t of Commerce Sept. 7, 2010) (preliminary affirmative countervailing duty determination); Aluminum Extrusions From the PRC, 75 Fed. Reg. 69,403, 69,415 (Dep’t of Commerce Nov. 12, 2010) (notice of preliminary determination of sales at less than fair value, and preliminary determination of targeted dumping). Further, Commerce’s Final Scope Ruling neither added nor subtracted products from the scope of these Orders. Compare Countervailing Duty Liquidation Instructions Issued June 2, 2011 at 2,. 4 (June 2, 2011) (“Subject aluminum extrusions may be described at the time of importation as parts for final finished products that are assembled after importation, including, but not limited to, ... curtain walls.... Such parts that otherwise meet the definition of aluminum extrusions are included in the scope.... For imports of aluminum extrusions from the [PRC, Customs] shall resume suspension of liquidation of entries of subject merchandise entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, for consumption on or after [May 19, 2011].”), and Antidumping Duty Liquidation Instructions Issued June 22, 2011 at 2, 4 (June 22, 2011) (“Subject aluminum extrusions may be described at the time of importation as parts for final finished products that are assembled after importation, including, but not limited to, ... curtain walls.... Such parts that otherwise meet the definition of aluminum extrusions are included in the scope.... For imports of aluminum extrusions from the [PRC, Customs] shall resume suspension of liquidation of entries of subject merchandise entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, for consumption on or after [May 19, 2011].”), with Countervailing Duty Liquidation Instructions Issued Jan. 3, 2013 at 1, 2 (“Because the language of the scope of the Order[s] specifically provides that subject aluminum extrusions may be described at the time of importation as parts for final products [including curtain walls] that are assembled after importation[,] ... [c]ontinue to suspend liquidation of entries of aluminum extrusions from the PRC, including curtain wall units and other parts and components of curtain walls, subject to the ... Order[s] on aluminum extrusions from the PRC .... ” (alteration in original)). Therefore, Commerce did not err in the issuance of its instructions to Customs. CONCLUSION Accordingly, because parts for curtain walls are specifically and unambiguously provided for in the Orders, the court finds that Commerce reasonably determined that curtain wall units are included in the scope of the Orders. Additionally, because that conclusion was reasonable, the court also finds that the primary criteria set forth in 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(l) were dispositive, and that there was no need for Commerce to consider the secondary (k)(2) factors. See 19 C.F.R. §§ 351.225(k)(l), (2). Based on the foregoing, it is hereby ORDERED that the Department of Commerce’s Final Scope Ruling is SUSTAINED. Footnotes [1] The operative language in the Orders is identical, and therefore all citations to the Orders will be to the Antidumping Duty Order. See Antidumping Duty Order, 76 Fed. Reg. 30,650. [2] These factors are commonly referred to as the Diversified Products criteria, referencing the case from which they were first derived. Walgreen, 620 F.3d at 1355; Diversified Prods. Corp. v. United States, 6 CIT 155, 162, 572 F.Supp. 883 (1983). These factors have since been reduced to regulation in 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(2). See Walgreen, 620 F.3d at 1355 n. 2 (citation omitted). [3] While a fagade is often thought of as the wall constituting the front of a building, Commerce and the parties use the word to mean any entire exterior wall. See, e.g., Final Scope Ruling at 3; Pis.’ Br. 5-6; Def.-Ints.’ Br. 8. [4] The Orders describe a "finished goods kit" as follows: A finished goods kit is understood to mean a packaged combination of parts that contains, at the time of importation, all of the necessary parts to fully assemble a final finished good and requires no further finishing or fabrication, such as cutting or punching, and is assembled "as is” into a finished product. An imported product will not be considered a "finished goods kit” and therefore excluded from the scope of the investigation merely by including fasteners such as screws, bolts, etc. in the packaging with an aluminum extrusion product. Antidumping Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. at 30,-651. [5] Defendant-intervenors further contend that "Commerce [had] already addressed Yuanda’s unitized curtain wall 'kits’, which include ‘its unitized curtain wall product and the product[']s assorted parts' during the investigation and found [that] they did not qualify for the exclusion.” Def.-Ints.’ Br. 33 (citing Investigations Mem. at 4, 11-12). Commerce made a preliminary finding in 2010, in response to a request by plaintiff Yuanda, that curtain wall units and assorted curtain wall parts did not qualify for the "finished goods kit” exception, and were subject to the Orders. Investigations Mem. at 4, 11-12. Moreover, in its Investigations Memo, Commerce noted that Yuanda "ha[d] in fact stipulated that its components d[id] not enter as complete kits as defined by the scope of these investigations.” Investigations Mem. at 11. *1301 It is apparent, however, that this finding was not made in the context of the consideration of the Amended Scope Request, and was made only with respect to plaintiff Yuanda’s product. Further, while Yuanda may have stipulated that “its components d[id] not enter as complete kits as defined by the scope of these investigations,” it does not appear that any of the other plaintiffs in this proceeding have done so. Investigations Mem. at 11. [6] The operative language in Commerce's Final Scope Ruling Instructions to Customs is identical, and therefore all citations to the Final Scope Ruling Instructions will be to the Countervailing Duty Liquidation Instructions Issued Jan. 3, 2013. See Countervailing Duty Liquidation Instructions Issued Jan. 3, 2013. [7] Pursuant to regulation, Commerce’s "instructions issued pursuant to an affirmative preliminary determination may not remain in effect for more than four months except [in an antidumping duty investigation,] where exporters representing a significant proportion of exports of the subject merchandise request the Department to extend that four-month period to no more than six months.” Anti-dumping Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. at 30,652 (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1673b(d)(3) (2006)); see 19 U.S.C. § 1673b(d)(3); 19 U.S.C. § 1671b(d)(3) (2006). In the antidumping duty investigation, the preliminary determination was published on November 12, 2010, and the four-month period was extended. Antidumping Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. at 30,652. Thus, the six-month period beginning on the date of publication of the preliminary determination concluded on May 11, 2011. Antidumping Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. at 30,652. In- accordance with 19 U.S.C. § 1673b(d)(3), Commerce instructed Customs to terminate the suspension of liquidation and to liquidate all entries of aluminum extrusions from the PRC entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, for consumption after May 11, 2011 (the date that the six-month period expired), and through the day preceding the date of publication of the ITC’s final injury determination in the Federal Register, at which time suspension of liquidation would resume. Antidumping Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. at 30,652 (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1673b(d)(3)). In the countervailing duty investigation, the Department published its preliminary determination on September 7, 2010, and instructed Customs to suspend liquidation of all entries of subject merchandise entered or withdrawn from warehouse, for consumption, on or after that date. Countervailing *1305 Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. at 30,654. In accordance with 19 U.S.C. § 1671b(d)(3), the Department terminated suspension of liquidation effective January 6, 2011, after the four-month provisional remedy expired. Countervailing Duty Order, 76 Fed.Reg. at 30,655 (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1671b(d)(3)).