Shah Bros., Inc. v. United States

OPINION AND ORDER POGUE, Senior Judge: In this action, Plaintiff Shah Bros., Inc.. (“Shah Bros.”) — the prevailing party 1 — ■ *1350 was previously awarded, pursuant to the Equal Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d) (2012) (“EAJA”), compensation for attorneys’ fees and expenses that it had reasonably incurred. 2 Shah Bros, now seeks a supplemental award of the additional attorneys’ fees it incurred while litigating its EAJA application (the “fee litigation”). 3 Because Plaintiff is entitled to recover attorney fees for work reasonably expended to obtain the amount previously awarded, Plaintiffs motion is granted in part. The supplemental award is reduced to reflect excess hours and the extent of Plaintiffs success in the fee litigation. DISCUSSION The prevailing party in a civil action brought by or against the United States is entitled to an award of the attorneys’ fees and other expenses incurred by that party in such action, “unless the court finds that the position of the United States was substantially justified or that special circumstances make an award unjust.” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d). Here, previous rulings have established that Plaintiff was the prevailing party in this civil action against the United States, and the position of the Government that gave rise to this litigation was not substantially justified. 4 This “single finding that the Government’s position lacks substantial justification, like the determination that a claimant is a ‘prevailing party,’ ... operates as a one-time threshold for fee eligibility,” 5 such that “absent unreasonably dilatory conduct by the prevailing party in any portion of the litigation, which would justify denying fees for that portion, a fee award presumptively encompasses all aspects of the civil action,” including the fee litigation. 6 Accordingly, Shah Bros, is entitled to an EAJA award that includes compensation for the *1351 fee litigation. The next question before the court is therefore the appropriate magnitude of such award. As a threshold matter, the EAJA entitles the Plaintiff to compensation only for work that was “reasonably expended.” 7 In this regard, the Government argues that certain entries contained in Plaintiffs itemized fee litigation bill 8 are non-com-pensable. 9 Specifically, the Government contests entries that reflect 1) a junior attorney working together with a senior attorney; 2) work on unfiled motions; 3) performance of more than one task; and 4) preparation of the supplemental EAJA application. 10 Each argument is addressed in turn. First, the Government’s objection to the reasonableness of work performed by a junior and senior attorney working together 11 is unpersuasive. Indeed “it is the rule rather than the exception to have a junior and senior attorney working together on a matter,” 12 and nothing suggests any inappropriate duplication of effort here. On the other hand, the Government is correct that no EAJA fees are recoverable for unfiled motions, and that this is the law of the case. 13 *1352 Accordingly, time spent working on unfiled motions 14 shall be excluded from Plaintiffs EAJA award. With regard to the billing entries reflecting performance of more than one task, 15 the particular entries at issue here are not so devoid of specificity, and the billing time blocks .are not so large, as to obscure the reasonableness of the work performed. 16 Only two of Plaintiffs supplemental billing entries exceed 3 hours, 17 most contain no more than two separate (though often related) tasks, and each entry reflects work reasonably expended when the time billed is considered to have been divided evenly among the tasks listed therein. 18 Finally, with regard to Plaintiffs claim for compensation for time spent preparing the supplemental EAJA application, the Government argues that such work is non-compensable because “[a]llowing Plaintiff to continue to request fees for work performed on supplemental applications would permit a never-ending cycle of EAJA fee requests.” 19 But “a fee award *1353 presumptively encompasses all aspects of the civil action” (absent unreasonably dilatory conduct by the prevailing party), 20 including those aspects related to the compensation to which the prevailing party is entitled. 21 And compensating Plaintiff for time spent in preparing the supplemental EAJA application would not “permit a never-ending cycle of EAJA fee requests” because, as Plaintiff is not permitted any further briefing on this matter, no further work remains to be compensated. But determining which of Plaintiffs fee litigation hours were reasonably expended does not end the inquiry. Because the court must “consider the relationship between the amount of the fee awarded and the results obtained,” fee litigation awards should reflect the extent to which the applicant was ultimately successful in such litigation. 22 Thus where (as here) the Government’s challenge to Plaintiffs EAJA application resulted in the court’s recalculating and reducing the amount of the award initially sought, 23 the subsequent fee litigation award should generally reflect a reduction reasonably proportionate to the applicant’s degree of success. 24 *1354 Here, the fee litigation proceeded, at least in part, because Plaintiffs EAJA application was overly broad. In its opposition, the Government correctly identified numerous entries in Plaintiffs itemized fee bill that were either not compensable under the EAJA at all, or else not compensa-ble at the claimed hourly rates. 25 As a result of the Government’s opposition and the ensuing fee litigation, approximately 11 percent of the attorney hours Plaintiff initially claimed were found to be non-com-pensable. 26 Accordingly, the hours reasonably and unambiguously expended to litigate Plaintiffs contested fee application (as documented in Plaintiffs supplemental fee bill, excluding the 2.5 hours spent on unfiled motions, as discussed above) shall be reduced by 11 percent, to reflect the degree of success obtained by Plaintiff in the fee litigation. 27 *1355 Accordingly, for all of the foregoing reasons, the 2.5 hours spent on unfiled motions shall be deducted as non-compensa-ble from the 59 fee litigation hours claimed in Plaintiffs supplemental EAJA application, 28 and the remaining 56.5 compensable hours shall be reduced by 11 percent, to reflect the degree of success actually obtained in the fee litigation. The remaining 50.5 compensable hours shall be compensated at the rate of $125 per hour, in accordance with the law of the case. 29 CONCLUSION For the reasons provided above, Plaintiffs EAJA award in this case 30 shall be supplemented with an additional $6,312.50. 31 Therefore, Defendant shall pay the Plaintiff a total of $223,636.79 in compensation for attorneys’ fees, expenses, and costs reasonably incurred in this action. It is SO ORDERED. Footnotes [1] See Shah Bros., Inc. v. United States, - CIT -, 953 F.Supp.2d 1328, 1332 (2013) (granting Defendant’s motion to confess judgment in favor of Shah Bros, and explaining that "the Government has agreed to provide all the relief that is legally available to Shah Bros. — by reliquidating the merchandise in question at the tariff and tax rates claimed in the amended complaint”); Judgment & Order, ECF No. 91 (entering judgment for Shah *1350 Bros, and ordering U.S. Customs and Border Protection to reclassify the merchandise at issue as requested by Shah Bros.). [2] Shah Bros., Inc. v. United States, - CIT -, 9 F.Supp.3d 1402, 1409 (2014) ("Shah Bros. EAJA Litig.") (holding that Plaintiff Shah Bros, is entitled to a fees and expenses award pursuant to the EAJA “because Shah Bros, is the prevailing party in this civil action brought against the United States; because the United States has not shown that the agency action upon which this civil action is based — i.e., the denial of Shah Bros.’ classification protest after confession of judgment in [a prior action concerning materially-identical merchandise, imported by the same importer shortly prior to this litigation] — was substantially justified; and because the Government has not shown that special circumstances exist in this case that would make a fee award unjust”) (quotation marks and citations omitted); see id. at 1406 (discussing the legal framework for EAJA awards). Familiarity with the facts and procedural posture of this case is presumed. [3] Pl.'s Supplemental Appl. for Att'y Fees Under the [EAJA], ECF No. 108. [4] Shah Bros. EAJA Litig., - CIT at -, 9 F.Supp.3d at 1407-08, 1409 & n. 13. [5] Comm'r, INS v. Jean, 496 U.S. 154, 160, 110 S.Ct. 2316, 110 L.Ed.2d 134 (1990). [6] Id. at 161, 110 S.Ct. 2316 (emphasis added, quotation marks and footnote omitted); see also id. at 162, 110 S.Ct. 2316 (“Denying attorneys' fees for time spent in obtaining them would dilute the value of a fees award by forcing attorneys into extensive, uncompensated litigation in order to gain any fees ....”) (alteration, quotation marks, and citation omitted); id. at 164, 110 S.Ct. 2316 ("If the Government could impose the cost of fee litigation on prevailing parties by asserting a 'substantially justified’ defense to fee applications, the financial deterrent that the EAJA aims to eliminate would be resurrected."); cf. Scarborough v. Principi, 541 U.S. 401, 407, 124 S.Ct. 1856, 158 L.Ed.2d 674 (2004) (“Congress’ aim, in [enacting the EAJA], was 'to ensure that certain individuals, partnerships, corporations ... or other organizations will not be deterred from seeking review of, or defending against, unjustified governmental action because of the expense involved.’ ”) (quoting H.R.Rep. No. 99-120, at 4 (1985)). [7] Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983) ("The district court ... should exclude from [the] fee calculation hours that were not 'reasonably expended,’ ... [such as] hours that are excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.”) (quoting S.Rep. No. 94-1011, at 6 (1976)); Copeland v. Marshall, 641 F.2d 880, 891 (D.C.Cir.1980) (en banc) ("Any fee-setting inquiry begins with the 'lodestar': the number of hours reasonably expended multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate.... Compiling raw totals of hours spent, however, does not complete the inquiry. It does not follow that the amount of time actually expended is the amount of time reasonably expended.”) (emphasis in original). [8] See Ex. A (supplemental EAJA application and itemized fee bill) to Decl. of Elon A. Pollack, ECF No. 108 ("Pl.’s Suppl. Fee Bill ”). [9] Def.’s Resp. to PL’s Supplemental Appl. for Att’y Fees Under the [EAJA], ECF No. 109 ("Def.’s Opp'n”) at 2-5. [10] Id. [11] See Def.’s Opp'n, ECF No. 109, at 3-4 (challenging entries billing for “KO” and “EAP” working together); Shah Bros. EAJA Litig., - CIT at -, 9 F.Supp.3d at 1411 n. 21 (noting that "KO” was the most junior attorney on the team, whereas “EAP” was the most senior attorney). [12] Former Emps. of BMC Software, Inc. v. U.S. Sec’y of Labor, 31 CIT 1600, 1649, 519 F.Supp.2d 1291, 1334 (2007) (quoting Ross v. Saltmarsh, 521 F.Supp. 753, 760 n. 35 (S.D.N.Y.1981), aff'd, 688 F.2d 816 (2d Cir.1982)); Ross, 521 F.Supp. at 760 (noting that "this arrangement is the normal partner/associate or senior associate/junior associate working relationship in most legal firms”). [13] Shah Bros. EAJA Litig., - CIT at -, 9 F.Supp.3d at 1413 (accepting the Government’s challenge to, inter alia, EAJA compensation for work on unfiled motions, for the reasons provided in the Government's annotations to Plaintiff's initial itemized fee bill); Ex. 5 (Plaintiff’s itemized fee bill, annotated to reflect hours and rates contested by the Government) to Def.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Pl.’s Appl. for Att’ys Fees & Expenses Under the [EAJA], ECF Nos. 96-2 & 96-3 ("Def.’s Initial Objections ”), at 42 (challenging entries reflecting work on unfiled motions) (citing Gibson v. Colvin, No. 4:03-cv-90, 2013 WL 2422611 (S.D.Ga. June 3, 2013)); Gibson, 2013 WL 2422611 at *4 ("Unfiled motions, whether or not unfiled because of strategic judgments by counsel, cannot be compensated. They represent miscalculation by counsel and ... mistakes will not be compensated under the EAJA.”) (citing Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437, 103 S.Ct. 1933 (cautioning that counsel must use billing judgment in hours worked)); see Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434, 103 S.Ct. 1933 (quoting Copeland, 641 F.2d at 891 ("In the private sector, 'billing judgment’ is an important component in fee setting.... Hours that are not properly billed to one’s client also are not properly billed to one’s adversary pursuant to statutory authority.”) (emphasis in original)). [14] See Def.'s Opp’n, ECF No. 109, at 4 (identifying entry numbers 56, 57, 58, and 61 as pertaining to unfiled motions (as numbered in the Government’s annotated reproduction of the Plaintiff's itemized supplemental fee bill)); Ex. 1 (Plaintiff’s itemized supplementary fee bill, annotated to reflect the Government’s itemized objections) to Def.’s Opp’n, ECF No. 109-1 ("Def.’s Annotated Fee Bill") at 5 (showing entry numbers 56, 57, 58, and 61— comprising 2.5 hours in total — as pertaining to unfiled motions). [15] See Def.’s Opp’n, ECF No. 109, at 4 (challenging billing entries ''attributed to more than one billing event”). [16] Cf. Harolds Stores, Inc. v. Dillard Dep’t Stores, Inc., 82 F.3d 1533, 1554 n. 15 (10th Cir.1996) (" ‘Block billing' refers to the timekeeping method by which each lawyer and legal assistant enters the total daily time spent working on a case, rather than itemizing the time expended on specific tasks.”); Wise v. Kelly, 620 F.Supp.2d 435, 450 (S.D.N.Y.2008) ("Although not prohibited, block-billing [sometimes] makes it exceedingly difficult for courts to assess the reasonableness of the hours billed.”) (quotation marks and citations omitted). [17] Cf., e.g., Noel v. Hall, No. 3:99-cv-00649-AC, 2013 WL 5376542, at *6 (D.Or. Sept. 24, 2013) (permitting block-billed entries under three hours because, "[although cautioning against this practice, the court may excuse this method when the billing period is no more than three hours”) (quoting Sterling Savings Bank v. Sequoia Crossing, LLC, Civ. No. 09-555-AC, 2010 WL 3210855, at *5 (D.Or. Aug. 11, 2010) ("[W]hile billing periods of three hours or more may be subject to exclusion, the court is more lenient with smaller blocks of time, which it may divide by the total number of included tasks in order to find the length of time required for each individual task.”) (citation omitted)). Here, Plaintiff's supplemental fee bill contains two entries comprising four-hour increments, each of which lists two arguably related tasks. See Def.’s Annotated Fee Bill, ECF No. 109-1, at 4 (entry nos. 40 and 42) (billing 4 hours each for “Review Libas case; continue preparing submission” and "Discuss issues with EAP; continue preparing submission,” respectively). [18] See, e.g., Def.'s Annotated Fee Bill, ECF No. 109-1, at 1 (entry no. 7) (billing 0.50 hours for "[cjorrespondence with Rebecca Demb re: court conference; discuss same with KO”); id. at 2 (entry no. 12) (billing 1.75 hours for "[d]iscuss[ing] fee application with EAP re: conference with the court; review brief”); id. (entry no. 14) (billing 2.25 hours for "researching] case law cited in opposition; drafting] notes for teleconference”); id. (entry no. 19) (billing 2.25 hours for "[preparing] for court conference; conferencing] with Department of Justice and court re: fee award; reviewing] billing documents with KO and formulating] settlement strategy”); id. at 4 (entry no. 47) (billing 1.50 hours for "[r]eview[ing] final submission; reviewing] government submission; adjusting] submission based on government response”). [19] Def.’s Opp’n, ECF No. 109, at 5 (quoting Belcher v. Astrue, No. 1:09cv1234 DLB, 2011 WL 3847181, at *2 (E.D.Cal. Aug. 30, 2011), *1353 rev’d in part on other grounds, 522 Fed.Appx. 401 (9th Cir.2013)). [20] Jean, 496 U.S. at 161, 110 S.Ct. 2316 (emphasis added). [21] Id.; id. at 162, 110 S.Ct. 2316 (quoting Sullivan v. Hudson, 490 U.S. 877, 888, 109 S.Ct. 2248, 104 L.Ed.2d 941 (1989) ("[Where proceedings axe] necessary to the attainment of the results Congress sought to promote by providing for fees, they should be considered part and parcel of the action for which fees may be awarded.”)); id. at 166, 110 S.Ct. 2316 ("The purpose and legislative history of the statute reinforce our conclusion that Congress intended the EAJA to cover the cost of all phases of successful civil litigation addressed by the statute.”). [22] Jean, 496 U.S. at 163 n. 10, 110 S.Ct. 2316 (relying on Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437, 103 S.Ct. 1933); see also Wagner v. Shinseki, 640 F.3d 1255, 1260 (Fed.Cir.2011) (“Courts should look to the framework established in Hensley when calculating an appropriate supplemental fee award.”) (citing Hensley, 461 U.S. at 435-39, 103 S.Ct. 1933; Jean, 496 U.S. at 161-63, 110 S.Ct. 2316); Hensley, 461 U.S. at 436, 103 S.Ct. 1933 ("[T]he njost critical factor [in calculating a fee awqrd] is the degree of success obtained.”); cf. Wagner, 640 F.3d at 1260 n. 3 (explaining that "[a]lthough Hensley involved the award of fees under the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Act of 1976, 42 U.S.C. § 1988, the standards set forth for awarding attorney fees 'are generally applicable in all cases in which Congress has authorized an award of fees to a "prevailing party,” ' ” and that “[furthermore, although , Hensley involved an initial fee application, the fee guidelines it provides are applicable to supplemental fee applications as well”) (quoting Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433 n. 7, 103 S.Ct. 1933, and citing Jean, 496 U.S. at 161-63, 110 S.Ct. 2316). [23] See Shah Bros. EAJA Litig., - CIT at -, 9 F.Supp.3d at 1411-13 (awarding fees pursuant to the EAJA but reducing both the hourly rates and the total number of hours initially requested by the applicant). [24] Cf. Jean, 496 U.S. at 163 n. 10, 110 S.Ct. 2316 ("For example, if the Government's challenge to a requested rate for paralegal time resulted in the court’s recalculating and reducing the award for paralegal time from the requested amount, then the applicant should not receive fees for the time spent defending the higher rate.”); Wagner, 640 F.3d at 1260 ("Because Hensley requires a court to calibrate the amount of attorney fees to the degree of success a claimant has achieved, it is generally appropriate to make an award of supplemental fees that is commensurate with the degree of success obtained on the original fee application.”) (citing, inter alia, Schwarz v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 73 F.3d 895, 909 (9th Cir.1995) (affirming 50 percent reduction to supplemental fee request where the applicant had obtained approximately 50 percent of the fees claimed in her initial fee application); Thompson v. Gomez, 45 F.3d 1365, 1367-69 (9th Cir.1995) (affirming 13 percent reduction to supplemental fee request where the applicants had received 87 percent of the fees claimed in their initial fee application); Har *1354 ris v. McCarthy, 790 F.2d 753, 758-59 (9th Cir.1986) (affirming 88.5 percent reduction to supplemental fee request where the applicants had obtained only 11.5 percent of the fees claimed in their initial fee application); Institutionalized Juveniles v. Sec’y of Pub. Welfare, 758 F.2d 897, 924-25 (3d Cir.1985) (affirming 12.5 percent reduction to supplemental fee request where the claimants did not obtain complete success on their original fee application); Mercer v. Duke Univ., 301 F.Supp.2d 454, 470 (M.D.N.C.2004) (reducing supplemental fee award by 20 percent because the initial fee request was reduced by 20 percent), aff'd, 401 F.3d 199 (4th Cir.2005)). [25] Shah Bros. EAJA Litig., - CIT at -, 9 F.Supp.3d at 1413 (“[T]he Government correctly identified the entries in Plaintiff’s itemized attorneys’ bill that are not compensable by an EAJA fee award in this case because they were related to an unsuccessful separate claim; involved work not reasonably related to the case; involved unreasonably vague time entries; involved clerical work billed at attorney rates; reflected overstaffing or dupli-cative work; involved work on unfiled motions; and involved unnecessary work protracting the litigation.”) (citation omitted). [26] Plaintiff submitted an itemized bill seeking compensation for 729.5 hours and was granted an award reflecting 650 hours. See Ex. A (Plaintiff's initial itemized fee bill) to Deck of Elon A. Pollack, ECF No. 93-2, at 50; Shah Bros. EAJA Litig., - CIT at -, 9 F.Supp.3d at 1413 (granting all of the Government’s suggested reductions to the number of compensable hours claimed in Plaintiff’s EAJA application); Def.’s Initial Objections, ECF Nos. 96-2 & 96-3 (objecting to a total of 79.5 hours claimed in Plaintiff’s itemized fee bill as non-compensable). [27] The Government points out that "[t]he difference between the fees that plaintiff originally requested ($311,330.00), and the fees that plaintiff obtained following [the decision in Shah Bros. EAJA Litig., - CIT -, 9 F.Supp.3d 1402] ($206,737.00), amounts to a 33% reduction of its original request,” Def.'s Opp'n, ECF No. 109, at 5-6, and argues that “any supplemental fee recovery should be similarly reduced.” Id. at 6. But the 33 percent reduction reflects a reduction of both the number of hours claimed and the claimed hourly rates, whereas the magnitude of Plaintiff’s degree of success in the fee litigation is better reflected by the reduction to the claimed number of compensable hours, which was based on the clear over-reach contained in the EAJA application, rather than the court's cap on the claimed hourly rates, which reflected merely a slight modification to Plaintiff’s largely reasonable claim. Compare Shah Bros. EAJA Litig., — CIT at , 9 F.Supp.3d at 1413 (accepting all of the Government’s challenges to non-compensable hours contained in the Plaintiff's initial EAJA application), with id. at 1411 (accepting the Plaintiffs claim to a special factor enhancement of the statutory cap on the compensable hourly rate); id. (noting that evidence submitted by Shah Bros, corroborates the Plaintiff's claim that its hourly rates were “within the range of rates customarily charged for legal work in this field,” and noting also that the Government submitted no contradictory evidence); id. at 1412 (granting the Plaintiff compensation at hourly rates significantly above the rates suggested by the Government); see Def.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Pl.’s Appl. for Att’ys Fees & Expenses Under the [EAJA], ECF No. 96, at 13-15 (arguing that Plaintiff should not be compensated at rates above $125 per hour); id. at 14 (arguing, in the alternative, that Plaintiff’s hourly rates should *1355 be capped at $300 per hour). Cf. Jean, 496 U.S. at 163, 110 S.Ct. 2316 ("[A] district court will always retain substantial discretion in fixing the amount of an EAJA award.”); Wagner, 640 F.3d at 1261 (“To be sure, a court has broad discretion in awarding attorney fees, and is not bound, in all cases, to make an award of supplemental fees that is [exactly] proportionate to the degree of success obtained on the original EAJA application.”) (citing Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437, 103 S.Ct. 1933). Moreover, the rates to be awarded for the additional fee litigation hours reflect only the basic statutory cap. See infra note 29 and accompanying text. [28] PL's Suppl. Fee Bill, ECF No. 108, at 5 (showing total number of hours claimed). [29] Shah Bros. EAJA Litig., - CIT at -, 9 F.Supp.3d at 1413 n. 32. [30] See Shah Bros. EAJA Litig., - CIT at -, 9 F.Supp.3d at 1414 (awarding costs and expenses in the uncontested amount of $10,586.79, and ordering the parties to submit a joint calculation for the attorneys’ fees total, in accordance with the compensable hours and rates specified in the court's opinion); Parties’ Joint Statement of Amount of Fees to be Awarded to PI. Pursuant to Ct.’s Order, ECF No. 107 ("In accordance with the Court's Opinion and Order dated September 18, 2014 (Slip Op. 14-109), Plaintiff and Defendant hereby submit that Shah Brothers is entitled to a fee award in the amount of $206,737.50.”). [31] 50.5 compensable hours at $125 per hour.