Van Buren County Education Ass'n & Decatur Educational Support Personnel Ass'n v. Decatur Public Schools

Per CURIAM. Charging parties, Van Burén County Education Association and Decatur Educational Support Personnel Association, MEA/NEA, appeal as of right the January 21, 2014 decision of the Michigan Employment Relations Commission (MERC) dismissing two unfair labor practice charges against respondent, Decatur Public Schools. We affirm. I. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY A. PA 152 The facts in this case are largely undisputed and involve Van Burén County Education Association (VBCEA), a bargaining unit for teachers in Van Burén County, Decatur Educational Support Personnel Association (DESPA), a bargaining unit for support personnel, and the Decatur Public Schools. This case involves a public employer’s contributions to its employees’ health insurance costs, and whether the employer has a duty to bargain with its employees’ *633 representatives with regard to the method of calculating the limits imposed on its contributions to employees’ health care costs under 2011 PA 152 (PA 152), the Publicly Funded Health Insurance Contribution Act, MCL 15.561 et seq. 1 PA 152 was effective on September 27, ,2011. The act places limits on the maximum amount that a public employer can contribute to medical benefit plans for its employees or elected public officials. Among other matters, PA 152 provided what the parties refer to as “hard caps” for contributions to medical benefit plans for respondent’s employees. Section 3 of the act provides in relevant part: Except as otherwise provided in this act, a public employer that offers or contributes to a medical benefit plan for its employees or elected public officials shall pay no more of the annual costs or illustrative rate and any payments for reimbursement of co-pays, deductibles, or payments into health savings accounts, flexible spending accounts, or similar accounts used for health care costs, than a total amount equal to $5,500.00 times the number of employees and elected public officials with single-person coverage, $11,000.00 times the number of employees and elected public officials with individual-and-spouse coverage or individual-plus-l-nonspousedependent coverage, plus $15,000.00 times the number of employees and elected public officials with family coverage, for a medical benefit plan coverage year beginning on or after January 1, 2012. [MCL 15.563(1).] In addition to the hard-caps option set forth in Section 3, a public employer, excluding the state, could elect to comply, “[b]y majority vote of its governing body,” with Section 4 of PA 152. MCL 15.564(1). The option in Section 4 provides that a public employer *634 “shall pay not more than 80% of the total annual costs of all of the medical benefit plans it offers or contributes to for its employees and elected public officials.” MCL 15.564(2). Thus, subject to certain exemptions set forth in Section 8 that are not applicable to the instant matter, 2 PA 152 gave a public employer two options for contributing to the costs of medical benefit plans for its employees. In enacting PA 152, the Legislature recognized that medical benefit plans may have been subject to existing collective bargaining agreements (CBAs), and it grandfathered in a public employer’s contributions to medical benefit plans under existing CBAs. Nonetheless, PA 152 mandated compliance with the act for any CBAs negotiated on or after September 27, 2011, the effective date of PA 152. Collective bargaining agreements in effect on September 27, 2011, remained in effect until their expiration. In this regard, Section 5 of PA 152 provides: (1) If a collective bargaining agreement or other contract that is inconsistent with sections 3 and 4 is in effect for 1 or more employees of a public employer on September 27, 2011, the requirements of section 3 or 4 do not apply to an employee covered by that contract until the contract expire s. A public employer’s expenditures for medical benefit plans under a collective bargaining agreement or other contract described in this subsection shall be excluded from calculation of the public employer’s maximum payment under section 4. The requirements of sections 3 and 4 apply to any extension or renewal of the contract. (2) A collective bargaining agreement or other contract that is executed on or after September 27, 2011 shall not include terms that are inconsistent with the requirements of sections 3 and 4. [MCL 15.565 (emphasis added).] *635 Section 9 of the act contains a penalty for failure to comply with the contributions limit: If a public employer fails to comply with this act, the public employer shall permit the state treasurer to reduce by 10% each economic vitality incentive program payment received under 2011 PA 63 and the department of education shall assess the public employer a penalty equal to 10% of each payment of any funds for which the public employer qualifies under the state school aid act of 1979, 1979 PA 94, MCL 388.1601 to [MCL] 388.1772, during the period that the public employer fails to comply with this act. Any reduction setoff or penalty amounts recovered shall be returned to the fund from which the reduction is assessed or upon which the penalty is determined. The department of education may also refer the penalty collection to the department of treasury for collection consistent with section 13 of 1941 PA 122, MCL 205.13. [MCL 15.569.] B. UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICE CHARGE BY VBCEA Charging party VBCEA and respondent were parties to a CBA that became effective on July 1,2011, and expired on June 30, 2012. On or about May 14, 2012, before the first bargaining session on the new CBA, superintendent Elizabeth Godwin sent a memorandum to VBCEA members regarding their insurance premiums for the upcoming school year. The memorandum indicated that effective July 1, 2012, the day after the then-current CBA expired, respondent intended to implement a hard cap 3 on its contributions as set forth in PA 152. Godwin also sent letters to VBCEA members regarding the deductions that would be taken from their last paychecks in June 2012 that would be necessary to cover those members’ increased health care contributions. *636 On or about May 22, 2012, respondent and VBCEA held their first bargaining session for the new CBA. According to Godwin’s affidavit, which the charging parties did not refute, respondent and VBCEA began to negotiate at this session, among other matters, the hard-cap option chosen by respondent. Although the parties met and bargained, they did not reach an agreement, and respondent proceeded with implementing the hard caps on health care costs. On June 29, 2012, VBCEA filed an unfair labor practice charge against respondent, alleging that health insurance benefits were a mandatory subject of collective bargaining under the Public Employee Relations Act (PERA). See MCL 423.215(1). VBCEA also alleged that respondent had a duty to maintain the terms and conditions of the existing CBA until the parties either reached a successor agreement or an impasse. VBCEA contended that respondent implemented the hard-cap limits with no meaningful bargaining, in violation of PERA. VBCEA requested that respondent be found in violation of PERA for refusing to bargain and that insurance coverage contribution amounts be returned to the amounts that existed under the expired CBA until the parties reached either a successor agreement or an impasse. C. UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICE CHARGE BY DESPA Respondent and charging party DESPA were parties to a collective bargaining agreement that took effect on November 14, 2011, and expired on June 30, 2012. In May 2012, respondent, just as it had done with VBCEA, sent notices to DESPA members regarding increased insurance costs associated with respondent’s decision to implement the hard-cap limits set forth in *637 PA 152. At that time, respondent and DESPA had not yet scheduled their first bargaining session for a new CBA, nor had DESPA requested bargaining. In response to the memorandum indicating respondent’s choice of the hard-cap limits and the increased deductions associated with the hard-cap limits, DESPA filed an unfair labor practice charge against respondent that was virtually identical to the charge filed by VBCEA. D. AGENCY PROCEEDINGS On December 20, 2012, the parties presented arguments to an administrative law judge (ALJ), who issued a decision and recommended order dismissing the unfair labor practice charges. Recognizing that there is a mandatory duty to bargain over health insurance benefits under PERA, the ALJ agreed with the charging parties’ contentions that there was a duty to bargain over the employer’s choice of implementing the hard caps in MCL 15.563 or the 80% contribution plan (80/20 plan) in MCL 15.564, but nevertheless found that respondent did not violate its duty to bargain in this case. First, as to DESPA, the ALJ found, based on unrebutted evidence, that DESPA never requested bargaining; therefore, respondent could not have violated a duty to bargain with regard to DESPA. Second, as to VBCEA, which did request bargaining, the ALJ found that the expiration of an existing CBA amounted to a “statutorily imposed impasse” under PA 152, and permitted respondent to take unilateral action in implementing the hard-caps plan. Therefore, respondent’s actions were permitted under PERA, and there was no merit to VBCEA’s unfair labor practice charge. *638 The charging parties and respondent filed exceptions to the ALJ’s findings, and the matter was reviewed by MERC. On January 21, 2014, MERC issued a decision and order in which it dismissed the charges filed by the charging parties. Turning first to the charge filed by DESPA, MERC found that, regardless whether there was a duty to bargain over the implementation of hard caps or the 80/20 plan, the charge was without merit. In so finding, MERC noted that DESPA did not assert that it demanded bargaining, nor did the record contain any such demand. Even assuming a duty to bargain, there was, reasoned MERC, no requirement for the employer to initiate bargaining. Instead, an employer’s duty to bargain under PERA is conditioned on a demand for bargaining by the union. Next, turning to the charge filed by VBCEA, MERC found that there was no conflict between PA 152 and PERA’s bargaining mandates, and it further concluded that respondent had no duty to bargain on its choice between the hard-caps option and the 80/20 plan. MERC also rejected the charging parties’ contention that respondent was not required to implement the mandates of PA 152 immediately after the expiration of an existing CBA. The charging parties appealed as of right MERC’s decision and order. II. STANDARD OF REVIEW “The MERC is the sole state agency charged with the interpretation and enforcement of [the] highly specialized and politically sensitive field” of public sector labor law. Kent Co Deputy Sheriffs’ Ass’n v Kent Co Sheriff, 238 Mich App 310, 313; 605 NW2d 363 (1999), aff'd 463 Mich 353 (2000). *639 We review MERC decisions pursuant to Const 1963, art 6, § 28, and MCL 423.216(e). MERC’s findings of fact are conclusive if they are supported by competent, material, and substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole. MERC’s legal determinations may not be disturbed unless they violate a constitutional or statutory provision or they are based on a substantial and material error of law. In contrast to 0 MERC’s factual findings, its legal rulings are afforded a lesser degree of deference because review of legal questions remains de novo, even in MERC cases. [Branch Co Bd of Comm’rs v Int’l Union, United Auto, Aerospace & Agricultural Implement Workers of America, UAW, 260 Mich App 189,192-193; 677 NW2d 333 (2003) (citations and quotation marks omitted; alteration in original).] Resolution of the issues raised in this case involve statutory interpretation, which this Court ordinarily reviews de novo. Krohn v Home-Owners Ins Co, 490 Mich 145, 155; 802 NW2d 281 (2011); Detroit Pub Sch v Conn, 308 Mich App 234, 242; 863 NW2d 373 (2014). While review is de novo, appellate courts give respectful consideration to MERC’s interpretation of a statute. In re Complaint of Rovas Against SBC Michigan, 482 Mich 90, 97, 103; 754 NW2d 259 (2008). However, the agency’s interpretation is not binding on this Court, and the agency’s interpretation “cannot conflict with the Legislature’s intent as expressed in the language of the statute at issue.” In re Complaint of Rovas, 482 Mich at 103. III. ANALYSIS We are first asked to consider whether PERA and PA 152 conflict and whether an employer has a duty to bargain over the decision to implement the hard-caps option or the 80/20 plan. In making this determination, we recognize that “an appellate court’s first duty is to harmonize, if possible, apparently conflicting legisla *640 tive enactments in order to carry out the Legislature’s intent to the fullest extent possible.” St Clair Co Ed Ass’n v St Clair Co Intermediate Sch Dist, 245 Mich App 498, 518; 630 NW2d 909 (2001). A. PERA “The PERA governs the relationship between public employees and governmental agencies.” Macomb Co v AFSCME Council 25, 494 Mich 65, 77-78; 833 NW2d 225 (2013). “PERA drastically altered public employee labor relations in Michigan. It represents the Legislature’s intent to assure [] public employees of protection against unfair labor practices, and of remedial access to a state-level administrative agency with special expertise in statutory unfair labor practice matters.” Id. at 78 (citations and quotation marks omitted; alteration in original). In the past, this Court and our Supreme Court have held that the provisions of PERA “take precedence over other conflicting laws to ensure uniformity, consistency, and predictability in the critically important and complex field of public sector labor law.” Kent Co Deputy Sheriffs’ Ass’n, 238 Mich App at 313. See also Rockwell v Crestwood Sch Dist Bd of Ed, 393 Mich 616, 630; 227 NW2d 736 (1975) (“The supremacy of the provisions of the PERA is predicated on the Constitution. . . and the apparent legislative intent that the PERA be the governing law for public employee labor relations.”). Pertinent to the case at bar, PERA imposes on public employers a duty to bargain collectively with the representatives of its employees “in good faith with respect to wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment. . . .” MCL 423.215(1). See also AFSCME Local 25 v Wayne Co, 297 Mich App 489, 494; 824 NW2d 271 (2012) (explaining that PERA imposes a *641 duty to bargain collectively upon the expiration of a CBA). Wages, hours, and other conditions of employment, including health insurance benefits, are “mandatory subjects of bargaining.” Ranta v Eaton Rapids Pub Sch Bd of Ed, 271 Mich App 261, 270; 721 NW2d 806 (2006). While a public employer has a duty to bargain, that duty is not implicated absent a request by the employees to enter into negotiations. St Clair Prosecutor v AFSCME, AFL-CIO, St Clair Co Gen Employees Chapter, Local 1518, 425 Mich 204, 242; 388 NW2d 231 (1986). Thus, an employer’s duty to bargain is “expressly condition [ed]” on the employees’ request for bargaining. Local 586, SEIU v Village of Union City, 135 Mich App 553, 557; 355 NW2d 275 (1984). B. CLAIM OF DESPA As an initial matter, because the duty to bargain is expressly conditioned on a request for bargaining from the employees, we find that, even assuming a duty to bargain over the choice between the hard-cap limits and the 80/20 plan, DESPA’s claim is meritless as it is undisputed that DESPA never requested bargaining in this case. See Local 586, SEIU, 135 Mich App at 557. The charging parties do not even challenge this portion of MERC’s decision. c. PA 152 Next, in order to evaluate the issue briefed by the charging parties as it relates to VBCEA, we turn to PA 152. PA 152 exclusively concerns health insurance benefits and provides, for purposes of this case, two different means of capping an employer’s contributions to its employees’ health insurance benefits. The first, set forth in MCL 15.563, establishes the hard-caps option. In MCL 15.564, the Legislature provided a *642 second option — the 80/20 plan — for a public employer’s contributions to its employees’ health care benefits. As was in effect at the time of the charging parties’ unfair labor practice charges, the 80/20 option provided: (1) By a majority vote of its governing body, a public employer, excluding this state, may elect to comply with this section for a medical benefit plan coverage year instead of the requirements in section 3. The designated state official may elect to comply with this section instead of section 3 as to medical benefit plans for state employees and state officers. (2) For medical benefit plan coverage years beginning on or after January 1,2012, a public employer shall pay not more than 80% of the total annual costs of all of the medical benefit plans it offers or contributes to for its employees and elected public officials. For purposes of this subsection, total annual costs includes the premium or illustrative rate of the medical benefit plan and all employer payments for reimbursement of co-pays, deductibles, and payments into health savings accounts, flexible spending accounts, or similar accounts used for health care but does not include beneficiary-paid copayments, coinsurance, deductibles, other out-of-pocket expenses, other service-related fees that are assessed to the coverage beneficiary, or beneficiary payments into health savings accounts, flexible spending accounts, or similar accounts used for health care. Each elected public official who participates in a medical benefit plan offered by a public employer shall be required to pay 20% or more of the total annual costs of that plan. The public employer may allocate the employees’ share of total annual costs of the medical benefit plans among the employees of the public employer as it sees fit. [MCL 15.564.] With a nod toward existing CBAs that were not in compliance with the limitations imposed in Sections 3 and 4, MCL 15.565 clarified that the requirements contained in the statute only applied to new CBAs, those going into effect on or after September 27, 2011, not existing CBAs: *643 (1) If a collective bargaining agreement or other contract that is inconsistent with sections 3 and 4 is in effect for 1 or more employees of a public employer on September 27, 2011, the requirements of section 3 or 4 do not apply to an employee covered by that contract until the contract expires. A public employer’s expenditures for medical benefit plans under a collective bargaining agreement or other contract described in this subsection shall be excluded from calculation of the public employer’s maximum payment under section 4. The requirements of sections 3 and 4 apply to any extension or renewal of the contract. (2) A collective bargaining agreement or other contract that is executed on or after September 27, 2011 shall not include terms that are inconsistent with the requirements of sections 3 and 4. D. DOES PA 152 CONFLICT WITH PERA, AND IS THERE A DUTY TO BARGAIN? “The primary goal of statutory interpretation is to ascertain the legislative intent that may reasonably be inferred from the statutory language. The first step in that determination is to review the language of the statute itself.” Krohn, 490 Mich at 156 (citations and quotation marks omitted). Here, both PA 152 and PERA concern, at least to some degree, the subject of health insurance benefits for public employees. This Court must attempt to construe the statutes so as to avoid a conflict. See St Clair Co Ed Ass’n, 245 Mich App at 518. As noted, in the past, our Supreme Court has held that when PERA conflicts with another statute, PERA, as the predominant law in the field of public employee relations, prevails. See, e.g., Rockwell, 393 Mich at 629. We find that PA 152 and PERA do not conflict and that there is no duty to bargain over the employer’s choice between the hard-cap limits and the 80/20 plan. Initially, the plain language of PA 152 does not give rise *644 to an obligation to bargain with regard to this choice. Notably, MCL 15.563(1) states that a public employer “shall pay no more of the annual costs” than “a total amount equal to” the hard caps set forth in the statute (emphasis added). The word “shall” is a mandatory directive, indicating that the hard-caps option is the default position. See Smitter v Thornapple Twp, 494 Mich 121, 136; 833 NW2d 875 (2013) (“The Legislature’s use of the word ‘shall’ generally indicates a mandatory directive, not a discretionary act.”). As an alternative to the hard-caps requirement, the public employer may, “[b]y majority vote of its governing body,” elect to comply with the 80/20 plan. MCL 15.564(1). Nothing in this language gives rise to the idea that there is a duty to bargain with regard to the choice between hard caps and the 80/20 plan. Rather, the choice is left to the “governing bod/’ of the public employer to decide, by majority vote, if it will depart from the default position of the hard caps. As noted by MERC, this interpretation is buttressed by examination of the repeated references in PA 152 to “total annual costs” of health care contributions and the fact that the limits imposed by the act apply to the total annual costs of contributions for all the employer’s employees and all bargaining groups. The act does not speak of total annual costs for each type of plan chosen by each individual bargaining group; rather, the act speaks only of the total annual costs of contributions for the public employer’s “employees.” See MCL 15.563 and MCL 15.564. This supports the interpretation that an employer is to choose one type of plan for all of its employees, not that the employer is to bargain over the choice of plans with each of its labor groups. In other words, the choice of contribution limits for all employees is left solely to the public employer. *645 Moreover, this result is not in conflict with the collective bargaining mandates of PERA, nor does it remove health insurance benefits from the realm of mandatory bargaining. PERA requires bargaining on certain subjects, including health insurance benefits. PA 152 does not foreclose bargaining on health insurance benefits. Rather, as MERC recognized, PA 152 sets limits on the amount of health insurance benefits a public employer may pay. Nothing in the statute prevents bargaining up to the statutorily imposed limits. Indeed, PA 152 expressly recognized the right of collective bargaining, as it mandated that the limits not take effect until after the expiration of a CBA if the existing CBA contained terms that were inconsistent with the limits prescribed in MCL 15.563 or MCL 15.564. See MCL 15.565(1). Employees may still bargain for health insurance benefits up to the limit imposed by the employer’s choice, whether that limit be in the form of hard caps or the 80/20 plan. For instance, if the employer chooses the hard-caps option, different employee bargaining groups can bargain for the amount that the employer will pay, up to the hard-cap limits. As long as, after negotiations, the employer does not exceed the hard-cap amounts imposed by the statute, the employer remains in compliance with the statute. Examination of the 80/20 plan yields the same result. The 80/20 plan provides that a public employer “shall pay not more than 80% of the total annual costs of all of the medical benefit plans it offers or contributes to for its employees and elected public officials.” MCL 15.564(2). Again, this gives various employee groups the ability to bargain with regard to the total amount, up to a maximum of 80% of costs, that the employer will contribute to that group’s health insurance costs. In sum, the fact that the governing body of *646 the public employer has the discretion to choose the plan that will affect the parameters of bargaining does not conflict with the public employer’s obligation to bargain under PERA. See Detroit Police Officers Ass’n v Detroit, 391 Mich 44, 67-68; 214 NW2d 803 (1974) (“The home rule cities act and PERA can be easily harmonized by reading the home rule cities act to empower a city to set up the procedures for its pension plan in the charter and to leave the substantive terms of the plan to collective negotiation.”). Furthermore, finding a conflict between the statutes on the issue of a public employer’s choice between the hard-caps option and the 80/20 plan would effectively read into PA 152 language that the Legislature did not include. MCL 15.564 only states that the “governing body” of a public employer “may elect to comply with this section....” It does not state that a bargaining unit may force the hand of the governing body to choose the 80/20 plan, or even that a bargaining unit may force the governing body to vote on the choice between the hard-cap limits and the 80/20 plan. Rather, the statute simply states that the governing body “may elect to comply with this section . . . instead of the requirements in section 3.” MCL 15.564(1). This Court should not read into MCL 15.564 words that were not within the intent of the Legislature as derived from the plain language of the statute. See Mich Ed Ass’n v Secretary of State (On Rehearing), 489 Mich 194, 218; 801 NW2d 35 (2011). Our conclusion that there is no conflict between PA 152 and PERA is strengthened by comparing the interaction of PA 152 and PERA in the instant case with cases in which courts have found conflicts between PA 152 and other statutes. Notably, in Rockwell, 393 Mich 616, one of the seminal cases on the su *647 premacy of PERA, there existed a conflict between PERA and the Teachers’ Tenure Act (TTA) that was much more direct and apparent than any alleged conflict in the case at bar. In Rockwell,. a school board and teachers’ union became embattled in a labor dispute that involved teachers’ strikes. Id. at 626. After two strikes, the school board ordered teachers to return to work or submit a letter of resignation; otherwise, their employment would be terminated. Id. at 626-627. More than three-fourths of the teachers neither returned to work nor submitted a letter of resignation, and the school board terminated their positions. Id. at 627. Pertinent to that case, PERA enabled public employers to discipline employees for striking, and if the employer disciplined the employee, the employee was entitled to request a determination whether he violated the provisions of PERA; thus, the determination came after the discipline. Id. at 624. In contrast, the TTA required a hearing before discharge, and directed that discharge could only occur for reasonable and just cause, and only after notice and a hearing. Id. at 625. The dispute in that case concerned whether the procedures in PERA — determination after discipline — or the procedures in the TTA— determination before discipline — controlled. Id. at 628-629. In resolving this issue, our Supreme Court found that the TTA, which was enacted before PERA, could not have been intended to consider labor disputes between school boards and their employees, 4 and that PERA was intended to be the predominant law governing public employee labor relations. Id. at 630. There *648 fore, the Court found that the disciplinary procedures set forth in PERA with regard to teachers who participated in a “concerted” strike should apply rather than those set forth in the TTA, as the disciplinary procedures under the TTA primarily concerned the actions of individual teachers. Id. at 631-632. Similarly, in Detroit Bd of Ed v Parks, 417 Mich 268, 281; 335 NW2d 641 (1983), our Supreme Court found a conflict between the TTA and PERA and refused to read into CBAs entered into under PERA requirements from the TTA concerning the standard for discharge. As a result, the teacher in Parks was precluded from invoking the substantive or procedural provisions of the TTA because PERA controlled in that situation. Id. at 282-283. The instant case is distinguishable from Rockwell and Parks. PA 152 and PERA do not contain conflicting provisions as to collective bargaining rights. Rather, the statutes and their respective mandates can be read without conflict. As noted, PA 152 simply sets limits on the total costs a public employer may contribute toward its employees’ medical benefit plans. The statute gives the employer a choice as to which limits to implement — the hard-caps option or the 80/20 plan. Once the employer makes that choice, nothing prohibits or prevents collective bargaining on the issue of health insurance contributions up to the limits imposed by the statute. Therefore, PA 152 and PERA do not conflict, and can be reconciled with one another. See Wayne Co Prosecutor v Dep’t of Corrections, 451 Mich 569, 577; 548 NW2d 900 (1996) (explaining that when possible, statutes should be construed to avoid conflict and to avoid a finding of repeal by implication). 5 *649 E. IMPOSITION OF HARD CAPS IMMEDIATELY AFTER EXPIRATION OF CBAs Lastly, we address the charging parties’ contention that respondent was not required to implement its choice of the hard-caps option immediately after expiration of the parties’ existing CBAs. The charging parties argue that respondent could have waited until after bargaining to make its choice, and that it had enough time to ensure that the benefits paid were within either the hard-cap limits or the 80/20 plan. The importance of this issue is largely dependent on whether respondent had a duty to bargain with regard to the choice between the hard-cap limits and the 80/20 plan. With no duty to bargain over the implementation of the hard-caps option or the 80/20 plan, nothing prevented respondent from unilaterally implementing the plan on the date the existing CBAs expired. See Grand Rapids Community College Faculty Ass’n v Grand Rapids Community College, 239 Mich App 650, 656-657; 609 NW2d 835 (2000). Moreover, PA 152 is clear that, when an existing CBA expired, a public employer was to comply with the statute. Indeed, the limits imposed by either the hard-caps option or the 80/20 plan came into play at the time the previous CBA expired. See MCL 15.565(1) (explaining that, in the event the public employer and its employees were parties to a CBA, the limits imposed on employer health care contributions “do not apply to an employee covered by that contract until the contract expires” (emphasis added)). The word “until” means *650 “up to the time that or when[.]” Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (2005). 6 Thus, a public employer’s ability to delay implementation of the limits imposed by PA 152 lasted “up to the time that or when” the CBA expired, but no longer. See MCL 15.565(1). There is no language in the statute indicating that an employer is allowed to delay implementation of the hard-caps option or the 80/20 plan. And PERA, in MCL 423.215b(l), is clear that the employee is required to bear the increased costs of maintaining health insurance benefits after expiration of a CBA. 7 There is no merit to the charging parties’ contentions. Affirmed. JANSEN, P.J., and Meter and Beckering, JJ., concurred. Footnotes [1] The Legislature has since amended the act; some of the amendments were curative and intended to operate retroactively. See 2013 PA 270, effective December 30, 2013. None of the amendments, curative or otherwise, are pertinent to the issues raised in this appeal. [2] MCL 15.568 applies to local units of government. [3] “Hard cap” refers to the limits set forth in MCL 15.563. [4] “The 1937 Legislature in enacting the teachers’ tenure act could not have anticipated collective bargaining or meant to provide for the resolution of labor relations disputes in public employment.” Rockwell, 393 Mich at 630. [5] Because we hold that an employer does not have a duty to bargain over the choice between implementing hard-cap limits or the 80/20 plan, *649 the charging parties’ allegation that the ALJ erred by finding that PA 152 created a “statutorily imposed impasse” when VBCEA’s existing CBA expired becomes moot. Indeed, if bargaining was not required, nothing prohibited respondent from taking unilateral action, and whether PA 152 created a statutorily imposed impasse has no bearing on this case. Thus, we do not decide this issue. [6] A reviewing court may consult dictionaries in order to give words their common and ordinary meaning. Krohn, 490 Mich at 156. [7] MCL 423.215b, which was enacted as an amendment to PERA in 2011, provides, in pertinent part: (1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, after the expiration date of a collective bargaining agreement and until a successor collective bargaining agreement is in place, a public employer shall pay and provide wages and benefits at levels and amounts that are no greater than those in effect on the expiration date of the collective bargaining agreement. The prohibition in this subsection includes increases that would result from wage step increases. Employees who receive health, dental, vision, prescription, or other insurance benefits under a collective bargaining agreement shall bear any increased costs of maintaining those benefits that occur after the expiration date. The public employer may make payroll deductions necessary to pay the increased costs of maintaining those benefits. [Emphasis added.]