John Coquico v. Loretta E. Lynch

OPINION O’SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judge: We must decide whether “unlawful laser activity” under state law is a crime involving moral turpitude. *1051 I On September 1, 2006, John Coquico, a' citizen of the Philippines, was convicted of misdemeanor “unlawful laser activity” in violation of California Penal Code (“CaLPenal Code”) § 417.26, after using a laser device in the hallway of the Alameda County criminal courthouse. A year later, he was also convicted of second degree robbery in violation of CaLPenal Code § 211, and the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) sought his removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) as an alien convicted of two or more crimes involving moral turpitude (“CIMT”). See INA § 237(a)(2)(A)(ii), codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii). Though an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) agreed with the DHS and found Coquico removable, on appeal the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) found the IJ’s reasoning insufficient and remanded the case so she could provide “a more complete explanation” of her findings. On remand, the IJ again found Coquico removable due to his convictions under CaLPenal Code § 211 and § 417.26. Most relevant here, she asserted that “unlawful laser activity” under § 417.26 was a CIMT because it involved the “possession of weapons which are insidious instruments normally used for criminal purposes,” and that possessing such weapons was “indicative of a readiness to do evil.” Coquico appealed this decision to the BIA. On November 24, 2009, the BIA dismissed Coquico’s appeal, concluding his conviction under § 417.26 was a CIMT because “the crime is committed against a peace officer and the nature of the crime involves using a device which gives the appearance or facade of the use of a deadly weapon.” The BIA also concluded § 211 was a CIMT. Coquico does not challenge the conclusion that the robbery is a CIMT. However, he continues to argue that “unlawful laser activity” is not morally turpitudinous. II While we lack jurisdiction to review “any final order of removal against an alien who is removable by reason of having committed a criminal offense,” including a crime of. moral turpitude, 8 U.S.C. §§ 1252(a)(2)(C), 1227(a)(2)(A), we retain jurisdiction over “constitutional claims or questions of law.” Id. § 1252(a)(2)(D). Whether a crime involves moral turpitude is a question of law not subject to the jurisdiction-stripping provision of § 1252(a)(2)(C). Uppal v. Holder, 605 F.3d 712, 714 (9th Cir.2010). Determining “whether a conviction under a criminal statute is categorically a crime of moral turpitude involves two steps.” Ceron v. Holder, 747 F.3d 773, 778 (9th Cir.2014) (en banc) (quoting Castrijon-Garcia v. Holder, 704 F.3d 1205, 1208 (9th Cir.2013) (internal quotation marks omitted)). “The first step is to identify the elements of the statute of conviction.” Id. “The second step is to compare the elements of the statute of conviction to the generic definition of a crime of moral turpitude and decide whether the conviction meets that definition.” Id. A We begin our examination of the conviction under § 417.26 by considering what weight to give the BIA’s analysis of the statute. Though we review the BIA’s construction of state law de novo, Cerón, 747 F.3d at 778, we review the BIA’s unpublished interpretation of immigration law, including the definition of a CIMT, with Skidmore deference. Id. “Under Skidmore, the measure of deference afforded to the agency varies ‘depending] upon the thoroughness evident in its con *1052 sideration, the validity of its reasoning, its consistency with earlier and later pronouncements, and all those factors which give it power to persuade, if lacking power to control.’ ” Marmolejo-Campos v. Holder, 558 F.3d 903, 909 (9th Cir.2009) (en banc) (quoting Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 140, 65 S.Ct. 161, 89 L.Ed. 124 (1944)). [1] Here, the BIA’s decision suffers from several defects, the first of which is its incorrect description of § 417.26 as requiring the -use of “a device which gives the appearance or facade of the use of a deadly weapon.” Not only does § 417.2 not discuss “deadly weapons,” but its prohibition of the use of any laser pointer— not just laser targeting devices — belies the claim that it only regulates instruments that appear deadly. 1 By including laser pointers within its ambit, § 417.26 goes beyond the regulation of laser targeting systems that could be integrated with deadly firearms. The statute prohibits aiming or pointing “a laser scope as defined in subdivision (b) of Section 417.25, or a laser pointer, as defined in subdivision (c) of that section.” CaLPenal Code § 417.26 (emphasis added). A laser scope, as defined in § 417.25(b), is “capable of being attached to a firearm and capable of projecting a laser light on objects at a distance,” but a “laser pointer” is defined in § 417.25(c) as merely “any hand held laser beam device or demonstration laser product.” CaLPenal Code § 417.25 (emphasis added). Such handheld laser dem- ' onstration devices are certainly not associated with “deadly weapons.” [2] Further, though a laser pointer projects a light beam — as laser targeting systems do — California’s legislature has made clear that laser pointers, and the beams they project, are innocuous. Under CaLPenal Code § 417.27, shining a laser pointer “directly or indirectly into the eye [ ] of another person or into a moving vehicle with the intent to harass or annoy” is punished merely by a fine of $50 or four hours of community service. CaLPenal Code §§ 417.27(c), 417.27(e). Further, § 417.27 permits the possession of laser pointers on elementary school premises for instructional or school-related purposes. CaLPe-nal Code § 417.27(b). If the California legislature considered laser pointers, and the pointers’ beams, to give “the appearance or facade of the use of a deadly weapon,” it would not have allowed students to take them to school, nor would it have iinposed such minor penalties for their use “with the intent to harass or annoy.” Not only do other CaLPenal Code provisions show that using a laser pointer is not equivalent to terrorizing someone with a laser targeting device, but § 417.26 does not include any “appears-to-be-a-deadly-weapon” element. If California wanted § 417.26 to include such an element, it could have done so, as it did in § 417.4, *1053 which prohibits drawing an “imitation firearm ... in such a way as to cause a reasonable person apprehension or fear of bodily harm.” CaLPenal Code § 417.4. “Imitation firearms” are defined as those “so substantially similar in coloration and overall appearance to an existing firearm as to lead a reasonable person to perceive that the device is a firearm.” CaLPenal Code § 16700(a) (emphasis added). The California legislature could have drafted § 417.26 as an analogue to § 417.4, and required the laser pointer be used in such a way as to lead reasonable persons to believe they were being targeted by a firearm. It did not. Therefore, the BIA’s importation of an “appearance of a deadly weapon” element into § 417.26 is incorrect. [3] As the BIA has failed to identify the elements of the crime correctly, its CIMT analysis is not entitled to deference. Up-pal, 605 F.3d at 715 (“Because the BIA failed to identify the elements of [the state crime] correctly, its CIMT analysis, in which it compares the elements it has identified to the generic definition of moral .turpitude, is misdirected and so merits no deference from this Court.”). 2 Ill Having concluded the BIA’s analysis is inaccurate, we must proceed to analyze the CIMT issue de novo. Although the contours of what qualifies as a morally turpitudinous act may be ambiguous, we know that a crime involving moral turpitude is “generally a crime that (1) is vile, base, or depraved and (2) violates accepted moral standards.” Cerón, 747 F.3d at 779. A To provide substance to these broad principles, we look to the elements of other CIMTs that we have already identified. Gonzalez-Cervantes v. Holder, 709 F.3d 1265, 1269 (9th Cir.2013). Here, a CIMT that serves as a helpful point of comparison is CaLPenal Code § 422, prohibiting “threats with intent to terrorize.” See Latter-Singh v. Holder, 668 F.3d 1156, 1158 (9th Cir.2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). Like § 417.26, § 422 prohibits threatening conduct. 3 However, a closer comparison reveals that *1054 § 422 prohibits' conduct which is far more grave than that regulated by § 417.26. Indeed, the differences between the statutes are stark. Under § 422 the threat must be of “a crime which will result in death or great bodily injury,” but § 417.26 only requires that the perpetrator intend the officer apprehend or fear “bodily harm”; § 422 requires that the victim be “in sustained fear” while § 417.26 does not' require the victim even be aware the laser was directed at him or her; § 422 requires the threat be so serious that the victim’s fear is reasonable, but § 417.26 has no requirement that the victim even experience fear. CaLPenal Code §§ 417.26(a), 422(a). B Such differences are critical to the CIMT inquiry, as evidenced by the analysis of § 422 employed in Latter-Singh. In that case, we established that § 422 is a CIMT by contrasting it with an Arizona “simple assault” statute that we concluded was not morally turpitudinous in Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales, 468 F.3d 1159 (9th Cir.2006). Latter-Singh, 668 F.3d at 1161-62. Our decision was based on such contrast, which revealed that § 422 involved more turpitudinous conduct than the simple assault statute. Here, comparing § 422, § 417.26, and Arizona’s simple assault statute reveals that § 417.26 has more in common with non-turpitudinous simple assault than with the morally turpitudinous “threats with intent to terrorize” of § 422. See Latter-Singh, 668 F.3d at 1158. First, the threat in Latter-Singh had to be of “death or great bodily injury,” which was not the case in Femandez-Ruiz and similarly is not the case in § 417.26. Id. at 1161 (citing Femandez-Ruiz, 468 F.3d at 1165). Second, the threat in Latter-Singh required “the threatened person reasonably to be in sustained fear for his or her own safety,” whereas the threat in Femandez-Ruiz carried no such “sustained fear” requirement. 668 F.3d at 1162 (emphasis added). Section 417.26 also does not require the victim be in “sustained fear”— indeed it does not require that the victim experience any fear at all, merely that the perpetrator intend apprehension or fear. CaLPenal Code § 417.26. Third, Latter-Singh noted that § 422 required an “intent to instill great fear of seriously bodily injury or death” and equated such intent with “the purpose to terrorize.” 668 F.3d at 1163 (internal quotation marks omitted). In contrast, § 417.26 requires only the intent to place the victim in “apprehension or fear of bodily harm.” CaLPenal Code § 417.26. This is not equivalent to the intent to “terrorize” that was of “the requisite depravity .'.. to satisfy the moral turpitude standard” in Latter-Singh. See 668 F.3d at 1163 (internal quotation marks omitted). 4 The conclusion we must draw from this comparison is that § 417.26 can be violated by conduct that bears a striking resem *1055 blance to non-turpitudinous simple assault, and little similarity to turpitudinous terrorizing threats. Thus, our decisions in Latter-Singh and Femandez-Ruiz reveal that a violation of § 417.26 is not categorically a crime involving moral turpitude. 5 IV “Finally, where, as here, the government has not asked us to apply the modified categorical approach, we consider only whether the categorical approach is satisfied.” Latu v. Mukasey, 547 F.3d 1070, 1076 (9th Cir.2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). 6 Because the categorical approach is not satisfied, we grant the petition. 7 PETITION FOR REVIEW GRANTED; REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Footnotes [1] The full text of CaLPenal Code § 417.26 states that: (a) Any person who aims or points a laser scope as defined in subdivision (b) of Section 417.25, or a laser pointer, as defined in subdivision (c) of that section, at a peace officer with the specific intent to cause the officer apprehension or fear of bodily harm and who knows or reasonably should know that the person at whom he or she is aiming or pointing is a peace officer, is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment in a county jail for a term not exceeding six months. (b) Any person who commits a second or subsequent violation of subdivision (a) shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year. CaLPenal Code § 417.26. [2] Further, the BIA's inaccurate description of the IJ’s reasoning casts additional doubt on the BIA’s analysis. The BIA claimed that the "bulk of the Immigration Judge’s decision" discussed "whether a conviction under [] § 417.26 involves moral turpitude under the analysis set forth in Matter of Silva-Trevino.” In truth, the IJ’s cursory analysis of § 417.26 was limited to her statement that "[c]ase law has held that possession of weapons which are insidious instruments normally used for criminal purposes is indicative of a readiness to do evil,” and a citation to a California case involving illegal possession of a sawed-off shotgun. See People v. Garrett, 195 Cal.App.3d 795, 241 Cal.Rptr. 10 (1987). Thus, the BIA’s characterization of such statement as a discussion of the turpitude of § 417.26 in light of Matter of Silva-Trevino is inaccurate and calls into question its own analysis of § 417.26. [3] The specific elements of § 422 are: (1) willfully threatening to commit a crime that will result in death or great bodily injury to another person; (2) specific intent that the statement be taken as a threat; (3) the threat was "on its face and under the circumstances so unequivocal, unconditional, immediate, and specific as to convey to the person threatened, a gravity of purpose and an immediate prospect of execution of the threat”; (4) the threat “caused the victim to be in sustained fear for his or her own safety or for his or her immediate family’s safety”; and (5) -the "victim’s fear was reasonable under the circumstances.” Latter-Singh, 668 F.3d at 1160 (citation omitted). [4] Our precedent casts doubt on whether an intent to cause "apprehension or fear," rather than intent to injure, can ever be a CIMT. In Uppal, we held that "an assault statute not involving a specific intent to injure or a special trust relationship and not requiring that the assault cause death or even serious bodily injury cannot qualify as a categorical CIMT.” 605 F.3d at 719. Similarly, in Galeana-Mendoza v. Gonzales, 465 F.3d 1054 (9th Cir.2006), we stated that when an act cannot "be characterized as inherently grave, base, or depraved,” then "[a]dding to these acts an intent to commit them does not change that conclusion.” Id. at 1061 (quoting Mei v. Ashcroft, 393 F.3d 737, 741 (7th Cir.2004), for the proposition that “if the crime is trivial, even a deliberate intent to commit it will not demonstrate an intent so ‘evil’ as to make the crime one of moral turpitude”). [5] The Government also asserts that § 417.26 is a CIMT merely because it must be committed against a peace officer. Such assertion is incorrect. As explained by the BIA’s own precedential decision in Matter of Sañudo — a decision it misapplied in its dismissal of Coquico’s appeal — even crimes committed against peace officers have only been found to be a CIMT when they "require proof of the actual infliction of some tangible harm on a victim.” Matter of Sanudo, 23 I. & N. Dec. 968, 972 (BIA 2006). See Garcia-Meza v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 535, 537 (7th Cir.2008) (explaining that the BIA has suggested "that battery of a police officer without causing harm is not a crime of moral turpitude,” and that even when the victim is a member of the special class of peace officers that “special status alone may not be enough”). [6] Because we end our analysis at the categorical approach, we need not decide whether § 417.26 is divisible under Descamps v. United States, -U.S.-, 133 S.Ct. 2276, 186 L.Ed.2d 438 (2013). [7] This is not a case where it is necessary to remand to the BIA for application of the modified categorical approach. Not only has the BIA “already addressed — albeit under the categorical approach, rather than the modified categorical approach” whether § 417.26 involves moral turpitude, but, moreover, this case involves the interpretation of a state statute, and thus "does not involve an issue the law commits to the agency’s expertise.” Fernandez-Ruiz, 466 F.3d at 1133-34; see also Latu, 547 F.3d at 1076.