Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., A/K/A "Roche" v. Joan Zeltwanger, A/K/A Joan Gonzales

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS ════════════ No. 02-0120 ════════════ Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., a/k/a ARoche,@ Petitioner v. Joan Zeltwanger, a/k/a Joan Gonzales, Respondent ════════════════════════════════════════════════════ On Petition for Review from the Court of Appeals for the Thirteenth District of Texas ════════════════════════════════════════════════════ Argued on February 5, 2003 Chief Justice Phillips delivered the opinion of the Court in which Justice Hecht, Justice Owen, Justice Jefferson, Justice Wainwright and Justice Brister joined. Justice Hecht filed a concurring opinion. Justice O=Neill filed a concurring opinion in which Justice Smith joined. Justice Schneider did not participate in the decision. We must decide whether a plaintiff can recover damages on a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress when the Legislature has created a statutory right to seek emotional damages for the same actions that form the basis of the intentional-infliction claim. The court of appeals concluded that the plaintiff could recover damages under both claims, electing mental anguish and punitive damages under her intentional-infliction claim while taking other compensatory damages and attorney=s fees under her sexual harassment claim. 69 S.W.3d 634. We conclude that when the gravamen of the plaintiff=s complaint is for sexual harassment, the plaintiff must proceed solely under a statutory claim unless there are additional facts, unrelated to sexual harassment, to support an independent tort claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. We therefore reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and remand the cause to the trial court for rendition of judgment consistent with this opinion. I Joan Zeltwanger[1] sued her former employer, Hoffmann La-Roche, Inc. (ARoche@), for sexual harassment under Texas Labor Code section 21.051, retaliation under Texas Labor Code section 21.055, and intentional infliction of emotional distress.[2] Zeltwanger also sued Jim Webber, her supervisor at Roche, for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Except for the retaliation claim, Zeltwanger prevailed at trial on all of her claims against Roche and Webber. Against Webber, who is not a party to this appeal, she obtained a judgment in the amount of $50,160 for intentional infliction of emotional distress. On her sexual harassment claim against Roche, the jury awarded Zeltwanger $835,963 for front and back pay, $500,000 in compensatory damages, and an additional $8,000,000 in punitive damages. On the intentional infliction of emotional distress claim against Roche, the jury awarded $1,000,000 for mental anguish, $73,000 for past and future medical care, and another $8,000,000 in punitive damages. Acknowledging potential double recovery and applicable statutory cap[3] considerations with respect to the $500,000 in compensatory and the $8,000,000 in punitive damages of the harassment award, Zeltwanger moved to limit her harassment damages to front and back pay and attorney=s fees while taking her mental anguish and punitive damages under her intentional-infliction claim. The trial court therefore rendered judgment awarding Zeltwanger $847,036 on her harassment claim, comprising front and back pay adjusted for disability payments and interest. Judgment on the intentional infliction of emotional distress claim against Roche, which at that time was not subject to a statutory cap,[4] amounted to $9,504,706, adjusted for interest. The court of appeals affirmed these awards, and Roche appeals only the intentional infliction of emotional distress claim. II Zeltwanger began working in November 1990 as a sales representative for Roche, a pharmaceutical company. In this capacity, Zeltwanger worked out of her home, as did other Roche sales representatives. Roche, like many pharmaceutical sales companies, did not maintain regional offices, instead running its nationwide operations solely from its New Jersey corporate headquarters. Until 1992, Zeltwanger worked under Dallas-based sales manager Betty Turicchi. When Turicchi became a Roche supervisor in another region, Webber, a Dallas-based division sales manager, became Zeltwanger=s supervisor. Zeltwanger testified that Webber began telling dirty jokes in front of her in the last half of 1992, three or four months after Zeltwanger moved into his division, and went on to engage in other objectionable conduct. Zeltwanger discussed Webber=s behavior with Turicchi on several occasions. Turicchi, Zeltwanger says, gave her pointers on how to handle Webber and Adocument everything that was happening@ but warned her that making a claim of sexual harassment within the company would jeopardize Zeltwanger=s chances of advancement. Subsequently, Turicchi advised Zeltwanger that she would need to contact Roche human resources representative Betty DeVos in order to make a formal complaint. Zeltwanger eventually did contact DeVos, and on August 19, 1994, she faxed a handwritten, five-page statement to her, which made the following complaints about Webber: 1. Last fall at Div Mtgs with Zore - during Rocephin game. I won a question & he delivered my $5 between his teeth to me stating & you=ve implied you=ve never been to those top-less bars in front of 2 work groups. Betty Turrichi witnessed this at meeting. Her division or group was there also. 2. At Dir Mtg last fall - told dirty jokes & talked about top-less dancers. I told him I do not like jokes like that & did not want to hear them. 3. Talked about his car name was in college & that they used to have sex or Ado it@ in the car. 4. Last summer field trip - continually tells dirty & inappropriate jokes - verbalized to me the sorority girls Ahe screwed@ in college the couples they (him & his wife) still hang around & his goal to Ado them@ all while standing at the trunk of my car. I responded with AI don=t want to hear this.@ 5. Had lunch last Summer/Spring with my Arl. Memorial Hospital Anesthesia & Jim made a comment to those physicians that I was not the typical homely Betty Turicchi hire & he thought it was a joke when I walked into Bennigans for a confirming interview. Their (the Drs.=) reply was - what is a typical Betty Turicchi hire? Jim=s reply was they don=t have legs & a body like that. I was standing outside of the room & heard this as I entered back into the room. 6. Told a Howard Stern panty (underwear) story from a concert his daughter attended - ask me if I was wearing panties. This story was told in one of my GI offices as I set up a teleconference last spring. Despite my protest he continued as follows: 7. Last winter while on field trip Jim made inappropriate references to his body parts i.e. Ahis ding dong@ & how when he was in school he whipped it out in class. I told him I did not want to hear it. 8. Last winter while on field trip Jim made reference to my having a bad hair day & flung my hair by touching it in front of one of my hospital pharmacists. Before this call I was lectured about going & Akicking some ass@ with this RPH & telling him what a liar he is for publishing a newsletter at hospital. He continually disregards my credibility & work involved with the BID dosing problem at this hospital. To which the situation attempts have been with in converting BID to QID dosing of Rocephin. 9. Last month on field trips as on previous others he continually mentions & alludes to his sexual encounters & sex positions (on his back) while screwing this girl who lived in these apartments as we pass the apartments. I advised him at the time I don=t want to hear this. 10. Last Dec. when Jim Webber came to my house to check samples I was in my office filling out a form. When I was finished I found him in my bedroom. When I ask him what he was doing & to get out of my bedroom he said he was trying to find my stereo. There will be more to follow as I continue to compile a list. On August 24, 1994, Webber conducted a regularly-scheduled performance review of Zeltwanger, which Zeltwanger and Turrichi attended. Zeltwanger testified that Webber Ascreamed and yelled@ at her and repeatedly criticized her job performance during this review. Turicchi testified that the discussion at the review focused on Zeltwanger=s job performance, particularly her sales skills, and that Zeltwanger disagreed with Webber=s assessment of her performance. In his written evaluation based on the review, Webber gave Zeltwanger an AH@ rating, a below average designation that signifies the employee is Ameeting most@ of the standards but needs to make improvements. Shortly after this review, Roche completed its investigation of Zeltwanger=s complaint and terminated Webber because of his inappropriate behavior with Zeltwanger. At the end of 1994, Zeltwanger received notification that Roche had fired her also. Shortly thereafter, she filed a complaint for sexual harassment against Roche with the Texas Commission on Human Rights. Under the section entitled ADiscrimination Statement,@ she stated: I believe that I have been discriminated against, in violation of the Texas Commission on Human Rights Act, as amended, and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, because of my sex, female (sexual harassment), inasmuch as: Background: Jim Webber=s reflections and references to his sexual exploits, and matters of a sexual nature, became non-stop and always managed to get personal. Some examples of this intolerable behavior are: - On a field trip in early Winter 1993, Mr. Webber made inappropriate remarks about his body parts, i.e., Ahis ding-dong@ and remarked that in school, in class, he used to Awhip it out@. On the same trip, Mr. Webber belittled me by flinging my hair and referring to a Abad hair day@ in front of my hospital pharmacists. - On a later trip, in December 1993, Mr. Webber described sexual encounters and his preferred position when Ascrewing this girl who lives in those apartments@, as we passed an apartment complex. - Mr. Webber also invaded my privacy by entering my bedroom when he came to my home to inspect samples. - In early 1994, at several division meetings, Mr. Webber spoke of topless bars and told offensive, obscene jokes. - In Spring 1994, Mr. Webber asked if I was wearing panties. This was also repeated to physicians in one of the offices while I set up for a teleconference. - In spring/summer 1994, I overheard Mr. Webber telling physicians that I Awas not the typical homely hire@ and Athey don=t have legs and a body like that!@ - In mid summer 1994 on a field trip, Mr. Webber continually told lewd and smutty jokes. He mentioned the sorority girls Ahe screwed@ in college. He also stated that his goal was to Ado it@ while standing at the trunk of his car. A. I repeatedly rebuffed Mr. Webber for his behavior but this only made matters worse. My work environment was intolerable. B. Due to Mr. Webber=s hostility and vindictiveness, I requested that a third impartial party be present at my review in early August 1994. His behavior was unbearable and my review was unjustly negative. I was forced to seek counseling. C. I am aware that an internal investigation of Mr. Webber=s behavior found that the harassment allegations had Amerit.@ Zeltwanger=s complaints have remained largely unchanged throughout this litigation, although at trial she added that she once caught Webber going through her underwear drawer, not merely that he had entered her bedroom without permission. Zeltwanger explained at trial that she maintained a home office and that it was standard procedure for her supervisor to come to her home to take an inventory of her pharmaceutical samples. During one such inventory, Webber wandered into her bedroom and went through her underwear drawer. Zeltwanger also offered medical testimony at trial that she experienced symptoms of depression and partial disability as a result of the alleged conduct. III To recover damages for intentional infliction of emotional distress, a plaintiff must establish that: (1) the defendant acted intentionally or recklessly; (2) the defendant=s conduct was extreme and outrageous; (3) the defendant=s actions caused the plaintiff emotional distress; and (4) the resulting emotional distress was severe. Standard Fruit & Vegetable Co. v. Johnson, 985 S.W.2d 62, 65 (Tex. 1998). Extreme and outrageous conduct is conduct A>so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.=@ Twyman v. Twyman, 855 S.W.2d 619, 621 (Tex. 1993) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts ' 46 cmt. d (1965)). Liability does not extend to mere insults, indignities, threats, annoyances, petty oppressions, or other trivialities. GTE Southwest, Inc. v. Bruce, 998 S.W.2d 605, 612 (Tex. 1999); Restatement (Second) of Torts ' 46 cmt. d (1965). It is for the court to determine, in the first instance, whether a defendant=s conduct was extreme and outrageous. GTE Southwest, Inc., 998 S.W.2d at 616; Restatement (Second) of Torts ' 46 cmt. h. But when reasonable minds may differ, it is for the jury, subject to the court=s control, to determine whether, in the particular case, the conduct was sufficiently extreme and outrageous to result in liability. GTE Southwest, Inc., 998 S.W.2d at 616; Restatement (Second) of Torts ' 46 cmt. h. In addition to her common-law claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, Zeltwanger sought damages for Roche=s violation of the Texas Commission on Human Rights Act (CHRA). This statute prohibits an employer from discriminating against an individual because of race, color, disability, religion, sex, national origin or age. See Tex. Lab. Code ' 21.051. Sexual harassment[5] is one form of prohibited employment discrimination. See Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 64 (1986); Ewald v. Wornick Family Foods, Corp., 878 S.W.2d 653, 658 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1994, writ denied). The CHRA Ais modeled after federal law with the purpose of executing the policies set forth in Title VII of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964.@ Green v. Indus. Specialty Contractors, Inc., 1 S.W.3d 126, 131 (Tex. App.BHouston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.); see also Tex. Lab. Code ' 21.001; 42 U.S.C. ' 2000e-2 (Civil Rights Act of 1964). As such, federal case law may be cited as authority in cases relating to the Texas Act. Stinnett v. Williamson County Sheriff's Dep't, 858 S.W.2d 573, 576 (Tex. App.BAustin 1993, writ denied). The CHRA further establishes a Acomprehensive administrative review system,@ under which the Aexhaustion of administrative remedies is a mandatory prerequisite to filing a civil action alleging violations of the CHRA.@ Schroeder v. Tex. Iron Works, Inc., 813 S.W.2d 483, 485, 488 (Tex. 1991). In creating causes of action for discrimination, including sexual harassment, both Congress and the Texas Legislature have specified the types and amounts of damages that may be awarded. See 42 U.S.C. ' 1981a(b)(3); Tex. Lab. Code ' 21.2585. The CHRA provides that a court may award compensatory damages upon finding that an employer has engaged in an unlawful intentional employment practice and may further award punitive damages when the discriminatory practice is with malice or reckless indifference. Tex. Lab. Code ' 21.2585(a), (b). The Texas Act further caps the award of punitive and compensatory damages on a sliding scale commensurate with the size of the employer. Id. ' 21.2585(d). The largest employers, like Roche, are subject to a maximum cap of $300,000. Id. ' 21.2585(d)(4). The compensatory damages which are capped specifically include, among other things, Aemotional pain, suffering, inconvenience, mental anguish, loss of enjoyment of life, and other nonpecuniary losses.@ Id. ' 21.2585(d). The cap does not apply to back pay, interest on back pay, and equitable relief. Id. ' 21.2585(c). As previously set out, the jury awarded Zeltwanger approximately $8.5 million in damages for mental anguish and punitive damages under her sexual harassment claim and about $9 million for mental anguish and punitive damages under her intentional-infliction claim. Because of the duplication in these awards, the trial court allowed Zeltwanger to take her mental anguish and punitive damages under the intentional-infliction claim, collecting only her front and back pay damages under the statutory claim. Zeltwanger=s choice was understandable, as her statutory recovery for these damages was capped at $300,000, while her common-law damages were then uncapped. Thus, by electing to take part of her damages under her common law tort claim, Zeltwanger avoided the effect of the statutory cap. IV Roche complains that Zeltwanger has improperly used the intentional-infliction tort to circumvent the legal limitations on the amount of mental anguish and punitive damages recoverable in a sexual harassment suit. Roche submits that the intentional-infliction tort is a Agap-filler@ that only applies under special circumstances when more established torts do not permit recovery. Because the CHRA provided a statutory remedy for essentially the same conduct, Roche submits there was no gap to be filled by the common law and hence no right to an award of further damages against it. Alternatively, Roche contends that if the tort of intentional infliction applies here, the evidence is legally insufficient to satisfy one or more of its elements. Zeltwanger responds that her intentional infliction and sexual harassment claims were not based entirely upon the same conduct or the same facts. While the actions of Roche through Webber did include extreme and outrageous sexual harassment, Zeltwanger submits that they also included public humiliation, intimidating verbal abuse, threatening gestures, and invasions of Zeltwanger=s privacy in her own home. Furthermore, Zeltwanger contends that Roche=s Agap-filler@ argument is an appellate afterthought that was neither raised nor preserved in the trial court. Finally, Zeltwanger concludes that the evidence fully supports the jury=s finding that Roche intentionally or recklessly caused her severe emotional distress through extreme and outrageous conduct. A Roche=s gap-filler argument is based on our decision in Standard Fruit and Vegetable Co. v. Johnson, 985 S.W.2d 62, 68 (Tex. 1998). There we recognized that the intentional infliction of emotional distress was, first and foremost, a Agap-filler@ tort, judicially created for the limited purpose of allowing recovery in those rare instances in which a defendant intentionally inflicts severe emotional distress in a manner so unusual that the victim has no other recognized theory of redress. Id. The tort=s Aclear purpose,@ we noted, was Ato supplement existing forms of recovery by providing a cause of action for egregious conduct@ that might otherwise go unremedied. Id. We cautioned, however, that the tort was Aa >gap-filler= tort that should not be extended to circumvent the limitations placed on the recovery of mental anguish damages under more established tort doctrines.@ Id. Likewise, in this case, the tort should not be extended to thwart legislative limitations on statutory claims for mental anguish and punitive damages. By combining her sexual harassment claim with the intentional-infliction tort, Zeltwanger has circumvented, by more than thirty-fold, the legislative determination of the maximum amount that a defendant should pay for this type of conduct. In creating the new tort, we never intended that it be used to evade legislatively-imposed limitations on statutory claims or to supplant existing common law remedies. Properly cabined, the tort simply has no application when the Aactor >intends to invade some other legally protected interest,= even if emotional distress results.@ Id. at 67 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts ' 47 cmt. a (1965)); accord Messick v. Toyota Motor Mfg., Ky, Inc., 45 F. Supp. 2d 578, 582 (E.D. Ky. 1999) (no claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress because plaintiff had an existing form of recovery for emotional distress under civil rights statute); K.G. v. R.T.R., 918 S.W.2d 795, 799 (Mo. 1996) (intentional infliction of emotional distress claims Awill not lie where the alleged conduct is intended to invade other legally protected interests of the plaintiff@); McIntyre v. Manhattan Ford, Lincoln-Mercury, Inc. 682 N.Y.S.2d 167, 169 (N.Y. App. Div. 1998) (no reason to apply tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress where an applicable statute expressly provides for emotional distress damages); Haubry v. Snow, 31 P.3d 1186, 1193 (Wash. Ct. App. 2001) (Aemployee may recover damages of emotional distress . . . but only if the factual basis for the claim is distinct from the factual basis for the discrimination claim@). Where the gravamen of a plaintiff=s complaint is really another tort, intentional infliction of emotional distress should not be available. See, e.g., Provencher v. CVS Pharmacy, 145 F.3d 5, 12 (1st Cir. 1998) (defamation); Thompson v. Sweet, 194 F. Supp. 2d 97, 103 (N.D.N.Y. 2002) (malicious prosecution, false imprisonment); Norris v. Bangor Publ=g Co., 53 F. Supp. 2d 495, 508-09 (D. Me. 1999) (defamation); Barker v. Huang, 610 A.2d 1341, 1351 (Del. 1992) (defamation); Banks v. Fritsch, 39 S.W.3d 474, 481 (Ky. Ct. App. 2001) (false imprisonment and assault and battery); Nazeri v. Mo. Valley Coll., 860 S.W.2d 303, 316 (Mo. 1993) (defamation); Quaker Petroleum Chems. Co. v. Waldrop, 75 S.W.3d 549, 555 (Tex. App.BSan Antonio 2002, no pet.) (negligence, gross negligence); Rice v. Janovich, 742 P.2d 1230, 1238 (Wash. 1987) (assault). Thus, we need not decide whether, in the absence of a legislative remedy for sexual harassment, the evidence here would be sufficient to support a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. In her concurring opinion, Justice O=Neill expresses concern that our gap-filler analysis may lead to unintended consequences such as a larger monetary recovery in tort for plaintiffs who cannot sustain their burden for sexual harassment. She asks: ADoes the fact that the plaintiff did not sustain its evidentiary burden on an alternative claim create a gap that intentional-infliction was designed to fill?@ She further worries that our analysis may lead to skewed trials in which defendants find it advantageous to confess liability for sexual harassment to avoid more onerous awards under the intentional-infliction tort. In answer to these concerns, we note that a plaintiff=s failure to establish his or her claim for sexual harassment does not mean that the plaintiff has a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. If the gravamen of a plaintiff=s complaint is the type of wrong that the statutory remedy was meant to cover, a plaintiff cannot maintain an intentional infliction claim regardless of whether he or she succeeds on, or even makes, a statutory claim. B Zeltwanger contends, however, that she can elect the higher recovery here because independent grounds, apart from sexual harassment, exist for the tort. She argues that there is evidence of additional egregious, but wholly non-sexual, conduct in this case involving public humiliation, verbal oppression, physical threats, invasion of privacy, abuse of power, and mistreatment of an employee known to have been rendered susceptible to emotional distress. Roche responds that throughout this case Zeltwanger has consistently treated Webber=s behavior as a cohesive set of actions that support both her sexual harassment and intentional-infliction claims. None of her mental anguish evidence at trial was separated into one claim or the other, and Roche submits that any such designation would have been artificial in any event. Sexual harassment, Roche points out, often devolves into other forms of abuse and bullying. While the court of appeals did not differentiate between sexual and non-sexual conduct, it did find the following acts by Roche, taken together, sufficient to constitute extreme and outrageous conduct: (1) Roche Aallowed@ the development of a corporate culture that permitted vulgar joke-telling; (2) Turicchi failed initially to report to upper management Zeltwanger=s discussions with her about Webber=s conduct; (3) Roche subjected Zeltwanger to the August 1994 in-person review with Webber after she had formally complained about Webber=s conduct and sent Turicchi only as an observer without authority to intervene when Webber verbally abused Zeltwanger during this session; (4) Roche terminated Zeltwanger and caused her to believe this termination was, in part, based on Webber=s unfavorable evaluation of her at the August 1994 review; and (5) Roche allowed managers like Webber to function unsupervised in the field (including in cars and homes) with direct responsibility for female employees like Zeltwanger. 69 S.W.3d at 646-47. Even assuming that some or all of this conduct might be considered to be independent of Zeltwanger=s sexual harassment claim, an assertion of which we are skeptical but need not decide, it does not rise to the level of extreme or outrageous conduct. First, Zeltwanger=s proof that Roche allowed a corporate culture of insensitive jokes relating to women and minorities falls short of constituting extreme and outrageous conduct. Zeltwanger=s evidence showed only a handful of instances of off-color jokes being told among Roche employees over a period of several years in a company with 1,000 sales people. Such evidence is legally insufficient to show that Roche fostered a culture that encouraged extreme and outrageous conduct. Second, we conclude that Turicchi=s failure to report Zeltwanger=s concerns about Webber to others within Roche was not extreme and outrageous. Zeltwanger does not claim that she attempted to file a formal complaint with Turicchi. Moreover, after Zeltwanger talked with Turicchi on several occasions about Webber=s conduct, Turicchi told her about DeVos, the appropriate person with whom to file a formal complaint. Finally, Turicchi did not exercise authority over either Zeltwanger or Webber. In sum, Turicchi=s failure to take more aggressive action in response to Zeltwanger=s concerns about Webber is no evidence of extreme and outrageous conduct on the part of Roche. Third, Zeltwanger=s claim that Roche=s conduct surrounding her August 1994 performance review with Webber was extreme and outrageous is without merit. Zeltwanger asserts that Roche itself caused her distress by telling Webber in advance that Turicchi would attend her review and by scheduling the review at Webber=s home. Her complaint is not that Turicchi was present, but that Webber had several days to prepare for the review knowing that Zeltwanger would not be alone. We do not believe that such notice to a supervisor is in any way extreme or outrageous. Nor is the location of the review given the circumstance that Roche did not have physical offices in Texas. Zeltwanger does not assert that she felt physically imperiled by the prospect of going to Webber=s home, especially with Turrichi present. Fourth, Zeltwanger=s charge that Roche led her to believe that Webber=s performance evaluation of her after this review session was a factor in her termination is not extreme or outrageous. We have held that workplace and employment matters such as Acriticism, lack of recognition, and low evaluations@ are not actionable, even if they are unpleasant or unfair. GTE Southwest, Inc., 998 S.W.2d at 613. Nothing in this record indicates that Roche did anything more than make an honest error in telling her that the review would be a factor in whether she was retained or terminated. Finally, Zeltwanger=s claim that allowing managers to function unsupervised in the field (including in cars and homes) with direct responsibility for female employees is not extreme or outrageous. While it may well have been easier for Webber to engage in his objectionable conduct because he and Zeltwanger worked in the field rather than at a traditional business office, there is no evidence this management structure amounts to a corporate policy endorsing Webber=s conduct. Thus, even assuming there is evidence of conduct by Roche which may be considered to be independent of the sexual harassment claim, we conclude that such conduct is not extreme or outrageous as a matter of law. C Zeltwanger finally argues that Roche failed to raise its Agap-filler@ argument in the trial court and thus has waived the award of damages under the intentional-infliction claim. She submits that Roche did not plead or assert by special exception that this tort was per se unavailable in any case involving statutorily-actionable sexual harassment nor did it object to the jury charge on this basis. But Roche did complain in its motion for judgment non obstante veredicto that intentional infliction was a gap-filler tort that could not be extended to circumvent the limitations placed on the recovery of mental anguish damages. In this motion, Roche specifically urged the limitations set out in Standard Fruit and Vegetable Co. v. Johnson: [T]he Supreme Court=s opinion in Johnson explains that the tort=s clear purpose is to supplement existing forms of recovery by providing a cause of action for particularly egregious conduct that its more established neighbors in tort doctrine would technically fence out. In short, intentional infliction of emotional distress is a Agap-filler@ tort that cannot be extended to circumvent the limitations placed on the recovery of mental anguish damages under more established tort doctrine. (citations omitted). Because the issue presented a pure legal question which did not affect the jury=s role as fact finder, the post-verdict motion was sufficient to preserve error. See Holland v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 1 S.W.3d 91, 94 (Tex. 1999) (Ano logical reason to treat a post-verdict legal availability challenge differently than a post-verdict legal sufficiency challenge@). * * * In sum, we do not believe that Zeltwanger=s intentional-infliction claim is independent of her sexual harassment claim. Because the CHRA provides a remedy for the same emotional damages caused by essentially the same actions, there is no remedial gap in this case and thus no support for the award of damages under the intentional-infliction claim. Moreover, even were we to consider only that conduct that might arguably form an independent basis for such a claim and indulge every reasonable inference and intendment in favor of such claim, it would still not be sufficient to raise a fact issue. Accordingly, the court of appeals erred in affirming that part of the trial court=s judgment awarding damages under the tort theory. We reverse that judgment and remand the cause to the trial court for it to render judgment for the appropriate damages under Zeltwanger=s sexual harassment claim. ____________________________________ Thomas R. Phillips Chief Justice Opinion delivered: August 27, 2004 [1] After filing this lawsuit, Zeltwanger married and changed her name to Gonzales but apparently did not ask that the style of the case be changed. [2] These provisions of the Labor Code were enacted as part of the Texas Commission on Human Rights Act. See Act of June 25, 1983, 68th Leg., 1st C.S., ch.7, '' 1.01 - 10.07, 1983 Tex. Gen. Laws 37-58 (current version at Tex. Lab. Code '' 21.001 - .306). [3] In suits against corporations such as Roche that have more than 500 employees, section 21.2585 of the Texas Labor Code caps at $300,000 the sum of the amount of compensatory damages that may be awarded for future pecuniary losses, emotional pain, suffering, inconvenience, mental anguish, loss of enjoyment of life, and other nonpecuniary losses, as well as the amount of punitive damages awarded. [4] Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 41.008, which provides a limit on certain punitive damage awards, applies only to actions accruing on or after September 1, 1995. See Act of April 20, 1995, 74th R.S., ch. 19, ' 2, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 108, 113. [5] Sexual harassment claims generally take either of two forms: (1) quid pro quo harassment, in which employment benefits are conditioned on sexual favors; and (2) harassment that creates a hostile or offensive work environment. Syndex Corp. v. Dean, 820 S.W.2d 869, 871 (Tex. App.BAustin 1991, writ denied).