the City of Houston v. Sharon King, Carl Hughes

In The Court of Appeals For The First District of Texas ____________ NO. 01-00-01278-CV ____________ THE CITY OF HOUSTON, Appellant V. SHARON KING AND CARL HUGHES, Appellees On Appeal from the 80th District Court Harris County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 99-18889 O P I N I O N Plaintiffs/appellees, Sharon King and Carl Hughes, sued defendant/appellant, the City of Houston (the City), to recover damages under the wrongful death and survival statutes, (1) involving the waiver provisions of the Torts Claims Act (TTCA), (2) for the death of their father, Harrison Hughes. The City brings this accelerated appeal contesting the trial court's denial of its motion for summary judgment. We affirm. Facts While executing a warrant, a Houston Police Department narcotics team arrested the subject of the warrant, Manuel Shepherd, without incident in the front yard of the named residence. The officers then proceeded to the front door, where they encountered Harrison Hughes (the decedent). The officers brought a battering ram or "Moby" to the scene, which at some point, landed on the decedent's foot. At the scene, Houston Fire Department personnel treated a laceration on the decedent's toe, but the decedent refused transportation to a hospital. Ten days later, he died as a result of septic shock. Although at least eight officers were present at the scene, none saw the Moby hit the decedent's toe. There are three different versions of how the incident happened. In each version, the Moby was not necessary for a forced entry. Version One: Officer Douglas MacNaul, who was assigned to carry the Moby, stated in his affidavit that he leaned the Moby upright against the wall on the outside of the residence. The Moby then fell on the decedent's toe. Version Two: Manuel Shepherd, the subject of the warrant, stated in his affidavit that he saw the officers drop the Moby on the decedent's foot. From his vantage point in the front yard, he saw the decedent try to open the burglar bars at the front of the house for the officers. Rather than wait for the decedent to open the door, the officers popped the lock to the porch door, pushed the decedent backward, and dropped the Moby on his foot. Version Three: In the police report, Officer Rex Gates stated that the officers observed the decedent attempt to lock the burglar bars. After the officers shouted, "Police-search warrant," the decedent backed away from the burglar bars and stood in the doorway. The front doorway was open. Officer MacNaul dropped the Moby to the floor upon entry into the house. At that same moment, the decedent stepped into the officer's path, and the Moby landed on the decedent's foot. Appellees, the decedent's children, sued the City to recover damages under the Texas Wrongful Death and Survival statutes, involving the waiver provisions of the TTCA. The City filed a motion for summary judgment, which the trial court denied. The City brings this accelerated appeal. Jurisdiction of Interlocutory Appeals A denial of a motion for summary judgment is not a final judgment and is therefore generally not appealable. Cincinnati Life Ins. Co. v. Cates, 927 S.W.2d 623, 625 (Tex. 1996). However, appellate courts have jurisdiction to consider immediate appeals of interlocutory orders if a statute explicitly provides appellate jurisdiction. Stary v. DeBord, 967 S.W.2d 352, 352-53 (Tex. 1998); see also Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.014 (Vernon Supp. 2002) (statutory list of appealable interlocutory orders). We construe the statute authorizing interlocutory appeals strictly because it "is a narrow exception to the general rule that only final judgments and orders are appealable." Texas Dep't of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 8 S.W.3d 727, 730 (Tex. App.--Austin 1999, no pet.) (citing America Online, Inc. v. Williams, 958 S.W.2d 268, 271 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no pet.)). Jurisdiction of Official Immunity Claims by Interlocutory Appeal The City's appellate brief does not address how appellate jurisdiction is conferred on this Court to consider the interlocutory appeal. The City's motion for summary judgment argues that the City is entitled to derivative immunity based on the police officers' official immunity. We therefore have jurisdiction under section 51.014(5) of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code, which provides that a person may appeal from an interlocutory order of a district court that "denies a motion for summary judgment that is based on an assertion of immunity by an individual who is an officer or employee of the state or a political subdivision of the state." Tex. Prac. & Rem. Code § 51.014(5); Scott v. Britton, 16 S.W.3d 173, (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, no pet.). Official Immunity Claims Official or qualified immunity protects governmental employees in their individual capacity, whereas sovereign immunity protects governmental entities from liability. DeWitt v. Harris County, 904 S.W.2d 650, 653 (Tex. 1995). When a governmental employee has no liability because of official immunity, the governmental entity is not liable under the TTCA for that employee's negligence. Id. at 653-54. Government employees are entitled to official immunity arising from the performance of their (1) discretionary duties in (2) good faith as long as they are (3) acting within the scope of their authority. City of Lancaster v. Chambers, 883 S.W.2d 650, 653 (Tex. 1994). Appellees concede that the incident involved a decision requiring the officers' discretion--whether to bring a Moby to the scene in case a forced entry was necessary. Appellees also concede that the officers acted within the scope of their authority. The remaining issue is whether the summary judgment evidence conclusively established the "good faith" element of the official immunity defense. Good Faith To establish good faith, a government official must show that his acts were within the realm of what a reasonably prudent government official could have believed was appropriate at the time in question. Id. at 656-57; Thomas v. Collins, 960 S.W.2d 106, 113 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, pet. denied). To controvert a government official's summary judgment proof on good faith, the plaintiff must show that no reasonable person in the officer's position could have thought the facts were such that they justified the officer's acts. Chambers, 883 S.W.2d. at 657. The good faith standard is not equivalent to a general negligence test, which addresses what a reasonable person would have done, rather than what a reasonable officer could have believed. Wadewitz v. Montgomery, 951 S.W.2d 464, 467 n.1 (Tex. 1997). Evidence of negligence alone will not controvert competent evidence of good faith. Id. In order to raise a fact issue, a plaintiff is required to present evidence that "no reasonable person in the defendant's position could have thought the facts were such that they justified defendant's acts." Chambers, 883 S.W.2d at 657 (quoting Post v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 7 F.3d 1552, 1557 (11th Cir. 1993)). Magic words are not required, but there must be objective proof from a qualified witness who, after reviewing the facts, concludes that no reasonable person in the defendant's position would have done what the defendant did. Texas Dep't of Pub. Safety v. Tanner, 928 S.W.2d 731, 736 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1996, no writ). Upon this controverting proof, the question of good faith must go to a jury to resolve the fact issue. Id. In its motion for summary judgment, the City offered affidavits from various police officers, who stated that, under the three versions of the incident, Officer MacNaul's conduct was reasonable. In response, appellees offered an affidavit from Captain Robin Roberts, who stated that no reasonable officer would have acted as Officer MacNaul did. Captain Roberts has 14 years experience in law enforcement, including tenure as a captain of the Tyler Police Department, and has a Master Peace Officer and Instructor Certificate from the Commission on Law Enforcement Officers Standards and Education. Additionally, he has participated in and/or supervised the execution of hundreds of narcotics search/arrest warrants. Captain Roberts stated as follows: After reviewing all of the above evidence, it is my opinion that no reasonable police officer, under the identical circumstances as those presented to Officer MacNaul, would have either dropped the "Moby" directly on [the decedent's] toe or would have placed the "Moby" in an upright position against the wall in a position where it might fall on [the decedent]. Captain Roberts is a qualified witness, who concluded that under the three possible versions of the incident, no reasonable police officer in Officer MacNaul's position would have done what Officer MacNaul did. Upon this controverting proof, the question of good faith must go to a jury to resolve the fact issue. We hold that the summary judgment evidence does not conclusively establish the good faith element of the official immunity defense. Because the official immunity of the individual officer was not established, the City was not entitled to derivative immunity. Jurisdiction of Sovereign Immunity Claims by Interlocutory Appeal For the first time on appeal, the City contends that it has sovereign immunity because: (1) its acts do not constitute a "use" of tangible property; (2) its officers were reacting to an emergency situation; (3) it was providing police protection; and (4) the officers' acts were discretionary. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 101.021(2), 101.055(2), 101.055(3), 101.056 (Vernon Supp. 2002). The City concedes that it raised these issues for the first time on appeal, but argues that the issues concern subject matter jurisdiction, which may be raised for the first time on appeal. It is true that subject matter jurisdiction may be raised for the first time on direct appeal. See Texas Ass'n of Bus. v. Texas Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 445 (Tex. 1993). However, the procedural posture of this case is an interlocutory appeal in the context of the TTCA. We must determine whether we have interlocutory jurisdiction. This Court has jurisdiction to consider immediate appeals of interlocutory orders only if a statute explicitly provides appellate jurisdiction. Stary, 967 S.W.2d at 352-53. The legislature determines, by statute, whether a particular type of pretrial ruling is appealable before a final judgment is rendered. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 51.014. We strictly construe those statutes authorizing interlocutory appeals. America Online, 958 S.W.2d at 271. The statutory list of appealable interlocutory orders is set forth at section 51.014 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code. Because the City's assertions of sovereign immunity are not based on the official immunity of government employees, we have no jurisdiction to review these issues by interlocutory appeal under section 51.014(5). Tex. Prac. & Rem. Code § 51.014(5); Fort Bend County v. Heikkila, 921 S.W.2d 395, 398 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no writ) (dismissing County's issue regarding use of property because assertion of sovereign immunity not based on employees' official immunity). We then turn to section 51.014(8), which provides that "[a] person may appeal from an interlocutory order . . . that (8) grants or denies a plea to the jurisdiction by a governmental unit as that term is defined in Section 101.001." Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 51.014(8) (emphasis added). Under section 51.014(8), interlocutory appeal is available only to challenge the granting or denial of a plea to the jurisdiction by a governmental unit. A defendant files that pleading to urge that the trial court lacks subject matter jurisdiction. Therefore, section 51.014(8) specifies the procedural format of a plea to the jurisdiction, which the City did not file. As a prerequisite in deciding whether we have jurisdiction to address this interlocutory appeal, we must determine whether the City's motion for summary judgment can be construed as a plea to the jurisdiction. We recognize that the nature of a pleading is determined by its substance, not by its format or caption. Tex. R. Civ. P. 71; Toubaniaris v. Am. Bureau of Shipping, 916 S.W.2d 21, 23 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, no writ). Its substance is determined by what effect it will have on the proceeding if granted. Austin Neighborhoods Council, Inc. v. Bd. of Adjustment, 644 S.W.2d 560, 565 (Tex. App.--Austin 1982, writ ref'd n.r.e.). In its motion for summary judgment, the City asserted only that it is entitled to derivative immunity based on the police officers' official immunity. The City also detailed the proper motion for summary judgment standard of review. Most importantly, the City never challenged the trial court's jurisdiction to hear the case. After reviewing the City's answer and motion for summary judgment, we conclude that the City asserted a motion for summary judgment based on derivative immunity, not a plea to the jurisdiction based on lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Accordingly, we do not have jurisdiction under section 51.014(8) to review by interlocutory appeal the City's assertions of sovereign immunity. Tex. Prac. & Rem. Code § 51.014(8). Conclusion We affirm the trial court's denial of the City's motion for summary judgment. Adele Hedges Justice Panel consists of Justices Mirabal, Hedges, and Jennings. Do not publish. Tex. R. App. P. 47. 1. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem Code Ann. §§ 71.002, 71.004, 71.021 (Vernon 1997). 2. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.001 (Vernon Supp. 2002).