Harris County Sheriff's Office Sergeant Johnny Gonzales and Harris County Sheriff's Office Deputy Robert Miller v. Pearline Kelley, Individually and as Representative of the Estate of Daryl Dwayne Kelley

Opinion issued July 1, 2010 In The Court of Appeals For The First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-10-00109-CV ——————————— JOHNNY GONZALES AND ROBERT MILLER, APPELLANTS V. PEARLINE KELLEY, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF DARYL DWAYNE KELLEY, DECEASED, APPELLEE On Appeal from the 334th District Court Harris County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 2008-02201 MEMORANDUM OPINION Appellants, Johnny Gonzales and Robert Miller, appeal the trial court’s interlocutory order denying their motion for summary judgment based on official immunity. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.014(a)(5) (Vernon 2008). Because appellants carried their burden of proving their affirmative defense of official immunity as a matter of law and appellee, Pearline Kelley, individually and as representative of the estate of Daryl Dwayne Kelley, deceased, failed to meet her corresponding summary-judgment burden, we reverse and render judgment that appellee take nothing by her claims against appellants. Background The underlying suit arises from the death of 29-year-old Daryl Dwayne Kelley (“Daryl”) on January 13, 2006. At the time of his death, Daryl was incarcerated in the Harris County Jail and suffered from bipolar disorder. Daryl had been arrested on December 30, 2005 for unauthorized use of a motor vehicle and booked into the Harris County Jail. On January 12, 2006, Daryl had not eaten or taken his medication for two days. The Harris County Sherriff’s deputies, who work as correctional officers at the jail, also had observed Daryl banging his head on the door and on the walls of his cell. A determination was made that Daryl should be moved to the jail clinic for an evaluation. Due to the inmate’s history of mental illness and his large size—Daryl weighed approximately 300 pounds—a team of four deputies was assembled to move Daryl to the clinic. The move proved to be difficult. When the team entered his cell, Daryl struck one of the deputies and charged out of the cell. The deputies grabbed Daryl and struggled with him. Daryl continued to resist aggressively and struggle with the deputies. The deputies ultimately placed leg shackles and handcuffs on Daryl. They transported him on a stretcher to the clinic. Daryl stayed overnight in the jail infirmary in a padded cell. The next day, January 13, 2006, a determination was made that Daryl should be transferred to the Mental Health and Mental Retardation Assessment (“MHMRA”) unit for observation. Appellant, Johnny Gonzales, a sergeant with the Harris County Sherriff’s Office, was assigned to supervise the team that would move Daryl. Gonzales’s superior advised him that Daryl had been difficult to move the previous day. Gonzales assembled an emergency response team of five deputies to assist in Daryl’s transfer. Among the team was appellant, Robert Miller, a deputy with the Harris County Sherriff’s Office. Gonzales assigned to Miller the responsibility of using a taser device if necessary to subdue Daryl during the cell transfer. No other team member carried a taser during the transfer. At approximately 2:22 p.m., the team lined up outside Daryl’s cell. Gonzales ordered Daryl to turn around and lie face down. Daryl did not comply. Instead, Daryl took an aggressive stance, shouted obscenities, and said, “Come on and kill me.” As Gonzales opened the cell door, Miller pointed the taser at Daryl to encourage him to comply with Gonzales’s commands. Daryl raised his hands in a combative manner, and Miller deployed the taser. The taser probes did not make good contact with Daryl’s body, and Daryl continued to resist the team’s efforts to subdue him. Miller then disengaged the probe cartridge from the taser to enable him to use the device in the “drive stun” mode. In this mode, the taser operator discharges the device directly against the body of the subject rather than shooting the taser’s probe projectiles into the subject’s body. After the initial taser deployment, Daryl continued to struggle with the deputies, and Miller “drive stunned” Daryl two times with the taser. The deputies restrained Daryl with handcuffs and leg irons and placed him on a gurney. As the deputies transported him, Daryl continued to struggle. Another team member, Deputy Hazeslip, rode on top of the gurney to secure Daryl’s legs during the transport. Daryl continued to resist and nearly threw Deputy Hazeslip from the gurney. Deputy Miller again drive stunned Daryl with the taser. Sergeant Gonzales told Deputy Miller to give the taser to another team member, Deputy Doyle, who was positioned differently than Deputy Miller relative to Daryl. Deputy Doyle also deployed the taser. Once they arrived at the MHMRA unit, a nurse injected Daryl with Benadryl, Haldol, and Ativan. The gurney on which the deputies were transporting Daryl would not fit through the door of the cellblock on the MHMRA unit. To get through the door, the deputies lifted the mattress from the gurney with Daryl on it. Daryl continued to struggle. Gonzales obtained the taser from Deputy Doyle and discharged it twice in the drive stun mode into Daryl’s shoulder. The team ultimately placed Daryl in his new cell. A short time later, a nurse assessed Daryl’s medical condition and found that his pulse was thready. Daryl was transported to the hospital where he died at 4:16 p.m. An autopsy revealed Daryl’s cause of death to be “psychotic delirium associated with hypertensive cardiovascular disease.” The medical examiner found the manner of death to be “natural.” Daryl’s mother, Pearline Kelley (“Ms. Kelley”), sued Sergeant Gonzales and Deputy Miller for civil assault. Ms. Kelly alleges that the deputies used “excessive force, namely the multiple shocks . . . with the taser gun,” which caused her son’s death. Ms. Kelley also sued Harris County and Taser, Inc. for various causes of action. Sergeant Gonzales and Deputy Miller (“appellants”) answered and filed a motion for summary judgment. Appellants asserted that they were entitled to summary judgment on Ms. Kelley’s assault claim based on the affirmative defense of official immunity. To support summary judgment, Sergeant Gonzales and Deputy Miller each offered his own affidavit. Ms. Kelley responded by asserting that each appellant had not acted in good faith—a necessary element of official immunity—when he had tasered her son. In support of her response, Ms. Kelley offered the affidavits of three jail inmates. The inmates had witnessed Daryl’s first transfer from his cell to the infirmary on January 12, 2006, the day before the incident made the basis of this suit. Ms. Kelley’s summary judgment evidence also included the affidavit of Otis Ricks, an employee of MHMRA, who had been present when the deputies brought Daryl to the MHMRA unit on January 13, 2006. The trial court denied appellants’ motion for summary judgment. Appellants filed this interlocutory appeal to challenge the trial court’s ruling.[1] Appellants contend in three issues that the trial court erred when it denied their motion for summary judgment based on official immunity. Summary Judgment and Official Immunity A. Governing Legal Principles A movant seeking traditional summary judgment on an affirmative defense has the initial burden of establishing entitlement to judgment as a matter of law by conclusively establishing each element of his affirmative defense. See Chau v. Riddle, 254 S.W.3d 453, 455 (Tex. 2008); see Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(b), (c). A matter is conclusively established if reasonable people could not differ as to the conclusion to be drawn from the evidence. See City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 816 (Tex. 2005). If the movant meets his burden, the burden shifts to the nonmovant to raise a genuine issue of material fact precluding summary judgment. See Centeq Realty, Inc. v. Siegler, 899 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex. 1995). The evidence raises a genuine issue of fact if reasonable and fair-minded jurors could differ in their conclusions in light of all of the summary-judgment evidence. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Mayes, 236 S.W.3d 754, 755 (Tex. 2007). On appeal, we review de novo a trial court’s summary-judgment ruling. See Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009). In our review, we consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the nonmovant if reasonable jurors could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not. See Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582 (Tex. 2006). Official immunity under common law is based on the necessity for public servants “to act in the public interest with confidence and without the hesitation that could arise from having their judgment continually questioned by extended litigation.” Ballantyne v. Champion Builders, Inc., 144 S.W.3d 417, 424 (Tex. 2004). Official immunity is an affirmative defense that shields government employees from personal liability for the employee’s performance (1) of discretionary duties, (2) within the scope of the employee’s authority, (3) undertaken in good faith. See Univ. of Houston v. Clark, 38 S.W.3d 578, 580–81 (Tex. 2000); City of Lancaster v. Chambers, 883 S.W.2d 650, 653 (Tex. 1994). To obtain summary judgment on the basis of official immunity, the government employee must prove conclusively each of these elements. Clark, 38 S.W.3d at 580. When determining whether the summary-judgment proof conclusively establishes an official-immunity defense, we must consider the existence of disputed facts material to these elements. See Telthorster v. Tennell, 92 S.W.3d 457, 461 (Tex. 2002). In this case, the parties do not dispute that each appellant performed a discretionary duty within the scope of his authority. Instead, the parties contest whether each appellant acted in good faith in his use of force against Daryl, more particularly, in his use of the taser device against Daryl. To determine whether a public official acted in good faith, we determine whether a reasonably prudent official, under the same or similar circumstances, could have believed that his conduct was justified based on the information he possessed when the conduct occurred. Ballantyne, 144 S.W.3d at 426; Telthorster v. Tennell, 92 S.W.3d at 465. The standard of good faith as an element of official immunity is not a test of carelessness or negligence, or a measure of an official’s motivation. Ballantyne, 144 S.W.3d at 426. We measure good faith in official immunity cases against a standard of objective reasonableness, without regard to the official’s subjective state of mind. See id. The official need not prove that it would have been unreasonable to take different action, nor that all reasonably prudent officials would have acted as he did. See Telthorster, 92 S.W.3d at 465. The good faith test is not what a reasonable person would have done, rather it is what a reasonable official could have believed. See Ballantyne, 144 S.W.3d at 426; Telthorster, 92 S.W.3d at 465. In other words, an official must prove only that a reasonably prudent officer, under similar circumstances, might have reached the same decision. Telthorster, 92 S.W.3d at 465. Thus, to be entitled to summary judgment, an official must conclusively show that a reasonably prudent official might have believed the action taken was appropriate. See Perry v. Greanias, 95 S.W.3d 683, 697 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. denied). Once an official meets this burden, to defeat summary judgment, the plaintiff must offer evidence to show that no official in the defendant’s position could have believed the facts justified his conduct. See Telthorster, 92 S.W.3d at 465; Perry, 95 S.W.3d at 697. B. Good Faith in This Case 1. The Officers’ Proof We first must examine the summary judgment proof to determine whether Sergeant Gonzales and Deputy Miller conclusively established that a reasonably prudent officer, under the same or similar circumstances, could have believed that his use of force, namely the use of the taser device, was justified. To show good faith, Sergeant Gonzales and Deputy Miller each testified by affidavit in support of summary judgment. The officers recounted the events surrounding the transfer of Daryl from the infirmary to the MHMRA unit on January 13, 2006. Each officer indicated in his affidavit that he had been made aware that Daryl had a history of being aggressive and uncooperative with staff. Sergeant Gonzales testified that, when the team arrived at the cell, he ordered Daryl to turn around and lie face down. Daryl refused and became “verbally aggressive,” stating, “What the fuck is this?” and “Come on and kill me.” Sergeant Gonzales again ordered Daryl to turn around and lie down, but he refused. When the team entered his cell, Daryl “raised his hands” in a combative manner, and Deputy Miller then deployed the taser. Deputy Miller similarly testified that Daryl would not comply with Sergeant Gonzales’s repeated orders to turn around and lie down. Instead, Daryl “took an aggressive stance as the door was opening.” Deputy Miller testified that, when Daryl “raised his hands,” he had to determine how to respond. Deputy Miller responded by deploying the taser. Deputy Miller described how Daryl had turned as he was deploying the taser and how Daryl had then fallen in the cell. Both officers testified that the taser probes had not made good contact with Daryl’s body. With regard to his further use of the taser, Deputy Miller offered the following testimony: All team members had difficulty physically securing Mr. Kelley. Mr. Kelley became extremely aggressive and violent while the Team attempted to secure him. I had disengaged the cartridge from the Taser in order to use the drive stun method and not “tase” any of the team members who were on the wires. Mr. Kelley displayed such strength that he began to lift members of the Team off the floor during the struggle. Again, I had to use my discretion to determine the response to be made to Mr. Kelley’s combativeness. I took up a position near Mr. Kelley’s left shoulder area and deployed the Taser in the drive stun mode to Mr. Kelley’s left shoulder blade. The purpose of the “drive stun” mode was to obtain Mr. Kelley’s compliance. Mr. Kelley seemed to calm down long enough for the team leader, Deputy Tullos, to ask if all team members were secure, meaning that they were able to control the particular body part of Mr. Kelley to which they were assigned. However, after each member of the team had acknowledged that Mr. Kelley was under control, he became aggressive again by pushing his legs out and thrashing his head from left to right. Mr. Kelley began yelling loudly and continuing to resist. I moved into a different position beside Mr. Kelley’s right leg using my discretion to determine the response to be made to Mr. Kelley. I deployed the Taser system in drive stun mode to Mr. Kelley’s right buttock area to gain compliance. Mr. Kelley appeared to temporarily stop the resistance. At that time, I assisted Deputy Hazeslip in securing Mr. Kelley’s legs by placing leg restraints on him. . . . . Deputy Hazeslip rode on the top of the gurney, securing both Mr. Kelley’s legs while in transit. As soon as the Team moved around the corner of the hallway, Mr. Kelley became aggressive by trying to resist. Mr. Kelley’s resistance moved Deputy Hazeslip backwards and he was almost thrown off the gurney. Again using my discretion to determine the response to be made to Mr. Kelley’s aggression, I deployed the Taser system by drive stunning Mr. Kelley’s right buttock. The purpose of the drive stun was to gain Mr. Kelley’s compliance. I then supported Deputy Hazeslip by holding on to his belt and the back of his vest. Once Mr. Kelley seemed to take a breath and calm down. I released my hold on Deputy Hazeslip. Sergeant Gonzales offered the following testimony regarding the events surrounding Deputy Miller’s use of the taser and his own use of the taser: After he deployed the Taser, Deputy Miller entered Mr. Kelley’s cell and tripped as he went in. The rest of the Team continued into the cell, and attempted to restrain Mr. Kelley, who was violently resisting the Taser and the use of physical control tactics by the Team. In other words, Mr. Kelley was violently resisting the officers’ attempts to bring him under control physically so he could be transported. Deputy Miller disengaged the Taser cartridge from the Taser and attempted to apply a drive stun to Mr. Kelley. A drive stun is applied directly to the subject’s body, without the use of the Taser probes. This is a technique used to bring a subject under control. The other members of the Team were struggling with Mr. Kelley and Deputy Miller was unable to apply the drive stun immediately. Deputy Miller was finally able to move in and apply approximately three drive stuns in short durations after the initial deployment of the Taser probe. Mr. Kelley continued to violently resist the Team, at one point kicking two Team members off him as they attempted to physically subdue and secure him. The Team continued to use proper pressure point and control tactics to secure Mr. Kelley, and ultimately, Mr. Kelley was secured after a few minutes. The Team sounded off; indicating that all members had control of their assigned body parts. Once all Team members sounded off, the restraints were to be applied. I noticed several members were having difficulty applying the handcuffs at which time I gave the order to double handcuff Mr. Kelley. A second pair of handcuffs was applied and secured to each other. Giving the order to double handcuff Mr. Kelley was within the scope of my authority as a sergeant and I exercised my discretion to issue this order. A second pair of handcuffs was applied, and secured to each other. After Mr. Kelley was properly secured, the Team lined him and placed him on a stretcher. Mr. Kelley continued to struggle as the Team lifted him, almost causing the Team to drop him. After Mr. Kelley was placed on the stretcher, Deputy Hazeslip had to climb on the stretcher and secure Mr. Kelley’s legs. Mr. Kelley started to resist once again outside of the cell, and the Team stopped the stretcher and applied pressure point control tactics as I attempted to calm Mr. Kelley down. . . . . Once on the second floor, the Team had to stop outside of 2C1 for another nurse to administer an injection of Benadryl, Haldol and Ativan. After the injection was given, Mr. Kelley told the nurse “Thank you” and the Team was cleared to move him into his new cell assignment. The stretcher [would] not fit into the cellblock, so I ordered the Team to use the mattress to lift Mr. Kelley. As the Team attempted to lift the mattress and Mr. Kelley, he became violent and started to struggle with the Team. I secured the Taser from Deputy Doyle, who had previously secured it from Deputy Miller. I applied two drive stuns in short duration to Mr. Kelley’s upper left shoulder area. These drive stuns had little effect on his violent actions, as he continued to struggle. I exercised my discretion in determining to utilize a drive stun against Mr. Kelley and applying the drive stun was within the scope of my authority. Both officers further testified that Daryl continued to struggle as the team arrived at the new cell. According to Deputy Miller, Daryl was “extremely resistive,” using his legs to throw Deputy Hazeslip from the stretcher. Deputy Miller testified that he intervened and attempted to bend Daryl’s legs back into position by delivering “several hammer fist strikes” to Daryl’s hamstrings. Despite these efforts, Daryl “overpowered” Deputy Miller. Similarly, Sergeant Gonzales testified that Daryl continued to resist and “kick[ed] off two deputies,” despite being shackled. Each officer also testified that once inside the cell, Daryl continued to struggle until the restraints were removed. Relevant to the good-faith analysis, appellant’s summary-judgment evidence showed: · Sergeant Gonzales and Deputy Miller knew that Daryl had a recent history of aggression and combativeness toward staff. · Daryl showed immediate aggression and resistance toward the team, which continued throughout the entire transfer; · Daryl was a large 29-year-old man, who demonstrated great strength against the team; · The team had difficulty controlling Daryl throughout the transfer; · Daryl was able to offer significant resistance to the team despite being handcuffed and shackled; · Each time the taser was deployed, it was directly and immediately responsive to an aggressive or unruly behavior by Daryl; · Deputy Miller’s deployment of the taser resulted in momentary compliance by Daryl, which permitted the team to physically secure him; · After each taser deployment, Daryl sufficiently recovered to physically resist the team. In sum, the officers’ summary-judgment evidence showed that Daryl was a physically large and strong man with a recent history of aggressive behavior toward staff during a cell transfer. The evidence also showed that the officers used the device in response to specific aggressive acts by Daryl. The testimony showed that each taser deployment by Deputy Miller resulted in momentary compliance by Daryl that allowed the team to secure him. Throughout the transfer, the team had difficulty maintaining control of Daryl, whose conduct was described by the officers as violent, aggressive, and combative. Despite being handcuffed and shackled, Daryl offered significant resistance to the team. During the transfer, Daryl did not exhibit outward signs of harm from being tasered, as shown by his continued resistance after each taser deployment. Based on the evidence submitted, we conclude that Sergeant Gonzales and Deputy Miller conclusively established that a reasonably prudent officer, under the same or similar circumstances, could have believed that his use of force, namely the use of the taser device, was justified.[2] See Telthorster, 92 S.W.3d at 465. We hold that Sergeant Gonzales and Deputy Miller met their summary-judgment burden to conclusively establish good faith. See Hidalgo County v. Gonzalez, 128 S.W.3d 788, 795 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2004, no pet.) (holding that sheriff deputy proved good faith for official immunity purposes in summary judgment proceeding involving claim that deputy injured plaintiff’s wrist with handcuffs when deputy transferred plaintiff to mental health facility); Watt v. Tex. Dept. of Criminal Justice v. Watt, 949 S.W.2d 561, 566 (Tex. App.—Waco 1997, no writ) (reversing denial of summary judgment sought on official immunity ground because prison employees proved that they acted in good faith in using force against inmate in cell transfer that resulted in inmate’s death). 2. Ms. Kelley’s Proof To controvert appellants’ proof, Ms. Kelley had to show that no reasonable officer in Sergeant Gonzales’s and Deputy Miller’s position could have believed that the circumstances justified his conduct. See Telthorster, 92 S.W.3d at 466–67. Ms. Kelley failed to meet this burden. In support of her response to appellants’ motion for summary judgment, Ms. Kelley offered the affidavit testimony of Otis Ricks, an MHMRA employee. Ricks saw the team arrive at the mental health unit with Daryl on January 13, 2006. Ricks testified that he observed one of the team members use his fist to strike Daryl six times in the ribs. In her response, Ms. Kelley contends that appellants’ summary-judgment evidence failed to “explain[] the need to deliver closed fist body blows to Kelley.” Ricks, however, did not identify either Sergeant Gonzales or Deputy Miller as the officer who punched Daryl. Ricks testified that he saw six officers escorting Daryl. Five of the six officers wore helmets with visors. Ricks stated that the visors made it difficult to see the faces of the officers. Ms. Kelley also offered the affidavit testimony of three inmates of the Harris County Jail. Each inmate testified that he had witnessed a group of deputies physically and verbally abusing Daryl on January 12, 2006, the day that Daryl was transferred to the infirmary and the day before the incident made the basis of this suit. However, none of the inmates identified Sergeant Gonzales or Deputy Miller as a participant in the abuse. To the contrary, the record reflects that neither Sergeant Gonzales nor Deputy Miller was among the team members who conducted Daryl’s transfer to the infirmary on January 12, 2006. In her summary-judgment response, Ms. Kelley also offers the following argument: The record demonstrates that HCSO Deputy Miller tasered Kelly four separate times during the same incident for a total of 19 seconds, during the same incident, HCSO Deputy Gonzales tasered Kelley twice for a total of 7 seconds. In all, Kelley was tasered for seven times for a total at 31 seconds during the same episode. The multiple Taser deployment on Kelley was clearly disproportionate to the exigencies of the situation and resulted in injury to Kelley. It is patently unreasonable for Defendants to claim that an “unarmed” Kelley was combative, remained a threat and was continuing to resist even after he was hand cuffed and leg shackled. That simply strains all credulity. As discussed above, appellants’ evidence showed that a reasonably prudent officer, under the same or similar circumstances, could have believed that it was necessary to use the taser in the manner that it was used here. The evidence showed that each taser deployment immediately followed an aggressive or unruly act by Daryl. The evidence also showed that Daryl was effective in his resistance against the officers even after he was handcuffed, shackled, and given sedation.[3] In contrast, Ms. Kelley’s response is not supported by any evidence that controverts appellants’ establishment of good faith. We note that Ms. Kelley offered no expert testimony to support her assertion that appellants’ conduct was “patently unreasonable” based on the number of taser deployments and the fact that Daryl was in restraints and medicated when tasered. In short, Ms. Kelley has failed to meet her burden to show that no reasonable officer would have acted as appellants did under the same or similar circumstances. See Telthorster, 92 S.W.3d at 465. We sustain appellants’ issues. Conclusion Appellants’ summary judgment evidence conclusively establishes, and Ms. Kelley fails to controvert, that Sergeant Gonzales and Deputy Miller each acted in good faith when he used force, namely using the taser, against Daryl. Accordingly, we reverse the order of the trial court to the extent that it denies appellants’ motion for summary judgment and render judgment that Ms. Kelley take nothing against appellants. Laura C. Higley Justice Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Hanks, and Higley. [1] We have jurisdiction over this interlocutory appeal because it is an appeal from the denial of a motion for summary judgment based on official immunity. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.014(a)(5) (Vernon 2008) (permitting appeal of an order denying a motion for summary judgment that is based on assertion of immunity by an individual who is an officer or employee of the state or a political subdivision of the state). In the same instrument as appellants’ motion for summary judgment, Harris County also filed for summary judgment. When it denied appellants’ motion for summary judgment, the trial court also denied Harris County’s motion for summary judgment. The denial of Harris County’s motion for summary judgment is not part of this appeal. [2] In her brief, Ms. Kelley asserts that the principles enunciated in Telthorster do not apply to this case. Telthorster involved a lawsuit arising from injuries allegedly inflicted by a police officer making an arrest. Ms. Kelley points out that the Telthorster court remarked, “A high risk of liability in such a situation would likely compel arresting officers to act hesitantly when immediate action is required, subjecting themselves and the public to unnecessary ‘risks, and seriously hamper[ing] their efforts to apprehend dangerous criminal suspects.’” Telthorster v. Tennell, 92 S.W.3d 457, 464 (Tex. 2002) (quoting United States v. Merritt, 695 F.2d 1263, 1274 (10th Cir. 1982)). Ms. Kelley contends, “In the instant case, no facts exist to suggest immediate action by police officers was required, that Kelley was a dangerous criminal, and clearly there were no risks to the general public.” We begin by noting that, in making the cited remark, the supreme court in Telthorster was determining whether to apply the need/risk analysis, which had been historically applied when determining good faith in cases involving high-speed pursuits, to determining an officer’s good faith in cases in which the injury arose from an arrest. See id. In any event, considerations similar to those in Telthorster also exist in this case. Here, immediate action by the officers was also necessary. The record shows that Daryl was a mentally ill man who was being transferred to the mental health unit for observation. The record reflects that Daryl had a history of aggressive behavior toward staff and was in a psychotic state. During the transfer at issue, Daryl acted aggressively toward the officers from the moment they approached his cell until the time the team placed him in his new cell. Under such circumstances, an officer must be able to act immediately to safeguard himself, his team members, the inmate, and other inmates, without fear of liability. [3] On appeal, Ms. Kelley complains of appellants’ affidavit testimony on the ground that appellants are interested witnesses whose testimony cannot be readily controverted. She points out that the uncontroverted, self-serving affidavit from an interested witness may serve as basis for granting summary judgment only if the evidence is “clear, positive, direct, otherwise credible, free from contradictions and inconsistencies, and could have been readily controverted.” See Trico Techs. Corp. v. Montiel, 949 S.W.2d 308, 310 (Tex. 1997). However, an objection asserting that the affiant is an interested witness is an objection to a defect in form in the affidavit and must be preserved in the trial court. Ahumada v. Dow Chem. Co., 992 S.W.2d 555, 562 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. denied). Because Ms. Kelley failed to raise or to obtain a ruling on this objection in the trial court, it has been waived. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1. Moreover, the law is clear that good faith may be established by the official’s own affidavit. See Barker v. City of Galveston, 907 S.W.2d 879, 888 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, writ denied).