Clyde T. Hutchinson, Jr. v. State of Texas

In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana ______________________________ No. 06-01-00065-CR ______________________________ CLYDE T. HUTCHINSON, JR., Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee On Appeal from the 71st Judicial District Court Harrison County, Texas Trial Court No. 00-035 Before Cornelius, C.J., Grant and Ross, JJ. Opinion by Justice Grant O P I N I O N Clyde T. Hutchinson, Jr. appeals his conviction for felony escape for which he was sentenced to fifty years' confinement. Hutchinson's sentence was enhanced by two prior felony convictions. A jury found Hutchinson guilty and assessed his punishment. In two points of error, Hutchinson contends the evidence was legally and factually insufficient to support the jury's verdict finding him guilty of felony escape. Uncontested testimony at trial established the following facts. Hutchinson was the defendant in a burglary trial. Hutchinson was in the courtroom, in the custody of Deputy Jeremy Stewart, who was also responsible for the custody of four other defendants. After the jury returned the verdict in Hutchinson's burglary case and while it was in recess, Stewart left Hutchinson in the courtroom while he returned another defendant to the holding cell. Prosecutor Ken Hill saw Hutchinson walking around the courtroom with his cane during the recess. After the judge asked who was watching the defendant, Hill began to tell Hutchinson to sit back down, but as soon as he said "Hey," Hutchinson dropped the cane, pushed open the closed doors of the courtroom, and ran down the hall. Bailiff Mike Alexander was checking on the jury in the jury room when Hutchinson bolted from the courtroom. When Alexander returned to the courtroom and was told Hutchinson had left the room, he ran to the doors and saw Hutchinson running at the end of the hall and shouted at him to stop several times, but Hutchinson picked up his pace and kept running so fast he was sliding around corners. Hutchinson jumped down the stairs to the landing and continued to run as Hall Reavis, an investigator for the district attorney's office, along with two other men from his office, chased Hutchinson. On the first floor, as Hutchinson was making his way toward the outside door, Reavis leaped and grabbed him by the legs and, with the help of the two other men, forced him to the ground and subdued him. After he had been tackled, Hutchinson continued to resist arrest. Reavis took Hutchinson into custody, handcuffed him, and took him in to be booked for escape. Hutchinson covered approximately 297 feet in twenty-eight seconds. There is no evidence in the record that Hutchinson left the confines of the courthouse or that he was explicitly informed he was not to leave the courtroom. The record reflects that the standard operating procedure is to confine defendants in custody to the courtroom and not allow them to leave the courtroom without being escorted by a deputy. Hutchinson testified he had never, while in custody, been allowed to exit the courtroom without a deputy being with him. Several witnesses testified they knew of no one giving Hutchinson permission to leave the courtroom. Hutchinson testified he was not aware of what he was doing or what was going on from the time the verdict was read until he was in handcuffs after having been tackled. Hutchinson does not dispute that he was charged with a felony offense at the time of his alleged escape, that he was in the custody of Stewart, or that leaving the courtroom was unauthorized. His only challenge is to the sufficiency of the evidence to show his unauthorized departure was also a departure from custody. In our review of the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we employ the standards set forth in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560, 573 (1979), and Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d 154 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991), and look to see whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In our review of the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we view all the evidence and set aside the verdict only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Lisai v. State, 875 S.W.2d 35, 37 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 1994, pet. ref'd); Stone v. State, 823 S.W.2d 375, 381 (Tex. App.-Austin 1992, pet. ref'd, untimely filed). In both sufficiency reviews, the trier of fact may draw reasonable inferences and is the exclusive judge of the witnesses' credibility and the weight to give their testimonies. See Jones v. State, 944 S.W.2d 642, 647-49 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Bruno v. State, 922 S.W.2d 292, 293 (Tex. App.-Amarillo 1996, no pet.). The offense of escape is comprised of three elements: (1) escape (2) from custody (3) after having been arrested for, charged with, or convicted of an offense. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 38.06(a) (Vernon Supp. 2002); Scott v. State, 672 S.W.2d 465, 466 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). Escape is defined as an "unauthorized departure from custody." Lawhorn v. State, 898 S.W.2d 886, 890 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). Custody is not limited to actual, physical "hands-on" restraint, but in the context of escape, is more than the right to control; it implies a degree of physical limitation, restraint, or control the nature and scope of which depends on the facts of each case. See Lawhorn v. State, 843 S.W.2d 268, 270 (Tex. App.-Austin, 1992), aff'd, 898 S.W.2d 886 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). Such limitation or restraint may be demonstrated by showing that based on the circumstances, a reasonable person would have believed he was not free to leave. See Morris v. State, 739 S.W.2d 63, 66 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (discussing when custody has been established). The nature and scope of custody has been examined in numerous cases. In the context of a correctional facility, unauthorized departure from the areas where inmates were assigned or allowed to be at a given time constituted escape from custody. In Scott v. State, 672 S.W.2d 465 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984), the defendant crawled through a hole in the detention center building into the fenced courtyard where the gate was unlocked. The evidence showed that inmates were free to be out of their cells at the time of the defendant's departure, but that inmates were never allowed into the yard unaccompanied by a deputy. Id. The court determined that the walls of the building constituted the boundary of his detention and that he had completed escape although he was recaptured as soon as he came through the hole. Id. In Crowder v. State, 812 S.W.2d 63 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, pet. ref'd), the defendant's assigned area at the time of his departure was his cell. He was discovered in a restricted area of the prison which was off-limits to inmates at all times. Id. The court found that he was no longer in proper custody and that his departure was unauthorized. Id. Outside of the correctional facility context, the scope of custody still depends on the area to which the defendant is assigned. In Webb v. State, 533 S.W.2d 780 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976), the defendant was an inmate assigned to paint the inside of a courthouse. He was assigned to a particular room from which he escaped through the window, breaking his leg in the fall enabling the officers to find him on the roof. In McGowen v. State, 885 S.W.2d 285 (Tex. App.-Beaumont 1994, no pet.), the defendant broke away from the deputy as he was being transported across the street and was recaptured by the same deputy a distance down the street. Id. In Casey v. State, 681 S.W.2d 178 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1984, pet. ref'd), the defendant disobeyed the deputy's instruction to follow him, after he had been ordered into custody, and instead fled the courtroom. He was recaptured only twenty feet outside the courtroom. Id. Relying on Judges Clinton's and Teague's reasoning in their dissenting opinions in Scott, Hutchinson argues that in order to have departed from custody, he would have had to exit the courthouse, not just the courtroom. Judge Clinton focused on restraint and Judge Teague on control and confinement, both arguing, using different terminology, that internal rules of correctional facilities regulate confinement, but the area within the sheriff's control dictates the scope of custody. See Scott, 672 S.W.2d at 467-68. An example of the dissents' reasoning is that one leaving an area without authorization while remaining in the sheriff's control would have only departed from an area, not from custody. Because Hutchinson's escape took place in a courthouse, a public building where the flow of human traffic, while monitored, is not controlled, even the reasoning expressed in the Scott dissents does not support a finding in this case that the scope of Hutchinson's custody extended to the outer walls of the courthouse itself regardless of what unauthorized actions he took within the courthouse. Hutchinson does not dispute that he was charged with a felony offense at the time of his alleged escape, that he was in the custody of Stewart, and that leaving the courtroom was unauthorized. The only element about which Hutchinson challenges the legal sufficiency is that his actions constituted a departure from custody. Stewart testified he escorted Hutchinson into the courtroom for the purpose of the hearing. Several witnesses testified Hutchinson was not given permission to exit the courtroom without being accompanied by a deputy. Hutchinson testified he had never been allowed to walk through the halls of the courthouse unaccompanied when he was in custody. Stewart testified he had taken defendants back and forth to the holding cell while Hutchinson was in the courtroom. Additionally, before Hutchinson ran from the courtroom, the judge inquired as to who was watching the defendant, indicating perhaps the defendant should not have been up and walking around at will, and the prosecutor began to address Hutchinson. If all these circumstances would fail to make a reasonable person believe he was not free to leave, then the bailiff yelling after him to stop certainly would have. Looking at the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence was legally sufficient to support a finding of the essential elements. This includes a determination that Hutchinson had departed from the physical limitation, restraint, and control exercised by the deputy charged with custody that within the circumstances would have caused a reasonable person to believe he was not free to leave and was expected to obey the officers of the court. Hutchinson's first point of error is overruled. In his second point of error, Hutchinson contends the evidence was factually insufficient to support his conviction. While there is no evidence in the record Hutchinson was informed by Stewart or anyone else he was to remain inside the courtroom while the deputy escorted the other defendants to the holding cell, this lack of evidence does not make the verdict so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong or unjust, as a reasonable jury could have concluded the circumstances indicated a reasonable person would have believed he was not free to leave and was expected to obey the officers of the court. Therefore, the evidence was factually sufficient to support Hutchinson's conviction for felony escape. Hutchinson's second point of error is overruled. The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Ben Z. Grant Justice Date Submitted: January 31, 2002 Date Decided: February 12, 2002 Do Not Publish t to modify the judgment of the trial court. Tex. R. App. P. 43.2. Therefore, we reform the judgment of the trial court to reflect Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.115 as the statute under which Williams was convicted. We overrule Williams' sole point of error and, as reformed, affirm the trial court's judgment. Jack Carter Justice Date Submitted: March 19, 2008 Date Decided: March 20, 2008 Do Not Publish