Germaine Saxon Staten v. State

In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana ______________________________ No. 06-03-00080-CR ______________________________ GERMAINE SAXON STATEN, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee On Appeal from the County Court at Law Hunt County, Texas Trial Court No. CR0201942 Before Morriss, C.J., Ross and Carter, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Justice Carter MEMORANDUM OPINION A jury convicted Germaine Saxon Staten of burglary of a vehicle, a Class A misdemeanor offense. The trial court sentenced Staten to 120 days in the county jail and a $100.00 fine. Staten raises two issues on appeal arguing that there is legally and factually insufficient evidence to support the jury's verdict. We affirm the judgment of the trial court. Around two o'clock a.m. on September 11, 2002, Officer Randy Gray, Sergeant Perry Sandlin, and Lieutenant Richard Bench of the Greenville Police Department responded to a report of two suspicious men who had been looking in vehicles at the Watergate Apartments and had crossed the street to the Best Western parking lot. On arrival, Lieutenant Bench noticed two men standing next to a pickup truck. Lieutenant Bench temporarily detained the two men until Officer Gray and Sergeant Sandlin arrived. The two suspects were eventually identified at Jason Colbert and Germaine Saxon Staten. Lieutenant Bench then checked the nearby vehicles and noticed the latch on the back sliding glass window of the pickup had been broken. The officers patted down Colbert and Staten. Officer Gray and Sergeant Sandlin searched the contents of the pockets of the suspects. Officer Gray removed the contents from Staten's pockets and found a watch and a cap. The officers contacted Mark Tubbs, the owner of the pickup, and were informed the latch had been previously broken and nothing was missing. Within a few minutes, Tubbs returned and reported that a watch with a broken band and a welding cap were missing. At that time, the police had suspects in custody. Tubbs identified the objects found in Staten's possession as his watch and welding cap. Staten contends the evidence is both legally and factually insufficient to support the jury's verdict. Staten argues the State failed to prove he ever entered the complainant's truck, prove when the property in question was removed from the truck, or disprove that Staten received the property from Colbert. A person commits the offense of burglary of a vehicle "if, without the effective consent of the owner, he breaks into or enters a vehicle or any part of a vehicle with intent to commit any felony or theft." Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 30.04 (Vernon 2003). Evidence that an accused exercised control over property without the consent of the owner, intending to deprive him or her of it, is sufficient to prove theft. Chavez v. State, 843 S.W.2d 586, 588 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). In our review of the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we employ the standards set forth in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). This calls on the court to view the relevant evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Turner v. State, 805 S.W.2d 423, 427 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). In contrast to legal sufficiency, a factual sufficiency review dictates that the evidence be viewed in a neutral light, favoring neither party. Johnson, 23 S.W.3d at 7. In determining the factual sufficiency of the evidence to establish the elements of the offense, we view all the evidence in a neutral light and set aside the verdict only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong, or so weak as to be clearly wrong or manifestly unjust. Id. However, "[t]he court's evaluation should not substantially intrude upon the jury's role as the sole judge of the weight and credibility of witness testimony." Jones v. State, 944 S.W.2d 642, 648 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). When there is independent evidence of a burglary, the unexplained personal possession of recently stolen property will support an inference of guilt of the offense in which the property was stolen. Taylor v. State, 921 S.W.2d 740, 744 (Tex. App.‒El Paso 1996, no pet.); Buchanan v. State, 780 S.W.2d 467, 469 (Tex. App.‒Dallas 1989, pet. ref'd); see Havard v. State, 972 S.W.2d 200, 201 (Tex. App.‒Beaumont 1998, no pet.); see also Hardesty v. State, 656 S.W.2d 73, 76 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983). The defendant must be found in possession of recently stolen property and fail to make a reasonable explanation at the time of the arrest to give rise to the inference. Hardesty, 656 S.W.2d at 76. The inference created is a "permissible inference," not a "true presumption." Id. "[T]he deduction of guilt drawn from a defendant's recent and unexplained possession of stolen property is merely a circumstance of guilt and is not conclusive." Id. at 77. The sufficiency of the evidence, viewed as a whole, must still be examined under the applicable standards of appellate review. Id.; Buchanan, 780 S.W.2d at 471. Tubbs testified the watch and welding cap were missing from his truck and he did not give anyone permission to enter his vehicle. The testimony of Tubbs that the items were missing from his truck is sufficient to establish independent evidence of burglary. The statement indicates that, at some point, a burglary of the vehicle occurred. While Officer Gray's police report stated the items had been found in Colbert's pockets, Officer Gray testified this was a typographical error. Officer Gray testified that he had "no doubt whatsoever" that the cap and watch were in Staten's pocket. Because Staten was found in possession of the stolen goods and failed to provide a reasonable explanation at the time of the arrest, a permissible inference arose that he committed the offense of burglary of a vehicle. Staten first argues there is no evidence he entered the truck, stating that no statements, confessions, or physical evidence placed him inside Tubbs' truck. The State must prove that the defendant entered the vehicle in question. Griffin v. State, 815 S.W.2d 576, 577 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (theft of a hubcap and tire attached to the outside of the car was not an entry of a vehicle); compare with Hopkins v. State, 864 S.W.2d 119, 120 (Tex. App.‒Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, pet. ref'd) (breaking the plane created by the side of the pickup truck and the ladder rack was sufficient to constitute entry). There is independent evidence from Tubbs that the items were missing from his truck. Staten was found to be in possession of the items in close proximity to the truck. In order for the items to be in Staten's possession, an entry must have been made into the truck. Due to the inference that he is guilty of the offense of burglary of a vehicle by being in possession of the recently stolen goods and the fact that the police discovered him in close proximity to the truck, a rational juror could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that he entered the truck. The great weight of the evidence neither indicates that Staten never entered the truck, nor is the evidence so weak as to be manifestly unjust. Next, Staten argues the State failed to prove that the complainant's truck was entered or that the property was even in the complainant's truck on that date. While Tubbs testified he did not recall whether he had driven the truck on the 10th, he testified that the items had been in his truck on the night of the 10th. Viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a rational juror could have found the items were stolen the same night the defendant was arrested. When asked on cross-examination whether it was possible that he "rode to work with [his] friends and [his] truck stayed in the Best Western parking lot throughout the day of the 10th and the evening of the 11th," Tubbs testified that "[i]t's possible." Viewed in a neutral light, the conclusion that the theft occurred recently is not against the great weight of the evidence or so weak as to be manifestly unjust. Considering that Staten was found beside the truck with the items, a reasonable inference would be that the burglary recently occurred. Last, Staten argues the State failed to prove he did not receive the goods from Colbert. In addition, Staten argues the State failed to prove he knew the items had been stolen. Staten contends that, if he had received the items from Colbert not knowing they were stolen, then he would not be guilty. If a defendant makes an explanation for the possession of the property when arrested, the burden shifts to the State to disprove the explanation. See Hood v. State, 860 S.W.2d 931, 937 (Tex. App.‒Texarkana 1993, no pet.). However, Staten did not provide any explanation for why he had the stolen goods until the punishment phase of the trial. The explanation must be given when arrested or the possession is first called into question. Hardesty, 656 S.W.2d at 76; Hood, 860 S.W.2d at 937. If Staten had raised this explanation at the time of arrest, the State would have been required to disprove it; but, since no explanation was given for possession of stolen property, the permissible inference arose that Staten committed the crime. A rational juror, based on this inference, could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that Staten, not Colbert, committed the burglary of the vehicle. The great weight of the evidence does not indicate that Colbert committed the burglary in question. We affirm the judgment of the trial court. Jack Carter Justice Date Submitted: November 13, 2003 Date Decided: November 14, 2003 Do Not Publish