Christine Pesina, Individually and as Next Friend of Eric Martinez v. Mark Alan Hudson, Gerald Hudson and Becky Hudson

NO. 07-02-0438-CV IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS AT AMARILLO PANEL A MARCH 31, 2004 ______________________________ CHRISTINE PESINA, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS NEXT FRIEND OF ERIC MARTINEZ, APPELLANT V. MARK ALAN HUDSON, GERALD HUDSON AND BECKY HUDSON, APPELLEES _________________________________ FROM THE 99TH DISTRICT COURT OF LUBBOCK COUNTY; NO. 2001-513,832; HONORABLE JOHN FORBIS, JUDGE _______________________________ Before JOHNSON, C.J., and REAVIS and CAMPBELL, JJ. OPINION Appellant Christine Pesina, individually and as next friend of Eric Martinez, sued Mark Hudson and his parents, appellees Gerald and Becky Hudson, because of injuries Eric suffered while a passenger in an automobile being driven by Mark. Christine alleged that Gerald and Becky (collectively, "the Hudsons") negligently entrusted the automobile to Mark. The trial court granted summary judgment to the Hudsons. We reverse and remand. BACKGROUND On April 11, 2001, the Hudsons allowed their son, Mark, to use an automobile to drive himself and Eric Martinez, Christine's son, to school. While he was driving to school, Mark collided with another vehicle and Eric was injured. Christine filed suit against Mark and the Hudsons. According to Christine's petition, Mark pulled up to a stop sign, then pulled into the intersection without yielding to an automobile on the intersecting roadway. Christine alleged, inter alia, that Mark negligently failed to keep a proper lookout, failed to stop at the stop sign, failed to yield the right of way to the other vehicle, and entered the intersection when he could not do so safely. She alleged that the Hudsons acted negligently in entrusting their vehicle to Mark because they knew or should have known that Mark was a reckless or incompetent driver. The Hudsons filed a motion for summary judgment supported by summary judgment evidence. They urged that no genuine issues of material fact existed regarding whether, at the time the Hudsons entrusted their vehicle to Mark on the morning of April 11th, (1) Mark was an unlicensed, incompetent or reckless driver, or (2) the Hudsons knew or should have known that Mark was an unlicensed, incompetent or reckless driver. The Hudsons urged both that there was no evidence on the challenged elements of negligent entrustment, see Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i), (1) and that the summary judgment evidence proved, as a matter of law, that (1) Mark was not an unlicensed, incompetent or reckless driver, and (2) the Hudsons did not know, nor should they have known, that Mark was an unlicensed, incompetent or reckless driver. See TRCP 166a(c). The Hudson's motion for summary judgment sets out the several instances of Mark's driving history on which Christine relied in her claim of negligent entrustment, although the Hudsons disputed Christine's claim that the several instances were evidence supporting her position. According to their motion and the summary judgment evidence, Mark was involved in six motor vehicle incidents as a driver during a period of less than two years prior to the April 11, 2001 accident in which Eric was injured: a. In October 1999, Mark, Eric, and two other boys drank whiskey, rum, vodka and tequila at one of the boy's homes. Mark then drove the four of them to school. He was sent home and suspended for three days. Mark testified that he was intoxicated on the occasion, although he was not stopped while driving and no test was administered to determine his blood alcohol level. The Hudsons were aware of the incident and took corrective action by removing Mark's driving, television, telephone and other privileges for a time. According to Mark's testimony, "They felt that if I didn't have the responsibility to drive safe, I shouldn't be driving, and I was grounded there for some time." b. In the spring of 2000, Mark bumped a tree while practice driving in a church parking lot. His mother was with him at the time, and the impact damaged the car's bumper and grille. Gerald was aware of the incident. c. During the summer of 2000, Mark, while alone late at night, was ticketed for driving 75 mph in a 65 mph speed zone. The Hudsons were aware of the ticket. They punished Mark by taking away his driving privileges for a time. d. A collision incident occurred in October 2000. (2) Mark was following a vehicle which slowed to turn and Mark pulled out to go around the vehicle. To avoid an oncoming car he braked, turned back toward the vehicle he was trying to pass, and rear-ended it in what was referred to as a minor collision. Mark told his parents about the accident. e. On two separate occasions in late 2000 or early 2001, Mark used marijuana and then drove an automobile. The Hudsons found out later about the incidents. They took corrective action by taking Mark's vehicle away from him and did not return the vehicle until Mark had two "clean" drug tests. The Hudsons urged in the trial court and maintain on appeal that none of the incidents, taken separately, comprise more than a scintilla of evidence that Mark was an unlicensed, incompetent, or reckless driver, and thus that the Hudsons could not have known that he was such a driver. In addition, the Hudsons' motion for summary judgment asserted that Mark was in nowise impaired or had any condition on the morning of the accident. Christine's response to the motion for summary judgment attached and referenced deposition testimony from Mark and the Hudsons. Her response claimed that summary judgment should be denied because the evidence she attached was sufficient to raise a fact question as to whether the Hudsons entrusted a vehicle to Mark when they knew or should have known that he was a reckless driver. Her response did not urge that Mark was unlicensed or was an incompetent driver. The trial court signed an order granting summary judgment as to the negligent entrustment claim on April 29, 2002. By a July 26th order of severance, the negligent entrustment claim against the Hudsons was severed from the remainder of the case. (3) On appeal Christine contends that Mark's driving history prior to April 11, 2001, inferences to be drawn from that history, and the Hudsons' knowledge of the history comprise more than a scintilla of evidence that Mark was a reckless driver and that the Hudsons knew or should have known of his recklessness. She also contends that the Hudsons' motion for summary judgment was legally insufficient. Because of our disposition of the appeal we do not consider whether the motion for summary judgment was legally sufficient. Tex. R. App. P. 47.1. STANDARD OF REVIEW A no-evidence summary judgment will be granted only when: (1) there is a complete absence of evidentiary support for a necessary element of the claim, (2) rules of law or rules of evidence will not allow the court to give weight to the evidence offered to prove a necessary element of the claim, (3) the evidence offered to prove a necessary element of the claim is no more than a mere scintilla, or (4) the evidence conclusively establishes that a necessary element of the claim does not exist. See Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997). A no-evidence summary judgment may not be granted if the non-movant presents more than a scintilla of probative evidence to establish the disputed element(s). See TRCP 166a(i); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Rodriguez, 92 S.W.3d 502, 506 (Tex. 2002). More than a scintilla of evidence is presented if the evidence enables reasonable and fair-minded people to reach differing conclusions. Merrell Dow Pharms., 953 S.W.2d at 711. Less than a scintilla of evidence is presented if the evidence does no more than create mere surmise or suspicion of a fact. See Kindred v. Con/Chem, Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63 (Tex. 1983). A traditional summary judgment requires application of the standards established in Nixon v. Mr. Property Management Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex. 1985): (1) the movant for summary judgment has the burden of showing that no genuine issues of material fact exist and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, (2) in deciding if there is a disputed material fact issue, the reviewing court must take as true all evidence favorable to the non-movant, and (3) every reasonable inference must be indulged in and any doubts resolved in favor of the non-movant. Id. Summary judgment is proper for a defendant if the defendant affirmatively disproves at least one element of the plaintiff's claim or establishes all necessary elements of an affirmative defense to the claim. See American Tobacco Co. v. Grinnell, 951 S.W.2d 420, 425 (Tex. 1997). We will examine the record in light of Christine's response in the trial court which urged that more than a scintilla of evidence was presented on the issue of Mark's being a reckless driver. See Johnson v. Brewer & Pritchard, P.C., 73 S.W.3d 193, 203-04 (Tex. 2002). In examining the record, we consider any evidence presented in the light most favorable to the non-movant Christine. See Wal-Mart Stores, 92 S.W.3d at 506; Johnson, 73 S.W.3d at 208. NEGLIGENT ENTRUSTMENT A cause of action for negligence has three elements: (1) a legal duty owed by one party to another, (2) a breach of that duty, and (3) damages proximately caused by that breach. See Greater Houston Transp. Co. v. Phillips, 801 S.W.2d 523, 525 (Tex. 1990). A claim for damages based on the theory that a party negligently entrusted a vehicle to another and thereby caused damages has the same three elements. See Garcia v. Cross, 27 S.W.3d 152, 155 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 2000, no pet.). Christine claims that the Hudsons negligently entrusted their vehicle to Mark because: (1) the Hudsons entrusted to Mark a vehicle they owned or over which they had the right of control, (2) at the time of entrustment Mark was a reckless driver, (3) the Hudsons knew or should have known at the time of entrustment that Mark was a reckless driver, (4) Mark was negligent on the occasion in question, and (5) Mark's negligence proximately caused the accident. See Schneider v. Esperanza Transmission Co., 744 S.W.2d 595, 596 (Tex. 1987); McCarty v. Purser, 379 S.W.2d 291, 294 (Tex.1964). To obtain recovery against the Hudsons, Christine essentially must prove two negligence causes of action in one lawsuit. One cause of action requires proof that Mark's negligence in operating the vehicle proximately caused the accident and Eric's injuries (elements 4 and 5 of her allegations). The other cause of action requires proof that the Hudsons were negligent in entrusting a vehicle to Mark because he was a reckless driver and that their negligence was a proximate cause of Eric's injuries (elements 1, 2 and 3 of her allegations together with proximate causation). See Schneider, 744 S.W.2d at 596-97 (entrustment liability rests upon the combined negligence of the entrustor in entrusting the vehicle and the negligence of the driver entrusted with the vehicle; the risk that forms the basis for determining that the entrustment was negligent must also be a proximate cause of the accident in question for the entrustor to be liable); McCarty, 379 S.W.2d at 294. It is the elements of the latter of the two negligence causes of action that the Hudsons challenged by their summary judgment motion. On appeal, the Hudsons seek to sustain their summary judgment by asserting that Mark was not a reckless driver and, therefore, they could not have known that he was a reckless driver. Additionally, the Hudsons argue that there was no evidence that their entrustment, even if negligent, was a proximate cause of the damages asserted. See Schneider, 744 S.W.2d at 596-97; McCarty, 379 S.W.2d at 294. At the outset, we decline to consider the Hudsons' assertion that their entrustment of the vehicle to Mark, even if negligent, was not a proximate cause of Eric's injuries. The issue was not expressly presented in the trial court by their motion for summary judgment. See TRCP 166a(c); Johnson, 73 S.W.3d at 204; Casso v. Brand, 776 S.W.2d 551, 553 (Tex. 1989). In focusing on the issue of whether Mark was a reckless driver, the Hudsons urge us to apply the definition of "reckless" which the Legislature has used in criminalizing reckless driving. The criminal offense of reckless driving is committed when a person drives a vehicle in wilful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property. Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 545.401 (Vernon 1999). Wilful and wanton disregard is synonymous with conscious indifference. See White v. State, 647 S.W.2d 751, 753 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1983, writ ref'd). The Hudsons do not cite authority for their proposition. Nor do we find authority requiring the driving history of an entrustee to reflect a pattern of wilful and wanton actions in disregard for the safety of other persons or property before the entrustee can be found to be "reckless" for the purposes of a negligent entrustment action. On the other hand, we note that in regard to negligent entrustment, drivers have been determined to be reckless when their history of driving habits, traffic violations, or intemperance (whether due to wilful and wanton actions or otherwise) exhibits a pattern of such deviations from lawful and proper manner of vehicle operation that if the entrustor had knowledge of the history, the entrustor should reasonably have anticipated that the driver would operate the entrusted vehicle in a wrongful manner and thereby damage persons or property. See Schneider, 744 S.W.2d at 596; Louis Thames Chevrolet Co. v. Hathaway, 712 S.W.2d 602, 604 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1986, no writ); Revisore v. West, 450 S.W.2d 361, 364 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1970, no writ); Broesche v. Bullock, 427 S.W.2d 89, 93 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1968, writ ref'd n.r.e.). We decline to engraft the heightened standard for criminalized reckless driving onto the common-law negligent entrustment cause of action. The Hudsons also argue that because there is no evidence that Mark actually was under the influence of alcohol or marijuana on the occasions in question, the evidence that he drove after using the substances cannot be considered in regard to whether he was a reckless driver. We disagree. The episodes of Mark's driving after using alcohol and marijuana were of sufficient concern to the Hudsons that they temporarily suspended Mark's privileges to drive when they found out about the situations. Mark testified that the suspension for his drinking and driving was because the Hudsons considered the matter a safety issue. Viewing the evidence in the limited record before us in the light most favorable to Christine, evidence that Mark used marijuana (4) and that the Hudsons restricted Mark's driving privileges based on their knowledge of that usage raises a similar inference that they considered the matter a driving safety issue. Such matters could be considered (5) in regard to whether Mark was a reckless driver; that is, whether Mark's driving history was such that the Hudsons should reasonably have anticipated that Mark would operate an entrusted vehicle in an unsafe manner, resulting in damage to persons or property. The Hudsons further argue that the instances in which Mark drove after drinking and after using marijuana should not be considered in regard to the negligent entrustment claim because there is no allegation that Mark used alcohol, marijuana or any similar substance on the morning of the accident, and the risk which might have been anticipated from those past instances was not a proximate cause of the accident. See Schneider, 744 S.W.2d at 596-97. As noted previously, we will not consider the proximate cause aspect of the Hudsons' argument because they did not present the issue in their motion for summary judgment. NO-EVIDENCE SUMMARY JUDGMENT If each incident is viewed separately, as the Hudsons assert should be done, none of the episodes might, in and of themselves, be sufficient evidence for Christine to avoid summary judgment. But, they are not to be viewed separately and in isolation from one another. The term "history" commonly is used to reference those past events that form the subject matter of a history. See In the Matter of the Marriage of Stein, No. 07-03-0289-CV *7 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 2004, no pet. h.); Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 549 (10th ed. 2002). Mark's "history" of driving habits, traffic violations and intemperance includes all such events predating the Hudsons' entrustment of a vehicle on the date of the accident. And, viewing the events of that history in the light most favorable to Christine's claim, each of the instances could be considered in relation to whether Mark was a reckless driver. The series of events, compressed as they were to within an approximate two-year period preceding the date of the accident, presented more than a scintilla of evidence that Mark was a reckless driver within the context of a negligent entrustment cause of action. Thus, the grant of a no-evidence summary judgment would have been improper. TRADITIONAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT Mark testified in his deposition that he was intoxicated when he drove himself and several friends to school after drinking whiskey, rum, vodka and tequila. He testified that he drove after using marijuana on at least two other occasions, and summary judgment evidence was not presented to conclusively prove that he was not impaired by the marijuana. See Tex. Transp. Code Ann. §§ 521.343(a)(3), 521.372(a)(1) (Vernon 1999 and Supp. 2004). Nor does the summary judgment proof show that, as a matter of law, Mark (1) did not deserve the speeding ticket, (2) was not at fault in the collision with the tree (a fixed object), or (3) was not at fault in the rear-end collision with another automobile. In sum, the Hudsons did not prove, as a matter of law, that one or more of the referenced incidents were not of a type to be considered on the question of Mark's alleged recklessness as a driver. We have previously determined that the events comprising Mark's history, as a whole, presented at least a scintilla of evidence that Mark was a reckless driver within the context of a negligent entrustment cause of action. Thus, the Hudsons did not prove by their summary judgment evidence that, as a matter of law, Mark was not a reckless driver. Finally, we consider the Hudsons' uncontroverted proof that they took corrective action following Mark's driving transgressions. Given the record before us those actions and the small amount of time which elapsed between the last corrective action and the accident did not prove that, as a matter of law, Mark had changed, by overcoming his driving history and the risk it presented, and was no longer a reckless driver. We offer no opinion on what part, if any, the Hudsons' corrective actions would play in regard to the proximate cause issue. Summary judgment on a traditional basis was not warranted. CONCLUSION Because the Hudsons were not entitled to either a no-evidence summary judgment or a traditional summary judgment, we reverse the judgment and the cause is remanded for further proceedings. Phil Johnson Chief Justice 1. Further reference to a rule of Civil Procedure will be by reference to "TRCP __." 2. Mark's testimony dated both the collision incidents in 2000; other testimony raised the inference that they may actually have occurred in 1999. In their summary judgment motion, the Hudsons represented to the trial court that the second collision incident occurred in October of 2000. 3. Christine's notice of appeal identifies the July 26, 2002 order as the order appealed from. The July 26th order merely severs the negligent entrustment claim from the negligence claim. We conclude, however, that the notice of appeal constitutes a bona fide attempt to invoke this court's jurisdiction over the summary judgment and is sufficient to invoke our jurisdiction. See City of San Antonio v. Rodriguez, 828 S.W.2d 417, 418 (Tex. 1992) (per curium); Grand Prairie Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Southern Parts Imports, Inc., 813 S.W.2d 499, 500 (Tex. 1991). 4. Whether evidence that Mark used alcohol or marijuana before driving will be admissible at trial without proof that his driving abilities were impaired thereby or that he was intoxicated while driving are questions not presented and we offer no opinion on those matters. 5. We offer no opinion as to whether the instances of Mark's driving after using alcohol and marijuana, without consideration of the additional driving incidents and speeding ticket, comprise evidence that Mark was a reckless driver sufficient for Christine to avoid summary judgment. atin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} p.MsoHeader, li.MsoHeader, div.MsoHeader {mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-link:"Header Char"; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; tab-stops:center 3.25in right 6.5in; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-language:EN-US;} p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter {mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-link:"Footer Char"; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; tab-stops:center 3.25in right 6.5in; font-size:11.0pt; 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margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-page-numbers:1; mso-title-page:yes; mso-footer:url("07-09-0058.crC%20opinion_files/header.htm") f1; mso-paper-source:0;} div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;} @page WordSection2 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-title-page:yes; mso-footer:url("07-09-0058.crC%20opinion_files/header.htm") f2; mso-paper-source:0;} div.WordSection2 {page:WordSection2;} /* List Definitions */ @list l0 {mso-list-id:1447429723; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:495091366 -300914482 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l0:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:1.25in; text-indent:-.25in;} ol {margin-bottom:0in;} ul {margin-bottom:0in;} --> NO. 07-09-00058-CR IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS AT AMARILLO PANEL B JULY 28, 2011 BUD PURDY, APPELLANT v. THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE FROM THE 84TH DISTRICT COURT OF HUTCHINSON COUNTY; NO. 10,199; HONORABLE WILLIAM D. SMITH, JUDGE Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ. MEMORANDUM OPINION Appellant, Bud Purdy, was convicted of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon[1] and sentenced to serve 18 years in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (ID-TDCJ). Appellant appeals contending that the evidence is insufficient to support the judgment. We affirm. Procedural Background On original submission, appellant’s issues were that the evidence was factually insufficient for the jury to find that the knife used in the incident was a deadly weapon and that the victim was placed in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. We agreed with appellant and issued a memorandum opinion on June 29, 2010, so stating. See Purdy v. State, No. 07-09-00058-CR, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 4955 (Tex.App.—Amarillo June 29, 2010). The State filed a petition for discretionary review with the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. The Court of Criminal Appeals subsequently issued its opinion on January 12, 2011, remanding the case back to this Court for reconsideration in light of the Court’s holding in Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010). See In re Purdy, No. PD-1368-10, 2011 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 92 (Tex.Crim.App. Jan. 12, 2011) (decision without published opinion). In Brooks, the Court of Criminal Appeals declared that the standard in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979), “is the only standard that a reviewing court should apply in determining whether the evidence is sufficient to support each element of a criminal offense that the State is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt.” Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 912. We ordered the parties to file supplemental briefs in light of the Court of Criminal Appeals’s opinion. We will now consider appellant’s issues according to the standard set forth in Brooks. Factual Background On April 24, 2008, Skyler Hogan was walking to the home of his friend, Stetson Reeves, in Fritch, Texas. As Skyler walked down Bonner Street, he was approached by appellant, who asked, “Are you the owner of a red truck?” Skyler advised appellant that he did not own a red truck but that his uncle did. Appellant then stated that Skyler’s uncle owed him “$500 and jail time.”[2] As Skyler and appellant continued to face each other, appellant became more and more agitated. Eventually, appellant pulled a knife out of his pants pocket. Skyler testified that he did not get a real good look at the knife, but he described it as being about one inch wide, tapered to a sharp point, and with a blade that he estimated to be three inches long.[3] Skyler further testified that, during the time appellant was holding the open knife, appellant kept saying “I’ll stab you, I’m crazy” or “I’m psycho, I’ll stab you.” In describing how he reacted to appellant’s statements, Skyler explained that it caused him concern. Later, during further examination by the State, Skyler said that the open knife caused him to feel threatened. Skyler did admit that, at one point during the confrontation with appellant, he told appellant to put the knife away and that he did not know why appellant would want to stab him. As Skyler’s friend, Stetson Reeves, walked up to the confrontation, he could see appellant holding the knife. Stetson’s testimony confirmed Skyler’s description of the knife. Upon Stetson’s arrival, appellant put the knife back in his pocket and walked away. Approximately a week after the confrontation, Deputy Eric Munoz of the Hutchinson County Sheriff’s Office went to appellant’s home, and began visiting with him about the assault on Skyler. Initially, Munoz suspected appellant’s roommate, Charles Beaver, was the assailant. However, Munoz testified that, as he spoke with appellant about the incident, appellant began acting extremely nervous. After observing appellant’s demeanor, Munoz began focusing his questions on appellant having been the assailant. Appellant then admitted that he was the one who approached Skyler, however, he denied ever pulling a knife. After initially confronting appellant, Munoz called Skyler on a cell phone and had him come to the location where Munoz was interviewing appellant. Upon seeing appellant, Skyler advised Munoz that appellant was the man who had assaulted him. Munoz continued to interview appellant and positioned his patrol car such that he was able to record a significant portion of the interview. During the interview, appellant admitted that he did confront Skyler about someone owing him $500 and 15 days because of the fine and jail sentence he had received in the earlier assault case. Ultimately, Munoz presented a report of his investigation to the Hutchinson County District Attorney, and appellant was indicted for the instant offense. A jury convicted appellant and sentenced him to serve 18 years confinement in the ID-TDCJ. By two issues, appellant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support the judgment as to the deadly weapon allegation and, further, the evidence is insufficient to show that the victim was placed in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. Disagreeing with appellant’s contentions, we will affirm the judgment. Standard of Review In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence, we review all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Ross v. State, 133 S.W.3d 618, 620 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004). “[O]nly that evidence which is sufficient in character, weight, and amount to justify a factfinder in concluding that every element of the offense has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt is adequate to support a conviction.” Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917 (Cochran, J., concurring). We remain mindful that “[t]here is no higher burden of proof in any trial, criminal or civil, and there is no higher standard of appellate review than the standard mandated by Jackson.” Id. When reviewing all of the evidence under the Jackson standard of review, the ultimate question is whether the jury’s finding of guilt was a rational finding. See id. at 906, 907 n.26 (discussing Judge Cochran’s dissent in Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 448–50 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006), as outlining the proper application of a single evidentiary standard of review).[4] “[T]he reviewing court is required to defer to the jury’s credibility and weight determinations because the jury is the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility and the weight to be given their testimony.” Id. at 899. Analysis The indictment charged that appellant “did then and there intentionally and knowingly use a deadly weapon, to wit: a knife, that in the manner of its use and intended use was capable of causing death and serious bodily injury and did then and there intentionally and knowingly threaten SKYLER HOGAN with imminent bodily injury by the use of said deadly weapon.” Appellant’s contentions are that the evidence is insufficient as to the classification of the knife in question as a deadly weapon, and whether Skyler Hogan was threatened with imminent bodily injury because of the use of the knife. We will first address the issue of the knife as a deadly weapon. Deadly Weapon A knife is not a per se deadly weapon. See In re J.A.W., 108 S.W.3d 573, 576 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 2003, no pet.). It can be a deadly weapon if, in the manner of its use or intended use, it is capable of causing death or serious bodily injury. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(17)(B) (West 2010).[5] The statute speaks in terms of capability to cause death or serious bodily injury, meaning that no actual death or serious bodily injury need have occurred. See McCain v. State, 22 S.W.3d 497, 503 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). In McCain, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals analyzed the interpretation of the phrase “capable of causing death or serious bodily injury” found in section 1.07(a)(17)(B). Id. The Court ultimately stated, “[t]he placement of the word ‘capable’ in the provision enables the statute to cover conduct that threatens deadly force, even if the actor has no intention of actually using deadly force.” Id. Therefore, to prove that a particular knife is a deadly weapon, the State may produce testimony regarding the size of the knife, the manner of its use, and its capability to cause serious bodily injury or death. See Blain v. State, 647 S.W.2d 293, 294 (Tex.Crim.App. 1983). In addition, the fact finder may consider the words spoken by the appellant in making a deadly weapon finding. See id. When, as here, there are no injuries suffered by the victim, we look to the following relevant factors in determining whether the knife in question was a deadly weapon. 1. The size, shape, and sharpness of the knife; 2. The manner of its use or intended use; 3. The testimony of the knife’s life-threatening capabilities; 4. The physical proximity between the victim and the knife; 5. The words spoken by appellant. See Black v. State, No. 2-05-388-CR, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 7823, at *13 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth Aug. 31, 2006, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (citing Thomas v. State, 821 S.W.2d 616, 619-20 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991)). No one factor is controlling, rather the fact finder must examine all of the factors in each case to determine whether the knife is a deadly weapon. Id. at *14. The record reflects that, when appellant approached Skyler, he was already yelling and appeared to be upset. Appellant continued in his agitated state, ultimately pulling a knife from his back pocket. After appellant produced the knife, he threatened to stab Skyler. Skyler’s testimony was that appellant told him “I’ll stab you, I’m crazy” or “I’m psycho, I’ll stab you.” Skyler testified that he was put in fear by these statements. The record further reflects that the knife in question had a blade of approximately three inches and was approximately one inch in width at the base of the blade. Both Skyler and Stetson testified that the blade ended in a sharp point. Additionally, the testimony reveals that appellant and Skyler were within two to three feet of each other when this encounter occurred. Finally, in response to questioning by the State, Skyler testified that the knife in question could cause serious bodily injury. Applying the guidance of Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, and Ross, 133 S.W.3d at 620, and remembering that we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we cannot say that the jury’s decision to find appellant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt was an act of an irrational fact finder. Accordingly, appellant’s first issue is overruled. Fear of Imminent Bodily Injury or Death Appellant’s second issue contends that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s verdict as to the element of the offense that Skyler was in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. Appellant couches his challenge in terms of whether the deadly weapon was used or intended to be used to inflict imminent bodily injury or death. To support his contention, appellant cites the Court to Bell v. State, 693 S.W.2d 434, 438 (Tex.Crim.App. 1985) (en banc). However, the citation to Bell is not applicable for two reasons. First, as appellant admits in his brief, that portion of the Bell opinion he refers us to was dictum. Second, the issue in Bell was whether a lesser-included charge of reckless conduct was warranted under the facts of the aggravated assault indictment for which the defendant was being tried. See id. at 437-38. The indictment in the case before us required the jury to determine whether appellant’s use of a deadly weapon did intentionally and knowingly threaten Skyler Hogan with imminent bodily injury by the use of said deadly weapon. Appellant would have us graft to this indictment a requirement of actual use or intended use, which we decline to do. Rather, the cogent inquiry is was the use of the deadly weapon sufficient to threaten Skyler with imminent bodily injury or death. We, of course, must review the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 906. Referring to the evidence in the record, we know that appellant did, in fact, use a deadly weapon. Additionally, we know that Skyler felt that the knife in question was capable of causing serious bodily injury or death. Finally, Skyler testified that he perceived the threat and was, in fact, put in fear of imminent bodily injury by the combination of appellant’s verbal threats while wielding a knife. Under the evidence in this case, the jury was rationally justified in finding appellant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Ross, 133 S.W.3d at 620. Accordingly, appellant’s second issue is overruled. Conclusion Having overruled appellant’s issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. Mackey K. Hancock Justice Do not publish. [1] See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.02(a)(2) (Vernon Supp. 2009). [2] This appears to be a reference to appellant’s prior conviction for assault that resulted in a fine of $500 and 15 days in jail. Appellant believed that Skyler’s uncle, Tom Pena, had been the person who reported the assault to the police. [3] During direct examination, Skyler estimated the length of the blade by demonstrating its length on a ball point pen. The prosecutor then measured that length with a ruler. [4] We note that this Court has, at times, quoted Moreno v. State, 755 S.W.2d 866, 867 (Tex.Crim.App. 1988), for the proposition that we had to uphold the verdict of the jury unless it was irrational or unsupported by more than a mere modicum of evidence. We view such a statement, insofar as a modicum of evidence being sufficient evidence, as contrary to a rigorous application of the Jackson standard of review urged by the Court in Brooks. [5] Further reference to the Texas Penal Code will be by reference to “section ___” or “§ ____.”