Michael Ford v. State

In The Court of Appeals Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont ____________________ NO. 09-02-050 CR ____________________ MICHAEL FORD, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee On Appeal from the 252nd District Court Jefferson County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 81380 MEMORANDUM OPINION Appellant was convicted for having committed the third degree felony offense of Escape. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 38.06(a), (c)(1) (Vernon 2003). Three separate enhancement paragraphs were included in the indictment for purposes of raising appellant's punishment status to that of a second degree felony. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 12.42(a)(3) (Vernon Supp. 2004). Appellant asserts the following: 1. The evidence was legally insufficient to support the conviction of the offense of escape. 2. The evidence was factually insufficient to support the conviction of the offense of escape. 3. The sentence of appellant is illegal, in that punishment was enhanced by evidence of the same offense or offenses utilized as an element of the primary offense. Appellant's trial strategy hinged on convincing the jury his escape from the Stiles Unit of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice was justified by the necessity of being automatically confined to Administrative Segregation, per TDCJ policy, so as to avoid pervasive exploitation he encountered while residing in the prison's general population. His assertion of the necessity for the escape is at the center of his first two issues, as explained by the following argument taken from his brief: Foremost appellant complains that the evidence was legally insufficient, and that there was no evidence before [the] jury to establish that appellant actually had the intent to escape, when the uncontradicted evidence established that he was not attempting to actually escape from authorities, but in fact was attempting to be placed into administrative segregation out of necessity to preserve his life and wellbeing. . . . . All of the acts of appellant were consistent with the acts of an innocent person simply trying to seek help by administrative segregation when prison officials threatened his life by conscious indifference. Although not the legal standard, appellant submits that a litmus test for examining the factual sufficiency should exist when the evidence begs the question of "how in the world did the jury find this man guilty under this evidence when it was obvious he was trying to get into administrative segregation out of necessity and not get away from the prison?" In evaluating the legal sufficiency of the evidence, a court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the elements of the offense proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). The jury is the exclusive judge of the credibility of witnesses and of the weight to be given testimony, and it is the exclusive province of the jury to reconcile conflicts in the evidence. Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Jones v. State, 944 S.W.2d 642, 647 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). So long as the evidence elicited at trial would permit any rational trier of fact to find each of the elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt, the testimony is legally sufficient evidence. Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 133 n. 12 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). When called upon to conduct a factual sufficiency review, an appellate court asks whether a neutral review of all the evidence, both for and against the finding, demonstrates that the proof of guilt is so obviously weak as to undermine confidence in the jury's determination, or the proof of guilt, although adequate if taken alone, is greatly outweighed by contrary proof. King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 563 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (citing Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)). Because the jury is the sole judge of the facts, the reviewing court must give deference to its findings. Cain v. State, 958 S.W.2d 404, 407 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). We may find the evidence factually insufficient only where necessary to prevent manifest injustice. Id. Appellant signed a written stipulation that on the date of the alleged offense he was an inmate at the Stiles Unit of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division, and that he was lawfully in custody of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for having been convicted of a felony offense. The essential elements of the escape offense were presented at trial through Eddie Williams, assistant warden of the Stiles Unit. The only element appellant contends is missing from the evidence is proof of his "intent to escape." The State presented testimony from Warden Williams that appellant was an unlikely candidate for parole, that appellant knew this, and that appellant's flight into a wooded area adjacent to the prison was indicative of someone trying to get away from the prison rather than trying to be confined to administrative segregation. "Intent" is a fact-issue which is usually established by circumstantial evidence and inferred from the acts, words, and conduct of the accused. See Moore v. State, 969 S.W.2d 4, 10 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (mental culpability usually inferred from circumstances surrounding an act); Dues v. State, 634 S.W.2d 304, 305 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) (intent inferred from accused's acts, words, conduct). In determining the legal sufficiency of the evidence to show an appellant's intent, and faced with a record that supports conflicting inferences, we "must presume -- even if it does not affirmatively appear in the record -- that the trier of fact resolved any such conflict in favor of the prosecution, and must defer to that resolution." Matson v. State, 819 S.W.2d 839, 846 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (quoting in part from Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326, 99 S.Ct. at 2793). The verdict may not be overturned unless it is irrational or unsupported by proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. Proof of an "unauthorized departure from custody" as alleged under section 38.06(a), and as defined under section 38.01(1) & (2) of the Texas Penal Code, proves an accomplished escape. See Lawhorn v. State, 898 S.W.2d 886, 890 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). The Court in Lawhorn reaffirmed the following rationale taken from Fitzgerald v. State, 782 S.W.2d 876 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990): Thus Appellant with his cohorts committed the felony offense of escape by moving beyond the bounds of the Beto II Unit without authority, and his offense was complete at that point . . . . In every statutory sense, then, the moment he was outside the confines of the penitentiary his escape was fait accompli. See Lawhorn, 898 S.W.2d at 890 (quoting Fitzgerald, 782 S.W.2d at 879). From a legal sufficiency standpoint, any rational trier of fact could have found each of the elements of escape proven beyond a reasonable doubt. As for the factual sufficiency of appellant's intent, a neutral examination of the entire record does not demonstrate that the jury's finding of guilt is so obviously weak as to undermine confidence in its verdict, nor does appellant's presentation of an alternative "intent" greatly outweigh the State's proof of the completed criminal offense of escape. Appellant says administrative segregation was his ultimate goal. Escape -- an unauthorized departure from custody -- was evidently his means to this end. The evidence established appellant intentionally and knowingly fled from custody without permission and was ultimately placed in administrative segregation. (1) Issues one and two are overruled. Appellant's remaining issue contends the sentence he received was illegal because the punishment was enhanced by evidence of the same offense or offenses used as an element of the escape charge. The indictment alleged in part that appellant did "intentionally and knowingly escape from the custody of Eddie Williams, who was then and there Warden of the Stiles Unit of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division, when the defendant was convicted of a felony[.]" The record contains no pretrial motion to quash, nor any trial objection or motion for new trial alleging the illegality of appellant's sentence. Appellant stipulated at trial he was in lawful custody of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice and was confined to the Stiles Unit for "having been convicted of a felony offense." Other than the indictment, the only other record evidence of a prior "felony" conviction appears during the punishment phase of the trial, at which time the State introduced the penitentiary packets in support of the enhancement allegations, and during the following testimony of appellant elicited at the beginning of his direct-examination in his case for the defense: Q.[Trial Counsel] And you're presently serving a sentence in T.D.C. [sic]; is that correct? A.[Appellant] Yes, sir. Q. And how long is that sentence? A. 75 non-ag. Q. And what is that sentence for? A. Murder, first degree. Q. Do you have any other criminal charges? A. Yes, sir. Q. And what are those? A. I have a burglary and a violation of probation for burglary of a motor vehicle. Q. And you're serving sentences for those two; correct? A. Yes, sir. Q. And all those are being served at the same time. A. Yes, sir, concurrent. Appellant relies upon several cases applying the general rule that use of a prior conviction to prove an essential element of an offense bars the subsequent use of that prior conviction in the same indictment for enhancement purposes. See McWilliams v. State, 782 S.W.2d 871, 875 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); Wisdom v. State, 708 S.W.2d 840, 845 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986); Kincheloe v. State, 553 S.W.2d 364, 367 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977); Ramirez v. State, 527 S.W.2d 542, 544 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975); Garcia v. State, 169 Tex. Crim. 487, 335 S.W.2d 381, 382 (1960); Wiltz v. State, 787 S.W.2d 511, 512-13 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, no pet.). In each of the cited cases, the record reflected a specific offense was pleaded as an element of the offense in the indictment and also specifically used to enhance punishment. The general rule is that the State may not use a prior conviction to prove an essential element of its case at trial and then use that same conviction to enhance punishment for the offense being tried. The elements of an offense must be charged in the indictment, submitted to the jury, and proven by the State beyond a reasonable doubt. Jones v. U.S., 526 U.S. 227, 232, 119 S.Ct. 1215, 143 L.Ed.2d 311 (1999); In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970). The elements of an offense are defined as the forbidden conduct, the required culpability, any required result, and the negation of any exception to the offense. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(22) (Vernon Supp. 2004). Section 38.06 of the Texas Penal Code includes the following language: (a) A person commits an offense if he escapes from custody when he is: (1) under arrest for, charged with, or convicted of an offense; . . . . (c) An offense under this section is a felony of the third degree if the actor: (1) is under arrest for, charged with, or convicted of a felony[.] In State v. Mason, 980 S.W.2d 635 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998), the defendant was charged with the offense of unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon. Id. at 636. The trial court granted the defendant's motion to quash the indictment, ruling that the indictment failed to prove the date of the prior felony conviction as that conviction was an essential element of the offense of felon in possession of a firearm. Id. The court of appeals affirmed the trial court's ruling, and the State sought discretionary review. Id. The Court of Criminal Appeals held that for purposes of unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon only the defendant's status as a felon is an element of the offense. Id. at 640. "We conclude the Legislature did not intend for the date of the prior conviction to be considered an element of § 46.04. Instead, we conclude the Legislature intended for only a defendant's status as a felon to be an element of § 46.04." Id. at 641. See also Cannady v. State, 11 S.W.3d 205, 208 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Moore v. State, 38 S.W.3d 232, 235-36 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 2001, pet. ref'd). Similarly, the State was only required to allege and prove here appellant's status as a "felon" to satisfy the language of section 38.06. The record establishes appellant had three prior felonies. Only one was necessary to support his conviction. One of the other two prior felony convictions could be used to enhance the third degree escape charge to a second degree punishment range under section 12.42(a)(3). Under the facts and circumstances of this case, we do not find any error requiring reversal. Issue three is overruled. The judgment and the sentence of the trial court are affirmed. AFFIRMED. PER CURIAM Submitted on March 24, 2004 Opinion Delivered April 7, 2004 Do Not Publish Before McKeithen, C.J., Burgess, and Gaultney, JJ. 1. As the "necessity" defense was not submitted to the jury by an alternative application paragraph in the trial court's instructions, and there is no issue assigning error, it is not part of the analyses of evidentiary sufficiency. See Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 593-95 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Barrera v. State, 982 S.W.2d 415 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).