Luther Kenneth Garner v. State

In The Court of Appeals Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont ____________________ NO. 09-04-084 CR ____________________ LUTHER KENNETH GARNER, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee On Appeal from the 252nd District Court Jefferson County, Texas Trial Cause No. 89302 MEMORANDUM OPINION In this case, we consider whether double jeopardy barred the trial of Luther Kenneth Garner for the felony offense of injury to a child. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.04 (Vernon Supp. 2006). Claiming the trial court abused its discretion when it declared a mistrial and denied his plea of former jeopardy, Garner appeals his conviction. We affirm. Procedural Background After jury selection but before testimony started, the trial court sua sponte declared a mistrial. Explaining the reason for its decision, the court stated that one of the jurors failed to participate when it administered the oath. The trial court dismissed the jury and granted Garner a continuance. Garner filed a plea of former jeopardy. After the trial court denied Garner's plea, the prosecution and defense selected a second jury to hear Garner's case. The second jury found Garner guilty and the trial court sentenced him to life imprisonment. Factual Background After selection of the first jury, the trial court asked the jury members to stand and raise their right hands. The record reflects that the jurors were sworn. Then, the court instructed the jurors regarding proper juror conduct and asked whether any of them had "anything right now" to discuss with the court. Receiving no response, the court released the jurors and informed them to return the next morning. When court reconvened the next day, the trial court made the following statement on the record, with Garner present: The Court: Yesterday afternoon I administered the oath. The record probably reflects that the oath was administered and all jurors affirmatively stated that they would follow the oath. However, Juror No. 32, . . . , the Court observed at the time that the oath was given that not only did [she] not take the oath but [she] made facial expressions that convinced the Court that [she] would not only not take the oath but refused to take the oath. It's my opinion that rehabilitation of a disqualified juror by not taking the oath is impossible. The Court's opinion is that this case is too important to Mr. Garner and to The State of Texas to have a juror who refuses to take the oath. It is the Court's opinion that, with that juror not taking the oath, that the jury panel has not been sworn. Therefore, jeopardy is not attached. And what I'm going to do is declare a mistrial on my own. We will get a new panel of 36. We will begin jury selection at 10:00 o'clock this morning. Any comments from The State about that? [Prosecutor]: No, sir, Your Honor. The Court: Any from the defense? [Counsel]: Your Honor, I have two concerns. Number one, all that the Court has dictated into the record, I did not observe that and of course, I do not disagree with what the Court says. It's just I did not observe it. I was attending to other things. And while the Court is doing this, as I understand, sua sponte, on its own, we certainly - you know, if the Court is doing that on its own, then, of course, we understand that that's within the Court's discretion to do so. But my concern is a greater concern for the new panel. There was press coverage last night. This panel that you swore in yesterday, you gave them specific instructions not to look at anything on the news, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. The new panel that's coming in today, they're not under those instructions. It was portrayed rather evidently on television - I have not checked the print media as of yet - but my concern is that the panel will now be tainted, the new panel. And we're asking the Court, if the Court is declaring a mistrial sua sponte, that you grant us a continuance in this matter to let the press coverage subside and reconvene even as early as next Monday with a fresh panel that will not be tainted by any particular overnight press coverage. That is my sincere concern, Your Honor, that Mr. Garner may be prejudiced by what took place in the press. The Court: Here is -- this is the way we'll resolve that. I don't want to put the case off. However, I'll give you ample opportunity under 35.16 (a)10 to explore this entire panel. If any of these potential members have watched the news and have formed some opinion that will influence their verdict, then naturally they'll be excluded. If we run into very much of that, then certainly I'll grant your request. But I think that, for the sake of time, we need to explore that, let's see if anybody saw it. If it does influence their verdict, then certainly we'll take care of that. The whole purpose of me granting this mistrial is out of an abundance of caution to Mr. Garner. I want to follow up by saying that my further observations of this juror was from the time I called her name, it was obvious to the Court through her facial expressions, her actions, her demeanor, that there was something very wrong with her. I don't know if she did not want to be here. I don't know what the answer was. But whenever I called her name, she stood up, she stormed up to the jury box, the oath was administered, she did not take the oath. In fact, she rolled her eyes whenever everybody responded "yes." The second that I released the panel yesterday afternoon, the same juror stood up and immediately stormed out of the courtroom. So, out of an abundance of caution to Mr. Garner to make sure that he gets an absolute fair trial in this case, that's why we're granting this mistrial. Once, again, under 35.16 (a)10, for this potential panel, I'll give you-all every opportunity to explore that, to check into that as deep as you want to go, as to whether or not any of these new members in any way have formed an opinion and if so, would it influence their verdict as to Mr. Garner. If so, they will be immediately excused and dismissed from this panel. Okay? Anything further from either side? [Counsel]: No, sir, Your Honor. The Court: We'll start at 10:00 o'clock. (Short break, proceedings resume at 10:00, open court, defendant present) The Court: We're back on the record in The State of Texas Vs. Luther Garner. [Defense Counsel], I have considered your request as to the possible tainting of this panel. I'm going to grant that request, and I'm going to continue this case until Monday at 1:30. Mr. Garner, do you have any problem with that whatsoever? Defendant: No, sir. The Court: Do you understand that that's being done out of caution to you to make sure that you get 36 people to choose from that can be fair and impartial to you and I don't want to take any chances of having somebody on this jury who may have heard something about your case? Defendant: I appreciate it, sir. The trial court then announced that the case would reconvene later. Prior to beginning the trial before the second jury, the court heard Garner's plea of former jeopardy. However, the court was not persuaded by the contention that double jeopardy had attached and proceeded to trial before the second jury. In his single issue on appeal, Garner asserted that the trial court "abused its discretion when it declared a mistrial after the jury was sworn and denied [his] Plea of Former Jeopardy without an adequate finding of manifest necessity and when less drastic alternatives were available." The State responded with two arguments. First, it asserted the trial court did not abuse its discretion in declaring a mistrial because the jury was never sworn. Second, the State said that Garner consented to the mistrial because he did not timely lodge an objection to the trial court's decision to declare a mistrial and further personally told the court that he appreciated the court's actions. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects defendants from being tried twice for the same offense. Alvarez v. State, 864 S.W.2d 64, 65 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (citing Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 503, 98 S.Ct. 824, 829, 54 L.Ed.2d 717, 727 (1978)). If the jury has been impaneled and sworn, thus placing the defendant in jeopardy, double jeopardy bars a re-trial if the jury is discharged without reaching a verdict. Ex parte Fierro, 79 S.W.3d 54, 56 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). "An exception to this rule is made if the defendant consents to a retrial, or if a retrial before a new jury is mandated by some form of manifest necessity." Torres v. State, 614 S.W.2d 436, 441 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981) (citing, among other cases, Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 505, 98 S.Ct. 824, 830, 54 L.Ed.2d 717, 728 (1978)). We consider first whether Garner consented to the mistrial. If he did, we need not consider the issue of "manifest necessity." See Harrison v. State, 767 S.W.2d 803, 806 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). Consent need not be express, "but may be implied from the totality of circumstances attendant to a declaration of mistrial." Id. The trial court must give the defendant an adequate opportunity to object to the mistrial before a reviewing court will conclude that his failure to object constitutes implied consent. Garner v. State, 858 S.W.2d 656, 659 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 1993, pet. ref'd). In addition, the appellate court does not infer consent from a silent record. Id. When considering all of the circumstances in this case, we find that Garner effectively consented to the mistrial. The record is not silent. Instead, the trial court thoroughly explained its reasons for declaring a mistrial. Further, the trial court gave Garner's counsel adequate opportunity to object before it discharged the first jury. See id. However, when informed of the trial court's decision to declare a mistrial, Garner's counsel stated only two concerns. First, he did not observe the juror's behavior, and, second, he was concerned about possible prejudice in the new panel if it was picked from the existing pool. Then, counsel asked for a continuance because the press had covered Garner's case extensively. While the trial court initially denied the continuance, the court reconsidered and granted Garner's motion for continuance. Further, the record shows that Garner, himself, stated that he had no problems with the continuance. Because we find Garner consented to the mistrial, we conclude that double jeopardy did not preclude his trial before the second jury. We overrule Garner's issue. The trial court's judgment is affirmed. AFFIRMED. ____________________________ HOLLIS HORTON Justice Submitted on October 13, 2006 Opinion Delivered December 27, 2006 Do Not Publish Before McKeithen, C.J., Gaultney and Horton, JJ.