State v. Michael Sidney Horton

In The Court of Appeals Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont ____________________ NO. 09-07-013 CR ____________________ THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellant V. MICHAEL SIDNEY HORTON, Appellee On Appeal from the 258th District Court Polk County, Texas Trial Cause No. 18,478 MEMORANDUM OPINION The State appeals the trial court's order granting appellee Michael Sidney Horton's motion to quash the indictment charging him with the Class A misdemeanor offense of abuse of official capacity for violating section 11.154 of the Texas Education Code. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 39.02(a)(1) (Vernon 2003); Tex. Educ. Code Ann. § 11.154 (Vernon 2006). We affirm. Horton worked at the Livingston Independent School District bus barn and allegedly sold used tires without the school district's permission. Horton was indicted for abuse of official capacity and the indictment stated the following: MICHAEL SIDNEY HORTON . . . on or about the 15th day of October A.D., 2003, and before the presentment of this indictment, in [Polk County], . . . did then and there with intent to obtain a benefit or with intent to harm and defraud another, intentionally or knowingly violate a law relating to [Horton]'s office or employment, to-wit Texas Education Code, Section 11[.]154 (Vernon's Supp 2003) in that [Horton] sold property of the Livingston Independent School District without authorization of the Livingston Independent School District Board of Trustees and [Horton] was then and there a public servant, to-wit a transportation employee of the Livingston Independent School District at the time of the commission of said offense[.] Horton filed a motion to quash the indictment asserting the indictment was vague, did not set forth sufficient facts or an offense, and was insufficient in law because section 11.154 of the Texas Education Code did not apply to him. The trial court held a hearing and granted the motion to quash the indictment. The State appeals. The sufficiency of an indictment is a question of law. State v. Moff, 154 S.W.3d 599, 601 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). Because the sufficiency of an indictment does not turn on an evaluation of the credibility and demeanor of a witness, then the trial court is not in a better position to make the determination, so an appellate court should review de novo the ruling on the motion to quash. Id. If a defendant objects to the indictment, the indictment must allege on its face the facts necessary to show that an offense was committed, to bar a subsequent prosecution for the same offense, and to give the defendant notice of precisely what he is charged with. Id. A motion to quash should be granted only when the language referring to the defendant's conduct is so vague or indefinite that the defendant is denied effective notice of the alleged offense committed. State v. Seibert, 156 S.W.3d 32, 35 (Tex. App.--Dallas 2004, no pet.). A public servant commits the offense of abuse of official capacity "if, with intent to obtain a benefit or with intent to harm or defraud another, he intentionally or knowingly . . . violates a law relating to [his] office or employment[.]" Tex. Pen. Code Ann. 39.02(a)(1). "'Public servant' [includes] a person, elected, selected, appointed, employed, or otherwise designated as . . . an officer, employee, or agent of government[.]" Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(41)(A) (Vernon Supp. 2006). Section 39.01(1) defines section 39.02(a)(1)'s term "law relating to the public servant's office or employment" as "a law that specifically applies to a person acting in the capacity of a public servant and that directly or indirectly . . . imposes a duty on the public servant . . . or . . . governs the conduct of the public servant." Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 39.01(1)(A)(B) (Vernon 2003). The term "law" includes Texas statutes. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(30). On appeal, the State contends the trial court erred in granting Horton's motion to quash because the indictment tracks Penal Code Section 39.02(a), alleges with particularity the capacity in which [Horton] was acting (as a transportation employee of the Livingston Independent School District[]), identifies the statute [Horton] allegedly violated (Section 11.154 of the Education Code governing the sale of school property) and specifies the manner in which [Horton] violated Section 11.154 of the Education Code-by selling school district property without the authorization of the board of trustees. Horton maintains section 11.154 does not apply to him, and therefore, the indictment was vague, indefinite and incomprehensible; did not set forth facts sufficient to constitute an offense against the laws of the State of Texas; did not set forth an offense; and was insufficient in law. It is undisputed that Horton was a public servant at the time relevant to the State's allegations and that section 11.154 is a "law." We must decide whether, in this case, section 11.154(a) of the Texas Education Code (1) constitutes a "law relating to the public servant's office or employment" for section 39.02(a)(1) purposes. Section 11.154 of the Texas Education Code authorizes the sale of property other than minerals that is held in trust for public school purposes: (a) The board of trustees of an independent school district may, by resolution, authorize the sale of any property, other than minerals, held in trust for public school purposes. (b) The president of the board of trustees shall execute a deed to the purchaser of the property reciting the resolution of the board of trustees authorizing the sale. (c) A school district may employ, retain, contract with, or compensate a licensed real estate broker or salesperson for assistance in the acquisition or sale of real property. Tex. Educ. Code Ann. § 11.154. The State argues that subsection (a) provides that the exclusive authority for the sale of school district property rests with the school district board of trustees, and therefore indirectly prohibits individual employees of the school district from selling property other than minerals held in trust for public school purposes. In deciding whether section 11.154 is a law relating to Horton's office or employment, we must first determine the type or class of public servant to which section 11.154 applies. When interpreting a statute, we must give effect to the plain meaning of the statutory text, unless the language is ambiguous or the plain meaning leads to absurd results that the Legislature could not possibly have intended. Boykin v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). In determining the plain meaning of the text, we read words and phrases in context and construe them in accordance with "the rules of grammar and usage." Sanchez v. State, 995 S.W.2d 677, 683 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)(quoting Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 311.011(a) (Vernon 2005)). In addition, "[w]e generally presume that every word in a statute has been used for a purpose and that each word, phrase, clause, and sentence should be given effect if reasonably possible." Whitelaw v. State, 29 S.W.3d 129, 131 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)(quoting State v. Hardy, 963 S.W.2d 516, 520 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). Texas Education Code Section 11.154(a) is included in Chapter 8, Subchapter D, entitled "Powers and Duties of Board of Trustees of Independent School District." Section 11.154(a) grants the board of trustees of an independent school district the power to authorize the sale of property (other than minerals) held in trust for public school purposes. See Tex. Educ. Code Ann. § 11.154(a). While subsection (a) specifically applies to a board of trustees, section 39.01(1) requires that the public servant to which the law specifically refers be the same public servant that the law imposes a duty upon or governs the conduct of. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 39.01(1); Tex. Educ. Code Ann. § 11.154. This is evidenced by the Legislature's wording of the statute requiring that in order for the law to constitute a "law relating to the public servant's office or employment," the law must specifically apply "to a person acting in the capacity of a public servant," and either impose a duty "on the public servant" or govern the conduct "of the public servant." Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 39.01(1)(emphasis added). In other words, for the law to relate to Horton's office or employment, the law must specifically apply to him and impose a duty, directly or indirectly, on him or govern his conduct. Because Horton is a school district employee working at the school district's bus barn and is not a trustee, this subsection does not specifically apply to him. See id. Section 11.154, therefore, cannot meet the definition of a "law relating to a public servant's office or employment" under Texas Penal Code Section 39.01 in the present case. We need not address whether the law directly or indirectly imposes a duty on Horton or governs his conduct. See id. The State argues that if this Court holds that section 11.154 does not apply to Horton then we would render the section meaningless because "then employees will be free to sell school district property according to their own terms with impunity." We disagree. Texas laws provide other offenses for which such employees could be indicted. See, e.g., Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 31.03(a), (f)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2006) (Theft by Public Servant). We agree with the State that the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that "[s]ubject to rare exceptions, an indictment which tracks the language of the penal statute will be legally sufficient. . . ." DeVaughn v. State, 749 S.W.2d 62, 67 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). Here, the indictment tracked the language of section 39.02(a)(1), but because section 11.154 cannot meet the definition of a "law relating to a public servant's office or employment" under Texas Penal Code Section 39.01(1), the requirements for the offense of abuse of official capacity under section 39.02(a)(1) cannot be met. A charge of abuse of official capacity cannot be based, in the present case, on a violation of section 11.154. The trial court did not err in granting Horton's motion to quash because the indictment here fails to allege an offense. See State v. Campbell, 113 S.W.3d 9, 12 (Tex. App--Tyler 2000, pet. ref'd) (citing State v. Williams, 780 S.W.2d 891, 894 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1989, no pet.) for the proposition that an indictment failing to allege criminal conduct is subject to being quashed). We overrule the State's sole issue on appeal and affirm the trial court's order granting Horton's motion to quash the indictment. AFFIRMED. __________________________________ CHARLES KREGER Justice Submitted on June 13, 2007 Opinion Delivered August 15, 2007 Do not publish Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Horton, JJ. 1. Although the indictment alleges Horton violated Texas Education Code Section 11.154, the only subsection the State argues Horton violated was subsection (a).