Gary Westbrook v. State

IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS No. 10-04-00328-CR Gary Westbrook, Appellant v. The State of Texas, Appellee From the 87th District Court Limestone County, Texas Trial Court No. 04-102-CR MEMORANDUM Opinion A jury convicted Gary Westbrook of possession of methamphetamine in the amount of one gram or more but less than four grams. Westbrook pleaded “true” to enhancement allegations, and the court assessed his punishment at seventeen years’ imprisonment. Westbrook contends in his sole issue that the evidence is factually insufficient to prove that he possessed the methamphetamine in question. We will affirm. Background Deputy Robert Willis stopped Westbrook, who was leaving the residence of Charles Sikes, Jr., because Willis believed that the window tinting in Westbrook’s pickup was too dark to comply with state law.[1] Westbrook immediately exited the pickup and walked to the rear corner on the driver’s side. He paused there briefly before walking around to the passenger’s side and meeting Willis at the front corner on that side.[2] Willis arrested Westbrook when he was unable to provide evidence of financial responsibility.[3] Willis handcuffed Westbrook and during a search incident to the arrest found one marihuana cigarette in Westbrook’s hand and another in his shirt pocket. Willis then noticed that Westbrook was gesturing toward Sikes, whose Suburban was parked between twenty and thirty feet behind Westbrook’s pickup. Willis interpreted Westbrook’s gestures to be an indication that Sikes should walk to the back of the pickup because Willis “figured Mr. Westbrook had dropped something” there. Willis told Sikes to “get back” by the Suburban, then Willis began to search the interior of the pickup. Willis kept both Westbrook and Sikes in sight as he searched the pickup. He noticed that Westbrook nodded “to Mr. Sikes towards the back of the truck” and pointed to the back of the pickup. Sikes then began to slowly walk toward the back of the pickup. When he got within ten feet of the pickup, he looked at Westbrook and nodded. Willis exited the pickup and approached Sikes. Willis testified that he had Sikes’s hands in sight during this entire encounter and that Sikes never dropped anything on the ground as he approached the pickup. Willis then discovered a small plastic container on the ground at the rear of the pickup in the area where Westbrook had paused when he first exited the pickup. In this container were four small baggies containing what was later determined to be 1.56 grams of methamphetamine. Willis’s in-car video camera recorded Westbrook’s furtive gestures toward Sikes, and Willis called those to the jury’s attention as the video was played. While observing Westbrook’s actions as depicted in the video, Willis commented that he had never seen Westbrook “that nervous before.”[4] Willis also testified that the canister was dry when he recovered it, even though it had recently rained. Willis testified that Sikes was also “real nervous.” During a search of Sikes’s Suburban, Willis found an additional quantity of methamphetamine. On cross-examination, Willis conceded that he did not see Westbrook drop anything at the rear of the pickup. Willis also conceded that he did not maintain “continual observation” of both Westbrook and Sikes because one was in front of the pickup and one was behind it. He did not try to obtain any fingerprint evidence from the canister he recovered. After the State rested, Westbrook called Sikes who testified that the canister containing methamphetamine belonged to him and that he had dropped it at the rear of Westbrook’s pickup. On cross-examination, Sikes testified that he could not recall how many baggies of methamphetamine were in the canister. He testified that he had the canister in his hand as he was approaching Westbrook’s pickup and dropped it when he saw Willis approaching him. Sikes also testified on cross-examination that he had the canister in his pocket when he went to a neighbor’s house to get some water for Westbrook—after Westbrook was arrested. He stated that he gave Westbrook the glass of water while he still had the canister in his pocket, then walked to the rear of the pickup and dropped it. Affirmative Links Westbrook contends in his sole issue that the evidence is factually insufficient to prove that he possessed the canister recovered from the rear of his pickup because the State failed to offer sufficient “affirmative links” to connect him to the canister. The evidence can be factually insufficient if the evidence supporting the verdict is “too weak to support the finding of guilt” or if the contrary evidence is so strong “that the beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard could not have been met.” See Zuniga v. State, 144 S.W.3d 477, 484-85 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). “Affirmative links” is a shorthand expression to identify what must be proven in a prosecution for the possession of illegal drugs. Brown v. State, 911 S.W.2d 744, 747 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). An accused must not only have exercised actual care, control, or custody of the substance, but must also have been conscious of [his] connection with it and have known what it was. Evidence which affirmatively links [him] to it suffices for proof that [he] possessed it knowingly. Id. This evidence may be direct or circumstantial. Id. In either case it must establish, to the requisite level of confidence, that the accused’s connection with the drug was more than just fortuitous. Id. This is the whole of the so-called “affirmative links” rule. Id. It is still, just as it always was, only a shorthand expression of what must be proven to establish that a person possessed some kind of drug “knowingly or intentionally.” Id. Hunter v. State, 92 S.W.3d 596, 600 (Tex. App.—Waco 2002, pet. ref’d). Here, the evidence shows that Westbrook paused at the rear of his pickup in the location where Willis found the canister moments later. Westbrook had two marihuana cigarettes in his possession when arrested, and he was uncharacteristically nervous. Westbrook also made a series of furtive gestures,[5] testified to by Willis and corroborated by the video, which Willis interpreted as an indication that Sikes should walk to the back of the pickup because Willis “figured Mr. Westbrook had dropped something” there. We cannot say that this evidence is “too weak to support the finding of guilt.” See Zuniga, 144 S.W.3d at 484; cf. Denbow v. State, 837 S.W.2d 235, 236-39 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1992, pet. ref’d) (insufficient affirmative links to connect defendant to pill bottle containing methamphetamine found in parking lot near his possessions because defendant did not have exclusive access to lot and evidence did not exclude other reasonable hypotheses).[6] Sikes provided the lone controverting evidence with his testimony that he placed the methamphetamine at the rear of Westbrook’s pickup.[7] During cross-examination however, the State exposed numerous flaws and inconsistencies in Sikes’s version of the events. Thus, the jury had to choose to believe either Sikes or Deputy Willis. Thus, the controverting evidence rested on credibility. The jury is the ultimate fact finder on issues of credibility, and by its verdict, the jury chose to believe Willis. See Parker v. State, 119 S.W.3d 350, 355 (Tex. App.—Waco 2003, pet. ref’d). We must defer to the jury in its resolution of such issues. Id. Accordingly, we cannot say that the controverting evidence is so strong “that the beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard could not have been met.” See Zuniga, 144 S.W.3d at 485. Therefore, we overrule Westbrook’s sole issue and affirm the judgment. FELIPE REYNA Justice Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Vance, and Justice Reyna Affirmed Opinion delivered and filed October 26, 2005 Do not publish [CR25] [1] See Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 547.613 (Vernon Supp. 2004–2005). [2] When Westbrook saw Willis’s marked vehicle approaching from the front, Westbrook stopped and began backing up. Thus, Willis was parked in front of Westbrook’s pickup when he stopped Westbrook. [3] Id. § 601.053 (Vernon 1999). [4] Willis’s frame of reference for Westbrook’s nervousness was Willis’s prior “contacts with him.” [5] In this context, furtive gestures have been defined as “an affirmative link between the accused and drugs he attempts to hide or dispose of.” Davila v. State, 749 S.W.2d 611, 613 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1988, pet. ref’d) (citing Reyes v. State, 575 S.W.2d 38, 40 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1979)). [6] Denbow is distinguishable for several reasons: (1) it employed the former “reasonable hypothesis analytical construct” which the Court of Criminal Appeals has since rejected; (2) the officer had not seen the area before the defendant stopped there and could not say whether the pill bottle was there before they arrived; (3) the defendant did not have any narcotics in his possession; (4) the record did not indicate whether others were present at the time; and (5) there is no mention that the defendant made any furtive gestures in connection with the pill bottle. See Denbow v. State, 837 S.W.2d 235, 238-39 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1992, pet. ref’d). [7] Westbrook also makes reference to the fact that Willis did not see him drop the plastic canister and that no fingerprints were looked for on the canister. However, these facts relate only to the strength of the State’s case, and the absence of direct eyewitness testimony from Willis or fingerprint evidence does not equate to the existence of controverting evidence. FootnoteReference>[1] Tucker v. State, 135 S.W.3d 920, 922-26 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2004, no pet.). The officer must also have a reasonable suspicion, based on specific and articulable facts, that his safety or the safety of others is in danger before he may conduct a limited search for weapons. Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 329 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (holding that a weapons search is “only justified where the officer can point to specific and articulable facts which reasonably lead him to conclude that the suspect might possess a weapon”). A court looks to whether a reasonably prudent officer in the same circumstances would be warranted in believing that his safety or the safety of others is in danger. Michigan v. Long, 463 U. S. 1032, 1050-51, 103 S. Ct. 3469, 3481-82, 77 L. Ed. 2d 1201 (1983); McCraw v. State, 117 S.W.3d 47, 55 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. ref’d). The subjective beliefs of the officer performing the search are not determinative. See O'Hara v. State, 27 S.W.3d 548, 551 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The State points to two facts that it says gave Bernard reasonable suspicion to believe that Smithwick was potentially in possession of a weapon: the furtive[2] gesture and Smithwick’s rapid exit from the vehicle. Bernard testified that because Smithwick made a furtive gesture, moving towards the passenger side of the vehicle before the truck had completely pulled over to the shoulder of the road, he suspected that Smithwick was attempting to hide something. When Smithwick attempted to exit the vehicle immediately upon stopping, Bernard testified that he was suspicious that Smithwick wanted to keep Bernard away from the vehicle and whatever he was attempting to hide there. The videotape of the stop depicts both these events as Bernard portrayed them in his testimony. Smithwick argues that a furtive gesture alone is not sufficient to allow an officer to reasonably believe that a detainee is dangerous and may possess a weapon. By analogy he points to cases holding that a furtive gesture alone is not probable cause to search a vehicle. See Howard v. State, 599 S.W.2d 597 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979); Jenkins v. State, 76 S.W.3d 709 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2002, pet. ref’d). However, there are numerous cases that hold that in the absence of a furtive gesture, there is no reasonable suspicion to conduct a protective search. Tucker, 135 S.W.3d at 924; McCraw, 117 S.W.3d at 55; In re A.T.H., 106 S.W.3d 338, 347 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, no pet.); Davis v. State, 61 S.W.3d 94, 97 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2001, no pet.). In this case, there is not only a furtive gesture, but also a quick exit from the vehicle that could have given a reasonably prudent officer reasonable suspicion to believe that his safety was in danger. Carmouche, 10 S.W.3d at 329. Therefore, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in denying Smithwick’s motion to suppress. See Maddox, 682 S.W.2d at 564. Accordingly, we overrule Smithwick’s sole issue. Conclusion We affirm the judgment of the trial court. FELIPE REYNA Justice Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Vance, and Justice Reyna Affirmed Opinion delivered and filed April 20, 2005 Do not publish [CR25] [1] The State argues that because Bernard was authorized to arrest Smithwick on the traffic offense, the search of his vehicle was valid as a search incident to an arrest. However, traffic stops are comparable to temporary detentions and not arrests. See Tucker v. State, 135 S.W.3d 920, 922-26 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2004, no pet.). Accordingly, detaining a person for a traffic offense alone does not entitle the officer to search the vehicle as a search incident to an arrest. Id. [2] “Furtive” gestures are generally defined as those which are surreptitious, underhanded, or done by stealth. Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 474 (10th ed., Merriam-Webster, Inc. 1993).