Tesmec USA, Inc. v. Allen Whittington

IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS No. 10-04-00301-CV Tesmec USA, Inc., Appellant v. Allen Whittington, Appellee From the 249th District Court Johnson County, Texas Trial Court No. C 2003-00462 DISSENTING Opinion TO OPINION DENYING [Motion for] REHEARING This case now presents a near perfect example of why the justices on a panel should wait for the considered opinion of all three justices. The problem that keeps it from being a perfect example is that I cannot fully explain the significance and the intricacies of this exemplary case. What happened on motion for rehearing is that the majority prepared an Opinion on Rehearing. I prepared a dissenting opinion. When my draft dissenting opinion on rehearing was circulated, they decided to substantially revise their opinion on rehearing to what you see now. While it would be improper for me to discuss the substance of the prior draft, the fact that the opinion they were willing to issue changed after they reviewed my dissenting opinion functionally explains why the opinions of all three justices should be obtained, reviewed, and considered before any opinion is issued. Nevertheless, I must dissent to the opinion denying rehearing. The majority purports to address only the issue that “arose at the time our opinion was issued,” that being the issuance of an opinion by only two of the justices. Maj. Op. at pg. 1. In their opinion, the majority references only the Procedures for Internal Deadlines for Approval of Opinions and Orders as justification for issuing an opinion and judgment on which only two judges had voted. They assert that the opinion was issued “[f]ollowing the procedures.” As I will explain, this is misleading; but that is really not the important issue. The critical issue is the question of whether one justice, on a three judge panel, has the discretion to prioritize his or her own work or will the other two justices be allowed to arbitrarily set a deadline to which the third justice must adhere or be deemed to have agreed to the opinion and judgment of the other two justices. The lone justice is thus required to choose between compliance with internal procedures that set an arbitrary deadline in a case or his or her own determination of what matter has the highest priority, based on the relevant constitutional, statutory, and procedural rules, to which time should be devoted. To understand this issue, I need to provide a frame of reference for the reader. Some of what follows has been distilled from a number of opinions, both published and unpublished. Choices We should first discuss choices. What are my choices when the majority’s arbitrary deadline is upon me? The majority apparently believes I have the following choices: dissenting without a separate opinion; dissenting with opinion to follow; concurring without a separate opinion; concurring with opinion to follow; and not participating. Not participating is not an option, and I will discuss that later. So that leaves four choices. The interesting aspect of these four choices is that each of the four indicates that I should vote on the result that I believe is appropriate. What this reveals, since I believe this is a comprehensive list of all the choices they think are appropriate, is one of two things. Either they do not read what I write, or they believe it is appropriate to decide on the result before conducting the research necessary to determine the legally correct result. In my special note in this case, and the others in which I have been required to utilize this procedural tool, I have tried to explain that I have not had the time to conduct the analysis I believe is necessary to determine if I agree or disagree with the result. If they took the time to read these notes, they would know that I believe the analysis should be done before the decision. So, either they have not read my explanations, or they believe it is appropriate to decide upon the result and then prepare the opinion necessary to support that result. I have always thought the analysis should be done first and then vote on the result. Not Participating is Not an Option Next, I must address whether it is appropriate for a justice on a panel to simply “not participate” in a decision. In none of the special notes or opinions I have issued will you find any language from me that suggests that I am not participating in the consideration and review of the case, in particular the opinion and judgment in the case. You will find only language that explains I am not yet prepared to vote – a clear indication I want to participate in the decision. But the majority refuses to hold their opinion long enough for me to properly consider it. In Krumnow, for example, after an extensive explanation of the problems in the case, I conclude my observations about the many issues in the case with the following: So, for all the reasons given, I can say no more than I am present but not prepared to vote on the merits of this case as of the date the opinion of only two members of the panel is being issued. Krumnow v. Krumnow, 174 S.W.3d 820, 840 (Tex. App.—Waco August 24, 2005, pet. filed) (Special Note by Chief Justice Gray issued August 31, 2005). My inability to vote at the time the opinion was being issued in this case is no different than it has been in any of the other cases in which two justices refused to wait for the considered vote of the third justice before they issued their opinion. Furthermore, and by far the most important observation, is that I do not believe I have the option to “not participate” in casting a vote on a judgment disposing of an appeal. See Texas Parks and Wildlife v. E.E. Lowrey, 155 S.W.3d 456, 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 9824, *16-17 (Tex. App.—Waco 2004, order) (Gray, C.J., dissenting) (not designated for publication). I believe it is my ethical duty to participate. “A judge shall hear and decide matters assigned to the judge except those in which disqualification is required or recusal is appropriate.” Tex. Code Jud. Conduct, Cannon 3(B)(1), reprinted in Tex. Gov’t Code Ann., tit.2, subtit, G app. B (Vernon 1997). A single judge may, however, decide a motion; thus, participation in the decision of every motion is not necessary to fulfill this ethical requirement. See Tex. R. App. P. 10.4(a) (a single judge may decide a motion). I know that Justice Vance holds an opinion to the contrary on whether he must participate in or recuse/disqualify himself from reviewing and voting on opinions. But I have waited for months for Justice Vance to participate in the decision of a case, and notwithstanding that he may have initially noted that he was not participating, to this date he has ultimately always cast a vote. I do not believe I have the right to veto the issuance of any opinion as Justice Vance has implied in his opinions. Texas Parks and Wildlife v. E.E. Lowrey, 155 S.W.3d 456, 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 9824, *14 (Tex. App.—Waco 2004, order) (Vance, J., concurring) (not designated for publication); Pac. Emplrs. Ins. Co. v. Mathison, No. 10-04-00314-CV, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 8650, *11 (Tex. App.—Waco Oct. 19, 2005, no pet.) (Vance, J., concurring); Park v. Montgomery County, No. 10-04-00231-CV, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 8646, *12-13 (Tex. App.—Waco Oct. 19, 2005, pet. filed) (Vance, J., concurring). I simply believe that I have the discretion to prioritize what I choose to work on based upon changing events and the relative priorities and deadlines set by the legislature and high courts and not some arbitrary deadline created by an internal rule of questionable benefit for the Court. See Johnson v. Baylor Univ., 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 1310, *37-38 (Tex. App.—Waco Feb. 15, 2006, no pet. h.) (Special note by Chief Justice Gray); Cathey v. Meyer, 115 S.W.3d 644, 673-674 (Tex. App.—Waco 2003), aff’d in part and rev’d in part, Meyer v. Cathey, 167 S.W.3d 327 (Tex. 2005). While the majority may accept “not participating” as an option—they know I do not believe it to be an option.[1] Procedures and More Procedures Now for a little additional background on this case leading to the issuance of an opinion which, for all purposes, appears to have been joined in by me at the time it was issued. My special note in this case quotes the e-mail in which I notified the author of the opinion and the majority what my position was on the proposed opinion and judgment of the Court – that I was not yet prepared to vote. Other Internal Procedures But the misleading part of the majority opinion is in the statement that the opinion was issued “[f]ollowing the procedures” adopted on April 26, 2005, making it seem that they are the only relevant procedures. They are not. The date the opinion was actually issued is January 18, 2006. But to issue on this date, according to other procedures adopted by the majority, “Internal Deadlines for Issuing Opinions and Orders,” the opinion should have been signed and returned to the opinion secretary by 10:00 a.m. on January 17, 2006, the day before it was to issue. I had checked with the opinion secretary well after the deadline and neither the opinion in this case nor the opinion in Texas Genco had been given to her. Texas Genco v. Valence Operating Co., No. 10-04-00365-CV, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 448 (Tex. App.—Waco Jan. 18, 2006, no pet. h.). Thus, under the internal rules, unless an exception was approved, neither opinion should have had an issue date of January 18, 2006. The reason I had checked with the opinion secretary on January 17, 2006 regarding these two opinions was for the express purpose of determining how they reflected the substance of my e-mail to the author at a time when something could be done about it if my position was not accurately reflected in the signature block of the opinions as issued. So when I discovered on January 17, 2006 that the opinions were not completed by the deadline for issuing them on January 18, 2006, I was relieved to know that they had decided to not issue them the next day. Then, on January 18, 2006, I learned three critical facts: (1) that the opinion in this case had been prepared for issuance that day; (2) that the opinion in this case had been prepared to reflect that all three justices joined in it, i.e., no indication or qualification upon my position in regard to voting on the opinion and judgment in the case; and (3) that Justices Vance and Reyna had joined in taking action without a meeting to avoid the signing deadline on not one, but two opinions and had issued both opinions on January 18, 2006, without even attempting to notify me that they intended to do so. Thus, on the issue date, but prior to the issuance of the opinion, and immediately after I learned (1) and (2) above, I contacted Justice Reyna’s staff and took all actions that I could to contact Justice Reyna, including a direct attempt to communicate with him in his office, but he had left, and discussing the need to contact him with his staff, e-mail, office phone/voice mail, home phone/voice mail, and cell phone/voice mail. I wanted to communicate to him my belief that his issuance of the opinion was an affirmative representation that I joined in it, when he knew that I had not joined that opinion. I attempted to communicate the same information to Justice Vance about Justice Reyna’s case. I would have been telling Justice Vance the same thing about Texas Genco but, at that time, I did not yet know that Justice Vance had already taken the same steps to issue the opinion in Texas Genco. And I had not yet learned of the above-described item (3). I did not receive a copy of that document until around 4:00 p.m., when it was too late to pull the opinions because they were deposited in the mail at that time. Justice Reyna and Justice Vance knew my position on the opinions at the time they signed their respective opinions and when they also joined together to issue both opinions as an exception to the regular procedure regarding circulation deadlines on January 18, 2006. Problems With Implementing Their Procedures Further, the majority neglects to mention the inconsistencies and problems they were having using their routing system.[2] In this case, I returned all the materials placed in circulation to Justice Reyna. Weeks went by before I received the routing slip indicating the revised issue date and implying that he did not intend to modify the majority opinion. Apparently, due to the complexity of the dual circulation, multiple deadlines, the variety of extensions, and the total failure to address what happens when there is more than one concurring or dissenting opinion, there have been on-going efforts to interpret and clarify their rules, such as what stays in circulation and who keeps originals, since they were first approved. Indeed, the problems implementing the system are so great Justice Vance has proposed revised circulation procedures to try to fix some of the problems. The majority also feels compelled to mention the nine weeks between the date the original opinion was placed in circulation and the date it was issued. I have resisted the temptation to respond with a detailed listing of everything else that I worked on during this period. Some of the special notes I have issued have discussed more specifics. It should be sufficient to say that I have worked on the matters that I thought had the highest priority with due regard to keeping the bulk of the Court’s cases moving as expeditiously as practical. Conclusion I would withdraw the opinion issued by only two members of a three judge panel and do what I have done on all the cases assigned to my chamber – wait until I have the considered vote of all three justices on a panel before an opinion is issued and not mislead the parties and the public by issuing an opinion which appears as though all members on the panel join in it. Accordingly, I dissent to the denial of the motion for rehearing. TOM GRAY Chief Justice Dissenting opinion delivered and filed March 22, 2006 Publish [1] I recognize that under exceptional circumstances a judgment voted upon by only two intermediate appellate court justices has been approved and affirmed. See Dickinson State Bank v. Ogden, 624 S.W.2d 214, 222 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1981), rev'd on other grounds, 662 S.W.2d 330, 27 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 13 (Tex. 1984) (on rehearing); Hoyt v. Hoyt, 351 S.W.2d 111, 114 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1961, writ dism'd w.o.j.). These opinions are different than our situation because the third justice in those cases was not available. In the situations Justice Vance has chosen to rely upon these cases, I was not unavailable. In the two-justice decisions from this Court, Justices Vance and Reyna simply refused to wait for me to vote. Under their theory, if the two of them agree on a result, they do not even have to show me their opinion before it is issued. They only need me as the third justice on the panel at the time it is submitted. Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 22.222 (Vernon 2004). [2] Until February 6, 2006, my chamber continued to use the circulation procedure, with one change, that was in place when I joined the Court in 1999. The change I made to that procedure had been made and the system continued in use since January 2004 when Justice Reyna joined the Court. The system seemed to work very well. When the other justices refused to review my draft opinions unless I complied with their procedures, it resulted in a delay of approximately four months in the target date for the issuance of approximately a dozen opinions in circulation at that time.