Terry Lee McCormick v. State

IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS No. 10-05-00325-CR Terry Lee McCormick, Appellant v. The State of Texas, Appellee From the 54th District Court McLennan County, Texas Trial Court No. 2005-390-C MEMORANDUM Opinion McCormick appeals his conviction for indecency with a child with his stepdaughter, E. R., a child younger than seventeen years of age, by sexual contact, which offense occurred in 1998.[1] See Act of May 29, 1993, 73d Leg., R.S., ch. 900, art. 1, § 1.01, sec. 21.11(a)(1), 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 3586, 3616 (amended 2001) (current version at Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 21.11(a)(1) (Vernon 2003)); id. sec. 21.11(c) (amended 2001) (current version at Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 21.11(d) (Vernon 2003)). We affirm. Charge. In McCormick’s first four issues, he complains of the trial court’s charge in the guilt-or-innocence stage of trial. Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Article 36.14 provides in relevant part that “in each felony case . . . , the judge shall . . . deliver to the jury . . . a written charge distinctly setting forth the law applicable to the case; not expressing any opinion as to the weight of the evidence . . . .” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.14 (Vernon 1981). Whenever it appears by the record in any criminal action upon appeal that any requirement of Article[] 36.14 . . . has been disregarded, the judgment shall not be reversed unless the error appearing from the record was calculated to injure the rights of defendant, or unless it appears from the record that the defendant has not had a fair and impartial trial. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.19 (Vernon 2006). Our first duty in analyzing a jury-charge issue is to decide whether error exists. Then, if we find error, we analyze that error for harm. Preservation of charge error does not become an issue until we assess harm. The degree of harm necessary for reversal depends on whether the appellant preserved the error by objection. Under Almanza, jury charge error requires reversal when the defendant has properly objected to the charge and we find “some harm” to his rights. When the defendant fails to object or states that he has no objection to the charge, we will not reverse for jury-charge error unless the record shows “egregious harm” to the defendant. Thus, we review alleged charge error by considering two questions: (1) whether error existed in the charge; and (2) whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to compel reversal. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743-44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (internal footnotes omitted) (quoting Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) [(op. on reh’g)] & Bluitt v. State, 137 S.W.3d 51, 53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)). “Under the Almanza standard, the record must show that a defendant has suffered actual, rather than merely theoretical, harm from jury instruction error” in order to call for reversal. Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 750; see Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 174. “Errors that result in egregious harm are those that affect ‘the very basis of the case,’ ‘deprive the defendant of a valuable right,’ ‘or ‘vitally affect a defensive theory.’” Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 750 (quoting Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)). “[T]o determine whether the error was so egregious that a defendant was denied a fair and impartial trial, a reviewing court should examine: 1) the entire jury charge; 2) the state of the evidence; 3) the arguments of counsel; and 4) any other relevant information in the record.” Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 750 n.48; accord Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. The state of the evidence includes “the contested issues and weight of probative evidence.” Marvis v. State, 36 S.W.3d 878, 880 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (quoting Almanza at 171). In McCormick’s charge complaints, he did not object in the trial court. The charge as a whole is unexceptional. Cf. Paul J. McClung & W. Scott Carpenter, Jury Charges for Texas Criminal Practice (1997). The indictment alleged that McCormick committed, and the trial court instructed the jury on, indecency by sexual contact by McCormick’s “touching the breast of” E.R., and on indecency by exposure by McCormick’s “expos[ing his] genitals, knowing that” E. R. “was present.” (C.R. 4, 31, 32.) The evidence largely consisted of E. R.’s testimony and the State’s evidence to corroborate and McCormick’s evidence to impeach and contradict E. R.’s testimony. E. R. testified that, beginning from when she was fifteen or sixteen years of age until after she turned seventeen, McCormick sometimes set E. R. on his lap, and on those occasions sometimes touched her breast; McCormick sometimes stood naked at E. R.’s bedroom door or at her bedside while he thought she was asleep, and on some of those occasions masturbated; and while naked, McCormick sometimes got in the shower with E. R. while she was showering, including at least one time when she was sixteen years of age; that E. R. told her mother once about the exposure at the time, but her mother did not believe her; and that E. R. did not report the abuse again at the time because she was afraid of McCormick. The State also introduced letters that E. R. later wrote to her mother, in which E. R. made substantially the same allegations, and alleged that E. R.’s brother once saw McCormick with his hand inside E. R.’s pants. The State also called a former neighbor of E. R., who testified that she at least twice saw McCormick set E. R. on his lap, when she was fifteen years of age, put his arms around her waist, hold her close, and put his hand between her legs; and that E. R. then appeared frightened and confused. The State also called a police detective who investigated the case, and who testified concerning his interview with McCormick. The State introduced an audio recording of the interview, in which McCormick admitted getting in the shower with E. R. once when she was eighteen years of age, admitted that E. R.’s brother “probably” saw McCormick put his hand inside E. R.’s pants, and admitted that he “might have” massaged E. R.’s neck, (State Ex. 6); and otherwise denied indecently touching E. R. McCormick did not testify. McCormick called E. R.’s mother, who testified that E. R. made the allegations against McCormick in retaliation for the mother’s reporting E. R. to Child Protective Services over E. R.’s care of E. R.’s child; that E. R. told her that E. R. had only dreamed that McCormick exposed himself to E. R.; that the relationship between E. R. and McCormick had been good; that E. R. passed up several opportunities to report McCormick in safety, even though E. R. had been taught to report abuse because E. R. had been abused as an infant by her biological father; that E. R. sat on McCormick’s lap of her own accord; that E. R. could not have seen McCormick from her bed where E. R. said she did; that McCormick would not have had any opportunity to abuse E. R.; and that McCormick admitted to showering with E. R. and putting his hand inside her pants when she was seventeen or eighteen years of age. McCormick also called a family friend who corroborated E. R.’s mother’s testimony concerning E. R.’s sitting on McCormick’s lap. Extraneous Offense. In McCormick’s first issue, he contends that the trial court erred in not including a reasonable-doubt instruction on extraneous-offense evidence. “[I]f the defendant so requests at the guilt/innocence phase of trial, the trial court must instruct the jury not to consider extraneous offense evidence admitted for a limited purpose unless it believes beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the extraneous offense.” George v. State, 890 S.W.2d 73, 76 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). This Court has held that “a trial court has [a] sua sponte duty to submit a reasonable doubt instruction on evidence of extraneous offenses in the guilt-innocence charge when such evidence is admitted.” Rodgers v. State, 180 S.W.3d 716, 724 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005, no pet.). For purposes of evaluating extraneous-offense reasonable-doubt instructions, “[t]he testimony that” the appellant committed an offense against “the complainant[] in the manner alleged in the indictment on more than one occasion does not constitute evidence of extraneous offenses.” Rodgers, 180 S.W.3d at 724 n.7; Shea v. State, 167 S.W.3d 98, 104 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005, pet. ref’d). Rather, we consider only evidence of acts against the complainant “in a manner other than alleged in the indictment.” Rodgers at 724. Among the most prejudicial such evidence to which McCormick points is evidence that McCormick at least twice put his hand inside E. R.’s pants and touched her vagina; that McCormick caused E. R. to put a condom on his penis; that McCormick, while naked, after pulling E. R.’s pants down, “massaged way down [her] legs” and “massaged [her] front,” then caused her to massage him “front and back, head to toe,” (3 R.R. at 39-40); that McCormick, while sometimes naked, sometimes caused E. R. to lie in bed with him, and put his arms around her; that McCormick sometimes caused E. R. to sit on his lap; that McCormick, naked, sometimes got in the shower with E. R; and that McCormick threatened E. R. with a pistol, punched her, and whipped her with a belt. The State argues that the extraneous-offense evidence was admissible, and that McCormick failed to preserve his complaint.[2] We assume that the evidence was admissible; nonetheless, as the State concedes, “Certainly some of the listed testimony would qualify as extraneous conduct.” (Br. at 13.) For the reasons stated in Rodgers, and under general charge law, McCormick need not have objected to the omission of a reasonable-doubt instruction in order to complain of the omission on appeal. See Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 743-44; Almanza, 686 S.W.2d 157; Rodgers, 180 S.W.3d at 724 (“[A]ppellant was not required to make an objection or request . . . in order for the trial court to instruct the jury on this requirement.”). Under this Court’s precedent, the trial court erred by not including in the charge the reasonable-doubt instruction regarding the extraneous offenses. See Rodgers at 724. In evaluating the harm from the erroneous omission of a reasonable-doubt instruction on extraneous-offense evidence, “[t]he issue is whether [the appellant] was harmed by the improper omission of the instruction, not by the admission of evidence of extraneous offenses.” Rodgers, 180 S.W.3d at 724. Among the factors in evaluating such harm are whether “there was [any] mention of any burden of proof other than ‘beyond a reasonable doubt,’” and whether “the evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that” the appellant “committed the” extraneous offenses. See McClenton v. State, 167 S.W.3d 86, 98 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005, no pet.). McCormick concludes, without analysis, that he suffered egregious harm. McCormick argues that “the State comment[ed] on . . . ‘extraneous’ conduct during its closing argument,” and lists seven comments. (Br. at 19; see id. at 19-20.) Of those seven comments, however, only three sorts arguably constitute conduct extraneous to the indictment: McCormick’s setting E. R. on McCormick’s lap without touching her breast, one instance of exposure when E. R. was perhaps eighteen years of age, and one instance of McCormick’s putting his hand inside E. R.’s pants in Illinois. (See McCormick Br. at 19, 20.) As to harm, the State again argues that the evidence was admissible, and argues, “Probably most telling on the issue of harm is the fact that [McCormick] was acquitted of Count two of the indictment,” which alleged indecency by exposure: “If the jury had improperly considered extraneous evidence and wanted to convict [McCormick] for being a bad person, it certainly could have convicted him on both counts.” (Br. at 15.) The charge was generally unexceptional. As to the evidence, McCormick admitted that he once showered with E. R. when she was eighteen years of age, and admitted that he put his hand inside E. R.’s pants. The evidence of the extraneous offenses was such that a reasonable finder of fact could have believed beyond a reasonable doubt that McCormick committed them. Nor do we see any reference to any standard of proof of the extraneous offenses other than proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Rather, in the State’s argument, the State refers to evidence of McCormick’s setting E. R. on his lap, and incorporates those facts into the elements that the State has to prove “beyond a reasonable doubt.” (4 R.R. at 127-31.) McCormick did not suffer egregious harm from the omission of a reasonable-doubt instruction on extraneous-offense evidence. We overrule McCormick’s first issue. Unanimity. In McCormick’s second issue, he contends that the trial court erred in not including a unanimity instruction as to Count 1. “The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate.” Tex. Const. art. I, § 15. “In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have a speedy public trial by an impartial jury.” Id. § 10. “As applicable to the trial of felony cases in” Texas, the Constitutional “elements essential to constitute a ‘trial by jury’” include “a unanimous verdict.” Randel v. State, 153 Tex. Crim. 282, 296, 219 S.W.2d 689, 698 (1949) (op. on reh’g); see Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 745; see also Tex. Const. art. V, § 13; Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.29 (Vernon 2006). When the State “put[s] on evidence of the repetition of the same criminal act on different occasions,” “the jury must reach a unanimous verdict on which single, specific criminal act the defendant committed.” Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 747, 748. On appeal, McCormick proposes the instruction: You have been instructed that your verdict, whether it is guilty or not guilty, must be unanimous. The following instruction applies to the unanimity requirement as to Count I. Count I of the indictment accuses the defendant of committing the crime of Indecency with a Child by touching the breast of E[.] R[.] In order to return a guilty verdict, all twelve of you must agree as to the same specific act, if any, that constitutes the conduct alleged in Count I. (Br. at 23 (citing Fifth Circuit District Judges Association Pattern Jury Instructions (Criminal Cases) § 1.25 (2001)).) The State argues, “Appellant is really complaining because several incidents could have supported the indictment, but an election was not requested.” (Br. at 18 (citing O’Neal v. State, 746 S.W.2d 769, 771-72 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988)).) The Court of Criminal Appeals has rejected an argument similar to the State’s: The State posits that jury unanimity is required only if the defendant requests an election between separate offenses. A request for an election, however, is not a prerequisite for implementing Texas’ constitutional and statutory requirement of jury unanimity. An election simply limits the number of specific offenses that the jury may consider during its deliberations. . . . . The failure to request an election does not eliminate a defendant’s right to a unanimous verdict. Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 738 (internal footnote omitted). The State acknowledges, “Allowing a jury to choose from several separate acts, each of which is a violation of a specific statute, without requiring the jury to agree on which act was committed violates the unanimity requirement.” (Br. at 18 (citing Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 747-48).) Without deciding that the trial court erred by not submitting the specific instruction requested, we hold that the trial court erred in failing to require unanimity on the specific instance of indecency of which the jury found McCormick guilty.[3] As to harm, McCormick argues only, “Recently, the Court of Criminal Appeals, in Ngo . . . determined that appellant therein (who had not objected to the jury charge) had suffered egregious harm when the trial court disjunctively submitted the State’s theories of conviction in one general verdict form without a unanimity instruction.” (Br. at 23 (citing Ngo, No. 0504-04, Loislaw at *8-*10 (Tex. Crim. App. Mar. 16, 2005)).) McCormick’s case is distinguishable from Ngo. In Ngo, “1) the jury charge permitted a non-unanimous verdict” on a disjunctive charge; “2) during its closing argument, the State forthrightly told the jury that it need not be unanimous in its verdict”; “3) ‘there were contested issues at trial’”; and 4) “both the trial judge and the prosecution misstated the law” in voir dire. Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 750-51 (quoting Ngo v. State, 129 S.W.3d 198, 201-202 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2004), aff’d, Ngo, 175 S.W.3d 738). McCormick does not point to, and we do not find, anything comparable here. The State does not argue harm. The evidence that McCormick committed indecency with E. R. in the manner and on or about the date alleged in the indictment was not distinct. By the same token, the evidence that McCormick did so on any other date was likewise weak. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has analyzed the harm from the possibility of a non-unanimous verdict, in the context of the erroneous denial of a request for an election of the offenses on which the State intended to rely for conviction, in Dixon v. Texas. Dixon v. State, 201 S.W.3d 731, 735 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Dixon concerned a prosecution for aggravated sexual assault of a child. Id. at 731; see Act of May 15, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 459, § 5, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 893, 898-99 (amended 2003) (current version at Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.021(a) (Vernon Supp. 2006)). There, at trial, the child victim “related a sequence of events that occurred every time appellant sexually assaulted her. . . . . According to the victim, this sequence of events occurred one hundred times. Except for one time during the day, this activity always occurred at night. The child . . . gave no further details regarding this activity.” Dixon at 732. The Court of Criminal Appeals held that the verdict based on the victim’s undifferentiated testimony did not violate the unanimity requirement: We . . . perceive no risk that the present case led to a non-unanimous verdict. The only distinguishing detail among the one hundred offenses is that one occurred during the day, while all the others happened at night. . . . . [T]here is simply no basis in the record for the jury to believe that one incident occurred during the day but that none occurred at night. The nighttime scenario being typical (ninety-nine out of one hundred), it is obvious from this record that anyone who believed the complainant’s allegations in any respect would believe that sexual assaults occurred at night. Dixon, 201 S.W.3d at 735. [I]t is meaningless to say the jurors . . . could have disagreed about which incident was the basis for conviction. The offenses were described as identical and any one of them could have occurred on any given day during the time period appellant stayed with the victim’s family. Aside from the day/night distinction . . . , what precisely would the jurors be disagreeing about? Clearly, however, the jurors unanimously agreed that appellant committed at least one sexual assault, at night, sometime during the year, in the manner described by the complainant. Id. n.23. E. R.’s testimony was likewise undistinguished. She testified as follows concerning McCormick on direct examination: Q. . . . . [D]id anything in terms of sexual contact ever escalate? A. Yes, ma’am. Q. Okay. And how—how did that escalate? A. Um, he started making me sit on his lap. He’d grab me by the hips and make me sit on his lap. Q. Okay. A.   . . . . He would take his hand and he would rub my breasts and he’d laugh like it was funny or something. (3 R.R. at 26.) Q. . . . . Did you go over and sit down on his lap, you know, by yourself? A. Usually, no. Q. Okay. A. Usually, I’d be, like, asking him a question or whatever, and he would sit me down. Q. Okay. What do you mean by that? Like, how would he sit you down? A. He would grab my [sic] by the hips and have me sit on his lap, my back to—to him. Q. Okay. And what happened when that would occur, when he’d put you on his lap? A. Like I said, sometimes he would take his hand, he would rub my breasts, um— Q. Was that on the outside of your clothing or underneath your clothing? A. At first, yes, ma’am. At first, it was on the outside of my clothing. Eventually, he would reach up my shirt. Q. Okay. And you said that he would touch you on the outside of your clothing. Where on the outside of your clothing was he touching you? A. My breast. My nipple area. Q. Okay. What would he do whenever he would touch your breast? A. He would just take his finger and rub it. If it poked out, he’d laugh like it was funny. (3 R.R. at 26-27.) Q. You said that, um—that sometimes when he’d put you on his lap that he would touch you on the outside of your clothing and that eventually changed. Do you recall any times when he would touch you underneath your clothing? A. Um, just on my breast. Um, I’d be sitting on his lap and he’d make me sit down and he’d reach up my shirt. Q. Okay. What would he do then? A. Same thing. But this time underneath my clothes. He would rub my nipple and see if it could get hard and laugh. Sometimes he’d kiss me. . . . . Q. What was he wearing whenever he would pull you onto his lap on—on some of these occasions? A. Sweatpants or shorts. Q. Did you ever notice anything after you would get up off of his lap? A. Um, his shorts would have a wet spot on them. Q. Okay. Did you notice anything or feel anything sometimes when you— A. You could feel— Q. —would sit on his lap? A. —sometimes you could feel his penis get hard and it would move. (3 R.R. at 28-29.) In one of E. R.’s letters to her mother, she stated of McCormick: “He’d have me sit on his lap and sometimes he’d kiss me on my lips. When I’d get up, his shorts would be all wet with a spot on them. “When I’d be sitting on his lap I could feel when sometimes his penis moved. . . . . “After a while he started to touch me on my breasts. He would take his finger and rub over my nipple to see if it would get hard. Sometimes he could kiss it really quick and then laugh. It poked out after he rubbed it. . . . .” (3 R.R. at 76-77; see State’s Ex. 4.) The evidence provides little meaningful basis for distinguishing McCormick’s acts of indecency by sexual contact: whether McCormick laughed, whether he touched E. R. on the inside or outside of her clothing, whether he kissed her, or whether he got an erection. By the reasoning of Dixon, however, the evidence here creates little risk of a non-unanimous verdict. See Dixon, 201 S.W.3d at 735. McCormick did not suffer egregious harm from the omission of a unanimity instruction. We overrule McCormick’s second issue. Comment on Weight of Evidence. In McCormick’s third issue, he contends that the trial court commented on the weight of the evidence and thus erred. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.14. “In Texas, a trial judge must . . . refrain from making any remark calculated to convey to the jury his opinion of the case.” Brown v. State, 122 S.W.3d 794, 798 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); accord Stayton v. State, 32 Tex. Crim. 33, 35, 22 S.W. 38, 38 (1893). McCormick complains of the following italicized language in the instruction to the effect that the jury should find him guilty if the jury found that McCormick “engage[d] in sexual contact with E[.] R[.] by touching the breast of E[.] R[.], a child younger than seventeen years of age and not the spouse of” McCormick. (Br. at 26 (quoting I C.R. at 31) (emphasis added by McCormick).) McCormick argues that the trial court should have instructed the jury: “engage[d] in sexual contact with E[.] R[.] by touching the breast of E[.] R[.], and that E[.] R[.] was then under the age of seventeen years and not the spouse of” McCormick. (Br. at 26 (citing Paul J. McClung, Jury Charges for the Texas Criminal [sic] 98-99 (1995)) (emphasis added by McCormick).) We assume without deciding that the trial court erred. McCormick does not argue harm. As to harm, the State points to the uncontroverted evidence that E. R. was a child at the time of McCormick’s sexual contact with her breast and that E. R. was not McCormick’s spouse, and to the State’s jury argument that the jury must so find in order to find McCormick guilty of indecency by sexual contact. McCormick did not suffer egregious harm. We overrule McCormick’s third issue. Ex Post Facto Application. In McCormick’s fourth issue, he contends that the trial court instructed the jury on law not in effect at the time of McCormick’s offense, and thus erred. McCormick complains of the trial court’s definition of “sexual contact”: By the term “sexual contact,” as used herein, is meant any touching by a person, including touching through clothing, of the anus, breast, or any part of the genitals of a child, with intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person; or, any touching of any part of the body of a child including touching through clothing, with the anus, breast, or any part of the genitals of a person with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person. (C.R. at 29.) In particular, McCormick complains of the language “touching through clothing.” McCormick argues that the trial court’s definition comports with the current statutory definition of “sexual contact,” but not with that in effect at the time of the offenses alleged in the indictment. Under the current statute, “sexual contact,” for purposes of Section 21.11: means the following acts, if committed with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person: (1) any touching by a person, including touching through clothing, of the anus, breast, or any part of the genitals of a child; or (2) any touching of any part of the body of a child, including touching through clothing, with the anus, breast, or any part of the genitals of a person. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 21.11(c) (Vernon 2003). The definition was amended effective September 1, 2001, for offenses committed on or after that date. See Act of May 23, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 739, § 2, sec. (c), 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 1463, 1463 (current version at Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 21.11(c)); id. §§ 3-4, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws at 1463-64. At the time of McCormick’s offense, the statutory definition of “sexual contact” for purposes of Penal Code Chapter 21 was: “Sexual contact” means the touching of the anus, breast, or any part of the genitals of another person with intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person. Act of May 29, 1993, 73d Leg., R.S., ch. 900, art. 1, § 1.01, sec. 21.01(2), 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws at 3616, amended by Act of May 23, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 739, § 1, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 1463, 1463. The case law, however, was clear at the time of McCormick’s offense that the definition of “sexual contact” included touching through clothing. The Court of Criminal Appeals “clearly dismisse[d] the notion that ‘a touching’ requires proof of flesh-to-flesh contact” in 1978. Deason v. State, 786 S.W.2d 711, 716 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990), disavowed on other grounds, Gipson v. State, 844 S.W.2d 738, 740 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (Deason citing Resnick v. State, 574 S.W.2d 558, 559-60 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1978)). Under any other holding, “a defendant who thrust his hand beneath a victim’s undergarments and fondled his or her genitals in a public place could not be prosecuted for public lewdness if he were wearing a glove.” Resnick, 574 S.W.2d at 560. The trial court did not instruct the jury on law not in effect at the time of the charged offenses, and so did not err. We overrule McCormick’s fourth issue. Effective Assistance of Counsel. In McCormick’s fifth issue, he contends that his trial counsel failed to render the effective assistance of counsel. “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.” U.S. Const. amend. VI; see Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374, 380 (2005); Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). “Ineffective assistance under Strickland [v. Washington] is deficient performance by counsel resulting in prejudice, with performance being measured against an ‘objective standard of reasonableness,’ ‘under prevailing professional norms.’” Rompilla at 380 (quoting Strickland at 687, 688). “In every case the court should be concerned with whether, despite the strong presumption of reliability, the result of the particular proceeding is unreliable because of a breakdown in the adversarial process that our system counts on to produce just results.” Strickland at 696. “Without proof of both deficient performance and prejudice to the defense, . . . it c[an]not be said that the sentence or conviction ‘resulted from a breakdown in the adversary process that rendered the result of the proceeding unreliable’ . . . .” Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 695 (2002) (quoting Strickland at 687). “Failure to make the required showing of either deficient performance or sufficient prejudice defeats the ineffectiveness claim.” Robinson v. State, 22 S.W.3d 631, 636 (Tex. App.—Waco 2000, pet. ref’d) (internal citation omitted). “[C]ounsel is ‘strongly presumed’ to make decisions in the exercise of professional judgment.” Yarborough v. Gentry, 540 U.S. 1, 5 (2003) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690). When counsel focuses on some issues to the exclusion of others, there is a strong presumption that he did so for tactical reasons rather than through sheer neglect. That presumption has particular force where a petitioner bases his ineffective-assistance claim solely on the trial record, creating a situation in which a court “may have no way of knowing whether a seemingly unusual or misguided action by counsel had a sound strategic motive.” Gentry at 5-6 (quoting Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 505 (2003)) (internal citation omitted) (argument). “A Strickland claim must be ‘firmly founded in the record’ and ‘the record must affirmatively demonstrate’ the meritorious nature of the claim.” Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (quoting Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)); accord Salinas v. State, 163 S.W.3d 734, 740 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). “In the absence of anything in the record affirmatively demonstrating otherwise, we presume that . . . counsel made a reasonable and strategic decision . . . .” Salinas at 740. Direct appeal is usually an inadequate vehicle for raising such a claim because the record is generally undeveloped. This is true with regard to the question of deficient performance—in which counsel’s conduct is reviewed with great deference, without the distorting effects of hindsight—where counsel’s reasons for failing to do something do not appear in the record. Goodspeed at 392 (internal footnotes omitted); see Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 523 (2003); Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689; Thompson at 814. “[T]rial counsel should ordinarily be afforded an opportunity to explain his actions before being denounced as ineffective.” Goodspeed at 392 (quoting Rylander v. State, 101 S.W.3d 107, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)); accord Andrews v. State, 159 S.W.3d 98, 103 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). “Absent such an opportunity, an appellate court should not find deficient performance unless the challenged conduct was ‘so outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.’” Goodspeed at 392 (quoting Garcia v. State, 57 S.W.3d 436, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)). McCormick first complains of counsel’s “failing to request a limiting instruction regarding extraneous offenses in the jury charge at the conclusion of the guilt-innocence phase.” (Br. at 31 (capitalization altered).) McCormick does not point to the reasons for counsel’s conduct in the record.[4] Moreover, the decision not to request a limiting instruction can constitute reasonable trial strategy. See Garcia v. State, 887 S.W.2d 862, 881 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); Ali v. State, 26 S.W.3d 82, 88 (Tex. App.—Waco 2000, no pet.). As to McCormick’s other allegations of ineffective assistance, he does not point to the reasons for counsel’s conduct in the record, and does not argue that he was prejudiced by counsel’s conduct. McCormick does not establish that he did not have the effective assistance of counsel. We overrule McCormick’s fifth issue. CONCLUSION. Having overruled McCormick’s issues, we affirm. TOM GRAY Chief Justice Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Vance, and Justice Reyna Affirmed Opinion delivered and filed January 10, 2007 Do not publish [CR25] [1] The jury found McCormick not guilty in Count 2, which alleged indecency with a child by exposure. See Act of May 29, 1993, 73d Leg., R.S., ch. 900, art. 1, § 1.01, sec. 21.11(a)(2), 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 3586, 3616 (amended 2001) (current version at Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 21.11(a)(2)(A) (Vernon 2003)). [2] The State also urges us to reconsider our holding in Rodgers. See 180 S.W.3d 716. We decline to do so. See Ex parte Townsend, 137 S.W.3d 79, 82 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); Awadelkariem v. State, 974 S.W.2d 721, 724-26 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (stare decisis). [3] The trial court instructed the jury, “If you agree upon a verdict, it must be by unanimous vote.” (C.R. at 34.) The State does not contend that, that instruction was sufficient. [4] McCormick points to counsel’s stated reason for not objecting to hearsay evidence, in response to the trial court’s comment that not objecting constituted “trial strategy”: It is judge. And if it please the Court, you’ll notice that today the things that were brought up, I specifically asked [a witness] about those. And because I knew it was going to come up, because I wanted to . . . ask those questions of [the witness]. (Br. at 37 (quoting 4 R.R. at 124, 125) (bracketed alterations added); see McCormick Br. at 36-37.)