Douglas Norton and Wife Tracy Norton v. Key Energy Services, Inc.

IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS No. 10-06-00130-CV Douglas Norton and Wife Tracy Norton, Appellants v. Key Energy Services, Inc., Appellee From the 87th District Court Freestone County, Texas Trial Court No. 04-021-B MEMORANDUM OPINION Douglas Norton is an officer of Norton Transport, a corporation in the business of transporting oil-field equipment. Key contracted with Norton Transport to transport a generator house, a housing for large electrical generators, from Key’s site to an oil field. While Douglas was supervising the unloading of the generator house, its large door fell and struck his head. Douglas sued Key for negligence and gross negligence for not repairing the door. A jury found Key and Douglas each 50% responsible, and found damages for Douglas for past and future medical expenses. The trial court reduced the amount of medical expenses in accordance with the parties’ stipulation, and otherwise rendered a judgment in Douglas’s favor in accordance with the verdict. Douglas and Key both appeal for reversal of the trial court’s judgment. Douglas complains of the trial court’s instruction on negligence per se, and complains of the jury’s finding of no damages for past and future pain and suffering and other elements of damages; and prays that we remand. Key complains of the trial court’s rulings on Key’s motions for summary judgment, directed verdict, and judgment non obstante veredicto; and prays that we render judgment that Douglas take nothing. We reverse and render. In three issues, Key contends that the trial court erred in overruling Key’s motions for summary judgment,[1] for directed verdict, and for judgment non obstante veredicto. “The standard for reviewing a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, like all other motions rendering judgment as a matter of law, requires a reviewing court to credit evidence favoring the jury verdict if reasonable jurors could, and disregard contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not.” Cent. Ready Mix Concrete Co. v. Islas, 228 S.W.3d 649, 651 (Tex. 2007); accord City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 807, 810-15, 819 (Tex. 2005). Likewise, a party “is entitled to a directed verdict when reasonable minds can draw only one conclusion from the evidence.” Collora v. Navarro, 574 S.W.2d 65, 69 (Tex. 1978); see Wilson at 823-25, 827-28. The task of an appellate court in such a case is to determine whether there is any evidence of probative force to raise fact issues on the material questions presented. The court must consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the party against whom the verdict was instructed, discarding all contrary evidence and inferences. Collora at 68. “A directed verdict is warranted when the evidence is such that no other verdict can be rendered and the moving party is entitled, as a matter of law, to judgment.” Willet v. Cole, 249 S.W.3d 585, 590 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, no pet.) (citing Byrd v. Delasancha, 195 S.W.3d 834, 836 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.)). “When reasonable minds may differ as to the truth of controlling facts, the issue must go to the jury.” Collora at 68. Norton’s cause of action was for negligence. “To establish negligence, a party must establish a duty, a breach of that duty, and damages proximately caused by the breach.” Kroger Co. v. Elwood, 197 S.W.3d 793, 794 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam) (citing Werner v. Colwell, 909 S.W.2d 866, 869 (Tex. 1995)); accord W. Invs., Inc. v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d 547, 550 (Tex. 2005); see Galveston City Ry. Co. v. Hewitt, 67 Tex. 473, 478, 3 S.W. 705, 707 (1887). In Key’s first issue, it argues that it had no duty to Douglas. “A duty represents a legally enforceable obligation to conform to a particular standard of conduct.” Wheaton Van Lines, Inc. v. Mason, 925 S.W.2d 722, 729 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1996, writ denied); see McCullough v. Godwin, 214 S.W.3d 793, 805 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2007, no pet.); Doe v. Boys Clubs of Greater Dallas, Inc., 868 S.W.2d 942, 948 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1994), aff’d, 907 S.W.2d 472 (Tex. 1995); Castillo v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 663 S.W.2d 60, 64 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.). Key argues that it had no duty to Douglas, Douglas being the employee of an independent contractor; or that Key had “fulfilled and discharged” its duty, by virtue of Douglas’s knowledge of the defective door. (Cross-Appellant Br. at 5.) Key argues, first, that Douglas was an employee of Norton Transport and that Norton Transport was an independent contractor of Key, and thus that Key owed no duty to Douglas. Key cites Redinger v. Living, Inc., for the rule that “a contractor or owner such as Key has no duty to the employee of an independent contractor unless the contractor or owner maintains control over the relevant details of the work being performed,” and Key argues that it had no responsibility for the details of unloading the generator house. (Cross-Appellant Br. at 14, ¶ 20 (citing Redinger v. Living, Inc., 689 S.W.2d 415, 418 (Tex. 1985))); see Cent. Ready Mix Concrete, 228 S.W.3d at 651. A premises owner or general contractor can be liable to its independent contractor’s employees, “but only to the extent it retained contractual or actual control of them.” See Cent. Ready Mix Concrete at 651 (citing Shell Oil Co. v. Khan, 138 S.W.3d 288, 292 (Tex. 2004)); accord Abalos v. Oil Dev. Co., 544 S.W.2d 627, 631-32 (Tex. 1976); Wallace v. S. Cotton-Oil Co., 91 Tex. 18, 21, 40 S.W. 399, 400-401 (1897). Douglas concedes that he “worked for” Norton Transport. (Cross-Appellees Br. at 3.) It is also undisputed that Norton Transport was an independent contractor. Douglas does not point to evidence that Key was in control of his activities, and we see none. Key does point to evidence that it was not in control of Douglas’s activities. The evidence being considered in the light most favorable to Douglas, Key nonetheless shows that it is entitled, as a matter of law, to judgment. Douglas does not join issue with Key. Douglas cites cases premised on respondeat superior, and argues against that theory. (Cross-Appellees Br. at 6-7 (citing, e.g., Taylor v. Sunbelt Mgmt., Inc., 905 S.W.2d 743, 744 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, no writ)).) “Generally in Texas, the doctrine of vicarious liability, or respondeat superior,” may “make[] a principal liable for the conduct of his employee or agent.” F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680, 686 (Tex. 2007) (citing Baptist Mem’l Hosp. Sys. v. Sampson, 969 S.W.2d 945, 947 (Tex. 1998)); accord Le Sage v. Pryor, 137 Tex. 455, 459, 154 S.W.2d 446, 449 (1941). Douglas attempts to distinguish the rule cited by Key, arguing that his claim was not premised upon “any potential vicarious liability arising out of the conduct of Norton Transport, Inc. or . . . Doug Norton.” (Cross-Appellees Br. at 7.) But the rule cited by Key to defeat liability is not limited to respondeat-superior cases. Douglas fails to distinguish the rule cited by Key. The trial court erred in overruling Key’s motions for directed verdict and for judgment non obstante veredicto. We sustain Key’s first issue. Having sustained Key’s first rendition issue, we need not consider Norton’s remand issues. Having sustained Key’s first issue, we reverse and render judgment that Norton take nothing from Key. TOM GRAY Chief Justice Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Vance, and Justice Reyna Reversed and rendered Opinion delivered and filed June 25, 2008 [CV06] [1] “The general rule is that a denial of a summary judgment is not reviewable on appeal.” Cincinnati Life Ins. Co. v. Cates, 927 S.W.2d 623, 625 (Tex. 1996); see Baker Hughes, Inc. v. Keco R. & D., Inc. 12 S.W.3d 1, 5 (Tex. 1999); Wright v. Wright, 154 Tex. 138, 143, 274 S.W.2d 670, 674 (1955). To the extent that Key’s issues concern the denial of its motion for summary judgment, we overrule them.