Martinez Brooks v. State of Texas

NO. 12-00-00118-CR IN THE COURT OF APPEALS TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT TYLER, TEXAS MARTINEZ BROOKS, § APPEAL FROM THE 114TH APPELLANT V. § JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT OF THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE § SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS Martinez Brooks ("Appellant") appeals his conviction for attempted aggravated sexual assault of a child. A jury found Appellant guilty and assessed his punishment at twenty years of imprisonment and a $10,000.00 fine. He raises four issues on appeal complaining that the trial judge improperly commented on the weight of the evidence and that the evidence was both legally and factually insufficient to support the verdict of the jury. We affirm in part and reverse in part. Background Appellant and the victim's mother had a relationship for several years, yet maintained separate households. The victim and her brother often stayed at Appellant's house because he had cable television. At the time of the alleged assault, the victim was fourteen years of age. On the evening of the assault, the victim came into Appellant's bedroom to watch television after having showered. She had on her night gown and was wearing panties and a bra underneath. Appellant came into the room, and they started wrestling as was sometimes their custom. However, on this occasion Appellant removed her underwear and replaced them with a pair of her mother's thong panties. The victim felt something unfamiliar on her buttocks when he grabbed her from behind. He then got on top of her and tried to put her legs on his shoulders. He wanted to know if she was as flexible as her mother. The child kicked her way free and ran into another room where her brother was sleeping. Her mother was asleep at the other house. Appellant later asked her not to tell her mother. He told her that they both had made a mistake and not to break up the family by telling what happened. He offered to buy clothes for her silence. At school the next day, the victim told her boyfriend and other close friends what had happened, but she did not tell her mother. After her mother had disciplined her for poor behavior in school, the child wrote her a letter about what had happened with Appellant. Issues Appellant raises four issues on appeal. He contends that the trial judge erred by allowing the State to amend the indictment, by denying his special plea of double jeopardy, and by commenting on the weight of the evidence. He also argues that the evidence is both legally and factually insufficient to support the jury's verdict. Amendment of Indictment Before trial, the State moved to amend the indictment. The trial court allowed the amendment over Appellant's objection. The original indictment charged that Appellant removed the child's underwear and that such conduct amounted to more than mere preparation that tended but failed to effect the commission of aggravated sexual assault. The amendment alleged that the child was younger than fourteen years old and not the Appellant's spouse; that in addition to removing her underwear, Appellant moved her body into a position to perform a sexual act; and that such conduct amounted to more than mere preparation that tended but failed to effect the commission of the offense. The record reflects that the indictment was amended to include the specific acts which amounted to more than mere preparation. The State needed to prove such acts in order to make its case against Appellant. The amendments were made more than ten days before trial. The code of criminal procedure provides that the State may amend a matter of form or substance in an indictment after notice to the defendant. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 28.10(a) (Vernon 1985). The elements of the offense may be amended to properly reflect the crime charged as long as the amendment does not change the statutory offense for which Appellant was indicted. Flowers v. State, 815 S.W.2d 724, 728 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); see also Cuesta v. State, 763 S.W.2d 547, 550 (Tex. App.- Amarillo 1988, no pet.). In the instant case, the amendment does not change the offense charged and does not prejudice the defendant in any way. The amended indictment actually increased the State's burden of proof on the issue of how the crime was committed. We overrule Appellant's first issue. Double Jeopardy Appellant pleaded guilty to the misdemeanor assault charge of "offensive touching." The State alleged that he touched the child's buttocks and such contact was offensive to her. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.01(3) (Vernon 1997). He was later indicted for the offense of attempted aggravated sexual assault of a child. The indictment alleged that the child was younger than fourteen years old and not Appellant's spouse and that Appellant removed her underwear and moved her body into a position to perform a sexual act and that such conduct amounted to more than mere preparation that tended but failed to effect the commission of the offense. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. §§ 15.01 and 22.021(a) (Vernon 1997). Appellant contends that since he was convicted of the misdemeanor assault charge, his rights under the Double Jeopardy Cause of the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution were violated by his indictment and conviction of attempted aggravated sexual assault. The constitutional provision against double jeopardy protects a defendant against (1) a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal, (2) a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction, and (3) multiple punishments for the same offense. Illinois v. Vitale, 447 U.S. 410, 415 100 S. Ct. 2260, 65 L. Ed. 2d 228 (1980); Cervantes v. State, 815 S.W.2d 569, 572 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). The protection against double jeopardy is inapplicable when separate and distinct offenses occur during the same transaction. Spradling v. State, 773 S.W.2d 553, 556 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). The legislature defines whether offenses are the same, and it does so by prescribing the allowable unit of prosecution, which is "a distinguishable discrete act that is a separate violation of the statute." Ex parte Hawkins, 6 S.W.3d 554, 556 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). In Ex parte Goodbread, 967 S.W.2d 859 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) the court of criminal appeals stated: "For Double Jeopardy purposes, 'the same offense means the identical criminal act. . . .'" Id. at 860 (citing Luna v. State, 493 S.W.2d 854 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973)). Here, although Appellant assaulted only one victim, he committed two separate and distinct assaults. The first occurred when he touched the buttocks of the victim when he should have known she would consider such contact offensive due to her age and their relationship. The second occurred when he went further and the contact became sexual in nature. He tried to put her legs on his shoulders while on top of her and asked if she was as flexible as her mother. The elements of each offense are different. The misdemeanor offense required only that the contact be offensive to the victim. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.01(a)(3) (Vernon 1997). The attempted aggravated sexual assault required an act sexual in nature which amounted to more than mere preparation against a victim less than fourteen years of age and not the spouse of the actor. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. §§ 15.01 and 22.021(a) (Vernon 1997); see also Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304, 52 S. Ct. 180, 182, 76 L. Ed. 306, 309 (1932). Appellant did not receive multiple punishments for the same offense. Rather, he was given two punishments for two separate statutory offenses which arose out of the same incident. We overrule Appellant's second issue. Sufficiency of the Evidence Appellant complains that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the jury's verdict. Specifically regarding legal sufficiency, he complains that the State did not prove that he had the requisite intent to commit aggravated sexual assault. On the issue of factual sufficiency, although he does not dispute the evidence, he contends it does not establish that he engaged in an attempt to sexually assault the victim. He contends that there are other interpretations, and the evidence is against the overwhelming weight of the evidence and clearly wrong and unjust. (a) Legal Sufficiency Where a party seeks reversal of a conviction on grounds of both legal and factual insufficiency, an appellate court must first determine whether the evidence adduced at trial was legally sufficient to support the verdict. See Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 133 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Our determination of sufficiency of the evidence requires that we review all evidence, both admissible and inadmissible. Gardner v. State, 699 S.W.2d 831, 835 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). The standard of review that a court must follow in making a determination of legal sufficiency requires that it ask whether, after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979). While conducting this review, a court does not reevaluate the weight and credibility of the evidence but merely ensures that the jury reached a rational decision. Muniz v. State, 851 S.W.2d 238, 246 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). The indictment alleged that Appellant with the specific intent to commit aggravated sexual assault of a child younger than fourteen years of age and not his spouse, did an act to wit: removed her underwear and moved her body in a position to perform a sexual act, which amounted to more than mere preparation that tended but failed to effect the commission of the offense intended. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. §§ 15.01 and 22.021(a) (Vernon 1997). Appellant concedes that the State presented evidence on all elements of the offense, but contends that he did not have and the State did not prove the requisite intent to commit the sexual assault. The victim testified that the incident began as a wrestling episode as she and Appellant had done before. However, this time he removed her underwear and replaced them with some thong panties of her mother. When he grabbed her from behind, she felt something unknown in the area of her buttocks. Appellant then got on top of her and tried to put her legs on his shoulders to see if she was as flexible as her mother. She was able to kick her way free from his grasp. A person acts intentionally, or with intent with respect to the nature of his conduct or to a result of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or desire to engage in conduct or cause the result. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 6.03(a) (Vernon 1994). Intent may be inferred from acts done, words spoken, or both. Fewell v. State, 687 S.W.2d 807, 810 (Tex. App.- Houston [14th Dist.] 1985, no pet.). The jury could have believed that Appellant was just playing and wrestling, but they chose to believe that Appellant attempted to sexually assault the young victim. Viewed in a light most favorable to the verdict, we hold the jury could have reasonably believed that Appellant intended to have sexual contact with the victim. Therefore, we conclude the evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury's finding. (b) Factual Sufficiency After a court of appeals has determined that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the verdict, it may proceed to review an appellant's claim of factual sufficiency. Clewis, 922 S.W.2d at 133. The court of criminal appeals has held that the proper standard of review for factual sufficiency of the evidence requires that the reviewing court set aside the verdict only when it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Id. at 129. Appellant makes the same argument in regard to factual sufficiency as he did with legal sufficiency. Having previously reviewed and discussed the evidence under the legal sufficiency standard, we will not again recite the facts at this point. Appellant complains that the evidence supporting his conviction is greatly outweighed by the possibility that he did not intend to assault the victim. Specifically, Appellant argues that there is conflicting evidence and that the conflict should be resolved in his favor. After reviewing all of the evidence, we conclude the evidence is not so weak as to render the verdict clearly wrong and unjust. Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 9-11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Therefore, we conclude the evidence is factually sufficient to show Appellant committed attempted aggravated sexual assault. Issue three is overruled. Comment on the Weight of the Evidence After receiving the verdict of the jury in the guilt/innocence phase of the trial, the trial judge stated "Ladies and gentlemen, the Court accepts your verdict, and I mean that in two different categories. The Court either has to accept it or reject it, and I accept it. And, furthermore, I have no argument with it, if that's any comfort to you." The trial judge then began discussing the fact that a decision on punishment would be next, right after lunch. At the conclusion of the trial on punishment, the jury assessed the maximum punishment, twenty years. Appellant contends that the trial judge's statements went beyond simply accepting the jury's verdict and constituted an improper comment on the weight of the evidence. The State's only reply is that Appellant preserved nothing for appellate review since he made no objection to the comment. The United States Constitution guarantees an accused a trial by an impartial judge. Tumey v. Ohio, 272 U.S. 510, 532, 47 S. Ct. 437, 444, 71 L. Ed. 749 (1927); see Weiss v. United States, 510 S.W.2d 163, 178, 114 S. Ct. 752, 761, 127 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1994); In re Murchison, 349 U.S. 133, 136, 75 S. Ct. 623, 625, 99 L. Ed. 2d 942 (1955). To depart from this principle would be to violate an accused's right to due process set forth in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution. Id. A violation of a defendant's right to a trial before an impartial judge has been ruled a "structural" error by the United States Supreme Court. Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 8-9, 119 S. Ct. 1827, 1833, 144 L. Ed. 2d 35 (1999). More than one hundred years ago, the United States Supreme Court commented that "[i]t is obvious that under any system of jury trials the influence of the trial judge on the jury is necessarily and properly of great weight, and that his lightest word or intimation is received with deference, and may prove controlling." Starr v. United States, 153 U.S. 614, 626, 14 S. Ct. 919, 923, 38 L. Ed. 841 (1894) (citing Hicks v. United States, 150 U.S. 442, 452, 14 S. Ct. 144, 147-48, 37 L. Ed. 1137 (1893)); see also Bollenbach v. United States, 326 U.S. 607, 612, 66 S. Ct. 402, 405, 90 L. Ed. 350 (1946); Anderson v. State, 83 Tex. Crim. 261, 202 S.W. 944, 946 (1918) ("The law contemplates that the trial judge shall maintain an attitude of impartiality throughout the trial, and it has been often held that his views or impressions of the weight of the evidence or upon the issues in the case may be conveyed to the jury as effectively by other means as by charge of the court.") (emphasis ours); Simmons v. State, 55 Tex. Crim. 441, 117 S.W. 141, 143 (1909) ("The trial judge is to the jury the Lord's anointed. His language and his conduct have to them a special and peculiar weight."). More than eighty years ago, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals stated that: [T]oo much caution cannot be exercised in the effort to avoid impressing the jury with the idea that the court entertains any impressions of the case which he wishes them to know, and putting before them matters which should not enter into or affect their deliberations . . . should in all cases be avoided. To the jury the language and conduct of the trial court have a special and peculiar weight. The law contemplates that the trial judge shall maintain an attitude of impartiality throughout the trial. Jurors are prone to seize with alacrity upon any conduct or language of the trial judge which they may interpret as shedding light upon his view of the weight of the evidence, or the merits of the issues involved. The delicacy of the situation in which he is placed requires that he be alert in his communications with the jury, not only to avoid impressing them with any view that he has, but to avoid in his manner and speech things that they may so interpret. Lagrone v. State, 84 Tex. Crim. 609, 209 S.W. 411, 415 (1919). In the instant case, the trial judge did not just accept the jury's verdict of guilty, but pointed out that he had a choice of accepting it or rejecting it, and he accepted it. It was not necessary for him to explain his options to the jury. That alone might pass muster, but he went further by stating that he had no argument with their verdict, if that was of any comfort to them. While perhaps well intended to comfort a jury after difficult deliberations, such comments could well leave the impression with the jury that the trial judge was endorsing their decision. This unfortunately left the realm of impartiality required of a trial judge and such comments were improper. Although it could be argued that under a bifurcated trial system, an improper comment at the end of the guilt/innocence phase could have no effect on the punishment phase of the trial, we conclude that proceedings at the end of the guilt/innocence phase do not occur in a vacuum, especially when they involve comments by the judge trying the case. Since a jury can be easily influenced by a judge's words or actions, we cannot presume that there is a time or point in a trial when this is not true. Given the special and peculiar weight jurors are prone to give comments by the trial judge, as well as the fact the jury assessed the maximum punishment, we conclude that the improper comments tacitly endorsing the jury's verdict of guilty tainted Appellant's right to a fair trial. See Starr, 153 U.S. at 626, 14 S. Ct. at 923; Lagrone, 209 S.W. at 415; see also Weiss, 510 S.W.2d at 178, 114 S. Ct. at 761; Tumey, 272 U.S. at 532, 47 S. Ct. at 444. The deprivation of a defendant's right to a trial before an impartial judge, such as we have found here, is a "structural defect" in the trial mechanism itself. Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 309-10, 111 S. Ct. 1246, 1265, 113 L. Ed. 2d 302 (1991). Without the basic protection of an impartial judge, "a criminal trial cannot reliably serve its function as a vehicle for determination of guilt or innocence, and no criminal punishment can be regarded as fundamentally fair." Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. at 310, 111 S. Ct. at 1265 (quoting Rose v. Clark, 478 U.S. 570, 577-78, 106 S. Ct. 3101, 3106, 92 L. Ed. 2d 460 (1986)) (emphasis ours); see also Neder , 527 U.S. at 8-9, 119 S. Ct. at 1833. We conclude that a defendant does not waive appellate review of a structural defect of his right to an impartial judge by failing to object. See Blue v. State, 41 S.W.3d 129, 132-33 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (Keasler, J., concurring); Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275, 278 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993), overruled on other grounds, Cain v. State, 947 S.W.2d 262, 264 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Accordingly, we reject the State's contention that Appellant waived appellate review of the judge's comments by failing to object. A structural error involving the denial of an accused's right to an impartial judge is not subject to harmless-error analysis. Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. at 309-10, 111 S. Ct. at 1265. Thus, having found that the trial court's comments were error, we need not conduct a harm analysis. Accordingly, issue four is sustained. In view of our holding, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed in part and reversed in part. Since the fundamental error occurred between the guilt/innocence and punishment phase of the trial, we reverse the portion of the trial court's judgment setting forth Appellant's punishment and remand the case to the trial court for a new trial on punishment only. In all other respects, the trial court's judgment is affirmed. LEONARD DAVIS Chief Justice Opinion delivered March 20, 2002. Panel consisted of Davis, C.J., Worthen, J., and Griffith, J. (DO NOT PUBLISH)