Porter, Edward F. v. State

NUMBER 13-99-764-CR COURT OF APPEALS THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS CORPUS CHRISTI EDWARD F. PORTER , Appellant, v. THE STATE OF TEXAS , Appellee. On appeal from the 377th District Court of Victoria County, Texas. O P I N I O N Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Yañez and Castillo Opinion by Chief Justice Valdez This is an appeal by Edward Porter ("Porter") of a trial court's denial of a motion to suppress and denial of a motion for mistrial. Porter was found guilty, by a jury, of selling crack cocaine and sentenced to seven years in prison. He challenges his conviction by two points of error. We affirm the trial court's judgment. STATEMENT OF FACTS On February 23, 1999, Jayvell Barnes ("Barnes"), a confidential informant, participated in an undercover investigation in order to purchase crack cocaine in Victoria, Texas, in an area known for the street sales of crack cocaine. He was outfitted with two listening devices, and sent to purchase crack cocaine from a willing seller. After Barnes drove around the area for a while searching for a seller, he spotted Porter, a longtime neighbor and social acquaintance of Barnes. Porter stepped into Barnes's car and proceeded to sell him seven rocks of crack cocaine for $100.00. Subsequently, Porter was arrested and convicted for the unlawful delivery of a controlled substance. Barnes came to be a confidential informant because he was well known in the crack cocaine circle, and knew many people who were involved in the business of selling crack. At one point, his house was used to facilitate the crack sales. After another informant turned Barnes in for facilitating these sales, Barnes agreed to become a confidential informant. During the time Barnes acted as a confidential informant for the Victoria Police Department, he was also on parole. ANALYSIS In point of error one, Porter argues the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress. Prior to trial, Porter filed a motion to suppress the evidence and testimony of Barnes, asserting that the evidence was obtained in violation of article 38.23 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. Article 38.23 provides that no evidence obtained by an officer or other person in violation of any provisions of the Constitutions or laws of the State of Texas, or of the Constitution or laws of the United States of America, shall be admitted in evidence against the accused on the trial of any criminal case. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23 (Vernon Supp. 2001). During the time Barnes was a confidential informant he was also on parole for committing forgery. As a condition of his parole, Barnes could not enter into any agreement to act as "informer" or special agent for any law enforcement agency without specific written approval from the Director of the Pardons and Parole Division. Therefore, Porter asserts the trial court erred in admitting the evidence because it was obtained in violation of Barnes's parole conditions, and hence in violation of the law. In reviewing a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress, we afford almost total deference to the trial court's determination of the historical facts that the record supports, especially when the trial court's findings turn on evaluating a witness's credibility and demeanor. State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). We afford the same amount of deference to the trial court's ruling on "application of law to fact questions," also known as "mixed questions of law and fact," if resolving those ultimate questions turns on evaluating credibility and demeanor. Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 856; Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 89. However, we review de novo questions of law and "mixed questions of law and fact" that do not turn on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 856; Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 89. A review of a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress presents an application of law to a fact question. Maestas v. State, 987 S.W.2d 59, 62 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). In this case, the trial judge did not specify his reasons for denying the motion to suppress. Where, as here, no findings of fact are filed by the trial court, "we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling and assume that the trial court made implicit findings of fact that support its ruling as long as those findings are supported by the record." Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 855. If the trial judge's ruling on a motion to suppress is correct on any theory of the law applicable to the case, we will sustain it. State v. Avila, 910 S.W.2d 505, 508 (Tex. App.--El Paso 1994, pet. ref'd). The issue before us presents a mixed question of law and fact that does not turn on an evaluation of the credibility of the witnesses. Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 89. We will, therefore, utilize a de novo standard of review. See id. The undisputed evidence reveals that Barnes was on parole at the time in question, and that, as a condition of parole, he was not to enter into an agreement to act as an informer for law enforcement without prior written approval. Parole is the discretionary and conditional release of an eligible inmate from the physical custody of the institutional division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice to serve the remainder of the sentence under the supervision and control of the pardons and paroles division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 508.001(6) (Vernon Supp. 2001). Every inmate approved for release on parole is issued a written statement listing the conditions of parole, which must be signed and agreed to by the inmate prior to release. 37 Tex. Admin. Code § 145.22 (2001). Continuance on parole is conditioned upon full compliance with all conditions. Id. With very few exceptions, the authority to determine conditions of parole has been delegated to the board of pardons and parole. Tex. Gov't Code Ann. §§ 508.044(b)(2), 508.181-189 (Vernon 1998 and Vernon Supp. 2001). The parole condition at issue is not specifically among the mandatory conditions required by chapter 508 of the government code, and therefore, the only authority for the imposition of this condition of parole is the rulemaking authority granted to the board of pardons and paroles. Tex. Gov't Code Ann. §588.044(b)(2) (Vernon Supp. 2001). It is clear from numerous decisions of the court of criminal appeals that mere noncompliance with administrative agency rules does not provide a basis for the exclusion of evidence under article 38.23. Henrich v. State, 694 S.W.2d 341, 342 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985); Pannell v. State, 666 S.W.2d 96, 98 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). Accordingly, we find that the State did not obtain evidence in violation of any law. Point of error one is overruled. Next, in point of error two, Porter contends the trial court erred in denying his motion for mistrial, asserting the State's attorney attempted to prejudice the jurors by implying Porter was somehow responsible or connected to certain death threats against Barnes. During the trial, the State's prosecutor attempted to question the witnesses regarding death threats that had been made against Barnes. Porter objected and the trial judge instructed the jury to disregard the questioning. Porter asserts the State's prosecutor was clearly trying to prejudice the jurors against him by implying he was somehow connected to and responsible for the threats against Barnes. Further, Porter argues the curative instruction was insufficient to cure the error because the State's improper questions amounted to putting evidence of death threats against Barnes before the jury. Therefore, Porter argues, the trial court erred in denying his motion for mistrial. A mistrial is a device used to halt trial proceedings when error is so prejudicial that expenditure of further time and expense would be wasteful and futile. Thus, a trial court may properly exercise its discretion to declare a mistrial if an impartial verdict cannot be reached, or if a verdict of conviction could be reached but would have to be reversed on appeal due to an obvious procedural error. Hernandez v. State, 805 S.W.2d 409, 413-414 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). The asking of an improper question will seldom call for a mistrial, because, ordinarily, a prompt instruction to disregard will cure error associated with an improper question and answer. Ovalle v. State, 13 S.W.3d 774, 783 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Moreover, when a witness has not had the opportunity to answer an improper question, an instruction to disregard will usually cure any harm to the defendant. Cooks v. State, 844 S.W.2d 697, 735 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). The only exception is when the question is so inflammatory that an instruction to disregard could not withdraw the impression from the jurors minds. Id. A trial court's denial of a mistrial is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. Wood v. State, 18 S.W.3d 642, 648 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). We discern no abuse of discretion in the trial court's denial of a mistrial. On two of the three occasions complained of, the witnesses were not allowed the opportunity to answer the questions in issue because the trial court sustained timely objections. Further, none of the questions actually asserted that Porter had made death threats against Barnes, and therefore we find that the trial court could have reasonably concluded that these questions were not so inflammatory as to be incurable by an instruction to disregard. Additionally, we note that while under cross-examination by Porter's counsel, Officer Herb Tucker testified, without objection, that death threats had been made against Barnes. Therefore, any harm, which may have resulted from the initial improper questioning, was later rendered harmless by Porter's failure to object to Officer Tucker's testimony. See Leday v. State, 983 S.W.2d 713, 718-719 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (holding that improper admission of evidence does not constitute reversible error if the same facts are shown by other evidence which is not challenged). We overrule point of error number two. CONCLUSION Therefore, upon review of the record, points of error one and two are overruled. We AFFIRM the judgment of the trial court. _____________________ ROGELIO VALDEZ Chief Justice Do not publish. Tex. R. App. P. 47.3(b). Opinion delivered and filed this 23rd day of August, 2001.