In Re Assicurazioni Generali

05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv In re Assicurazioni Generali 1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 August Term, 2007 4 (Argued: June 10, 2008 Decided: January 15, 2010) 5 Docket Nos. 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv 6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -X 7 In re ASSICURAZIONI GENERALI, S.P.A. 8 Dr. Thomas Weiss, Erna Birnbaum Gottesman and Martha Birnbaum Younger, 9 Plaintiff-Appellants, 10 v. 11 Assicurazioni Generali, S.p.A., 12 Defendant-Appellee. 13 Edward David, as Personal Representative of the Estate of David David, 14 Plaintiff-Appellant, 15 v. 16 Assicurazioni Generali, S.p.A., 17 Defendant-Appellee.* [18] * The Clerk of Court is instructed to amend the official caption as set forth above. [1] 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv In re Assicurazioni Generali 1 -------------------------------X [4] 5 Before: LEVAL, CALABRESI, and POOLER, Circuit Judges. 6 Plaintiffs appeal from district court’s dismissal of their suits seeking payment of benefits 7 on insurance policies purchased by their family members from defendant insurer in the years 8 leading up to the Holocaust. The United States District Court for the Southern District of New 9 York (Mukasey, J.) dismissed the suits, relying on American Insurance Association v. 10 Garamendi, 539 U.S. 396 (2003), and concluding that plaintiffs’ state-law claims were 11 preempted by the foreign policy of the United States favoring resolution of such claims in the 12 International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims. The Court of Appeals (Leval, J.) 13 concludes that Garamendi controls, and affirms the judgment. 14 WILLIAM M. SHERNOFF, Shernoff Bidart & 15 Darras, Claremont, California (Nancy Sher Cohen, 16 Warrington S. Parker III, Reynold Siemens, John C. 17 Ulin, Doug M. Keller, Peggy J. Williams, and Esta 18 L. Brand, Heller Ehrman LLP, Lawrence Kill and 19 Linda Gerstel, Anderson Kill & Olick, P.C., Robert 20 A. Swift and Joanne Zack, Kohn, Swift & Graf, 21 P.C., Caryn Becker, Lieff, Cabraser, Heimann & 22 Bernstein, LLP, Joel Cohen and Evangeline F. 23 Garris, Shernoff Bidart & Darras, Samuel J. 24 Dubbin, Dubbin & Kravetz, LLP, Thomas R. Fahl, 25 Flanner, Stack & Fahl LLP, on the brief), for 26 Appellants. 27 SAMUEL J. DUBBIN, Dubbin & Kravetz, LLP, 28 Miami, Florida, for Appellants Dr. Thomas Weiss, 29 Erna Birnbaum Gottesman, and Martha Birnbaum 30 Younger. 31 THOMAS R. FAHL, Flanner, Stack & Fahl LLP, 32 Brookfield, Wisconsin, for Appellant Edward 33 David. [2] 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv In re Assicurazioni Generali 1 MARCO E. SCHNABL, Skadden, Arps, Slate, 2 Meagher & Flom LLP, New York, New York 3 (Kenneth J. Bialkin, Barry H. Garfinkel, Peter 4 Simshauser, and Lance A. Etcheverry, Skadden, 5 Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, Franklin B. 6 Velie, Sullivan & Worcester LLP, on the brief), for 7 Appellee. 8 Sharon Swingle, Attorney, United States 9 Department of Justice, Civil Division, Appellate 10 Staff, Washington, D.C. (John B. Bellinger, III, 11 Legal Adviser, United States Department of State, 12 Gregory G. Katsas, Assistant Attorney General, 13 Mark B. Stern and Benjamin M. Shultz, Attorneys, 14 Department of Justice, Civil Division, Appellate 15 Staff, on the brief), for Amicus Curiae United States 16 of America. 17 Benjamin M. Shultz, Attorney, United States 18 Department of Justice, Civil Division, Appellate 19 Staff, Washington, D.C. (Harold Hongju Koh, Legal 20 Adviser, United States Department of State, Tony 21 West, Assistant Attorney General, Preet Bharara, 22 United States Attorney for the Southern District of 23 New York, David S. Jones, Assistant United States 24 Attorney, Mark B. Stern and Sharon Swingle, 25 Attorneys, United States Department of Justice, 26 Civil Division, Appellate Staff, on the briefs), for 27 Amicus Curiae United States of America. 28 Yevgeny Gurevich, United States Congress, 29 Committee for Foreign Affairs, Washington, D.C., 30 for Amici Curiae Representatives Ros-Lehtinen, 31 Wexler, and Chabot. 32 Michael D. Ramsey, University of San Diego Law 33 School, San Diego, California, for Amici Curiae 34 Professors of Constitutional Law and Foreign 35 Relations Law of the United States. [3] 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv In re Assicurazioni Generali 1 LEVAL, Circuit Judge: 2 Plaintiffs Dr. Thomas Weiss, Erna Birnbaum Gottesman, and Martha Birnbaum Younger 3 (“the Weiss Plaintiffs”) and Plaintiff Edward David (“David”) appeal from the judgment of the 4 United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Mukasey, J.), which 5 dismissed their claims. Plaintiffs are beneficiaries of insurance policies purchased by their 6 ancestors in the years leading up to the Holocaust from Defendant Assicurazioni Generali, S.p.A. 7 (“Generali”), an Italian insurance company. Plaintiffs brought state-law claims alleging breach 8 of the insurance contracts, based on Generali’s refusal to pay benefits under those policies. 9 These cases and others were consolidated for pre-trial proceedings. The district court granted 10 Generali’s motion to dismiss based on the Supreme Court’s decision in American Insurance 11 Association v. Garamendi, 539 U.S. 396 (2003), which held that the Plaintiffs’ state-law claims 12 were preempted by the foreign policy of the United States, which favors resolution of Holocaust- 13 era insurance claims in the International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims 14 (“ICHEIC”), an international claims resolution organization founded by private insurance 15 companies and supported by the United States and other foreign government entities. Because 16 we agree with the district court that Garamendi controls this case, we affirm. 17 BACKGROUND 18 Generali was founded by Jewish merchants in 1831 in Trieste, Italy. In the time between 19 World War I and World War II, Generali operated in Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, [4] 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv In re Assicurazioni Generali 1 and Yugoslavia. In the late between-Wars period, many families purchased insurance policies 2 from Generali believing this would provide protection against the rise of Nazi power. According 3 to the complaints, Generali betrayed the policyholders by cooperating with the Nazi regime and 4 refusing to pay the beneficiaries of the insurance policies purchased by Jews and other persecuted 5 minorities. 6 After World War II, when the victorious Western Allies took steps to reestablish the 7 sovereignty of the defeated Germany, there was a concern that reparations would economically 8 cripple the new Federal Republic of Germany. Garamendi, 539 U.S. at 403 . In the London Debt 9 Agreement, the allies agreed to “put off consideration of claims arising out of the second World 10 War . . . until the final settlement of the problem of reparation.” Id. at 403-04 (internal quotation 11 marks and brackets omitted). Notwithstanding this moratorium, the German government paid 12 out over 100 billion Deutsche marks in reparations as of 2000. Id. at 404 . Those payouts, 13 however, did not cover certain claimants and certain types of claims. Id. In 1996, the German 14 courts interpreted the treaty reunifying East and West Germany as “lifting the London Debt 15 Agreement’s moratorium on Holocaust claims by foreign nationals.” Id. at 405 . After this 16 decision, many lawsuits that could not have been brought previously were filed against 17 companies doing business in Germany during the Nazi era. 18 In July 2000, the United States announced an agreement with Germany in which the 19 German government agreed to enact legislation to establish a foundation that would be used to 20 compensate all victims who suffered at the hands of German companies during the Nazi era. Id. [5] 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv In re Assicurazioni Generali 1 In return, the United States agreed that whenever a German company was sued on a Holocaust- 2 era claim in an American (state or federal) court, the government of the United States would 3 submit a statement of interest to the court explaining that “it would be in the foreign policy 4 interests of the United States for the [German] Foundation to be the exclusive forum and remedy 5 for the resolution of all asserted claims against German companies arising from their 6 involvement in the National Socialist era and World War II.” Garamendi, 539 U.S. at 406 7 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting 39 Int’l Legal Materials 1298, 1303 (2000)). The 8 “German Foundation pact” was a model for similar agreements with Austria and France. There 9 was however, no similar agreement with Italy. 10 With respect to insurance claims, the agreement specified that the German foundation 11 would work with the ICHEIC to handle insurance claims. The ICHEIC was formed in 1998 by 12 “several European insurance companies, the State of Israel, Jewish and Holocaust survivor 13 associations, and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners,” id. at 406-07 , to 14 negotiate with European insurers to provide information about unpaid policies issued to 15 Holocaust victims between 1920 and 1945, and to settle any claims that arose in the Holocaust 16 era under these policies, id. at 407 ; ICHEIC, Memorandum of Understanding ¶ 4 (Aug. 25, 17 1998), available at http://www.icheic.org/pdf/ICHEIC_MOU.PDF. To date approximately $300 18 million dollars have been offered or awarded to more than 48,000 claimants as a result of the 19 ICHEIC process. See ICHEIC, http://www.icheic.org (last visited Dec. 17, 2009). 20 PROCEDURAL HISTORY [6] 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv In re Assicurazioni Generali 1 The Weiss Plaintiffs filed suit in Florida state court, which Generali removed to federal 2 court. David filed suit in the Eastern District of Washington. Both complaints sought damages 3 for unpaid insurance claims under policies issued by Generali between 1920 and 1941. In 4 November 2000, these suits, together with numerous others, were transferred by the Judicial 5 Panel on Multidistrict Litigation to the district court for the Southern District of New York for 6 consolidated pre-trial proceedings. In an initial opinion, issued prior to the Supreme Court’s 7 decision in Garamendi, the district court denied Generali’s motion to dismiss on forum non 8 conveniens grounds. In re Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A. Holocaust Ins. Litig., 228 F. Supp. 2d 9 348 (S.D.N.Y. 2002). 10 In 2003, the Supreme Court decided Garamendi. In that case, a trade association and a 11 group of insurance companies, including Generali, brought suit seeking to enjoin enforcement of 12 California’s Holocaust Victim Insurance Relief Act (“HVIRA”), which required insurers to 13 disclose the details of insurance policies sold in Europe between 1920 and 1945 or face 14 suspension of its license to do business in the state. Garamendi, 539 U.S. at 409-10 . The United 15 States filed an amicus brief stating as its foreign policy that the ICHEIC should be the exclusive 16 remedy for insurance claims based on policies from the Holocaust era. Brief of the United States 17 as Amicus Curiae Supporting Petitioners at 2-3, Garamendi, 533 U.S. 396 (No. 02-722), 2003 18 WL 721754 . The Supreme Court ruled that the HVIRA interfered with and was therefore 19 preempted by the foreign policy of the United States to “encourage European insurers to work 20 with the ICHEIC to develop acceptable claim procedures, including procedures governing [7] 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv In re Assicurazioni Generali 1 disclosure of policy information.” Id. at 421. 2 Relying on Garamendi, the district court dismissed all actions in October 2004. In re 3 Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A. Holocaust Ins. Litig., 340 F. Supp. 2d 494 (S.D.N.Y. 2004). Each 4 plaintiff filed a separate appeal. The class action plaintiffs in the consolidated proceedings 5 entered into a settlement agreement with Generali.1 We then stayed all the remaining appeals. 6 In re Assicurazioni Generali, S.p.A., No. 05-5602-cv et al. (2d Cir. Sept. 11, 2006) (order). In 7 November 2007, we lifted the stay on the appeals by the plaintiffs in the nineteen remaining 8 non-class action cases. In re Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A., No. 04-6161-cv et al. (2d Cir. Nov. 9 7, 2007) (order). 10 After oral argument, we requested the advice of Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice “on 11 the question whether court adjudication of [the] Holocaust era claims against Generali would 12 conflict with the foreign policy of the United States.” In re Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A., No. 13 05-5602-cv et al. (2d Cir. Aug. 1, 2008) (letter). The Government responded that “[i]t has been 14 and continues to be the foreign policy of the United States that the [ICHEIC] should be regarded 15 as the exclusive forum and remedy for claims within its purview” and that claims against 16 Generali, as “one of the original ICHEIC companies and an active participant in its operations, 17 fall within the category United States policy seeks to address.” Letter of Sharon Swingle, Oct. 18 30, 2008 (“Swingle Letter”), at 1. Because of the possibility of change of foreign policy after the [1] After further proceedings, approval of that settlement was affirmed by our court. Rubin v. Assicuazioni Generali S.p.A., 290 F. App’x 376 (2d Cir. 2008). [8] 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv In re Assicurazioni Generali 1 intervening change of administration in 2009, we then inquired of the new Secretary of State 2 Hillary Rodham Clinton whether, in the new administration, the foreign policy of the United 3 States continued unchanged, In re Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A., Nos. 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv 4 (2d Cir. July 29, 2009) (letter), and received a response that the position of the United States 5 “continues to be that set out in [its] original letter brief,” Letter of Benjamin M. Shultz, Oct. 27, 6 2009 (“Shultz Letter”), at 1. In March 2009, all plaintiffs other than the Weiss Plaintiffs and 7 David settled with Generali, and their appeals were dismissed. In re Assicurazioni Generali 8 S.p.A., No. 05-5612-cv et al. (2d Cir. Mar. 6, 2009) (order). 9 DISCUSSION 10 We review de novo a district court’s application of preemption principles. Premium 11 Mortgage Corp. v. Equifax, Inc., 583 F.3d 103, 106 (2d Cir. 2009). 12 I. Applicability of Garamendi 13 In Garamendi, the Supreme Court explained that state law “must give way” to the foreign 14 policy of the United States, as set by the President, where there is “evidence of clear conflict 15 between the policies adopted by the two.” Garamendi, 539 U.S. at 420-21 . Based on the amicus 16 brief of the United States and statements made during negotiations between the United States and 17 Germany, Austria, and France regarding Holocaust-era insurance claims, the Court concluded 18 that the “consistent Presidential foreign policy has been to encourage European governments and 19 companies to volunteer settlement funds in preference to litigation or coercive sanctions,” and, in 20 the insurance context specifically, “to encourage European insurers to work with the ICHEIC to [9] 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv In re Assicurazioni Generali 1 develop acceptable claim procedures.” Id. at 421 . 2 California’s HVIRA, “by making exclusion from a large sector of the American insurance 3 market the automatic sanction for noncompliance with the State’s own policies on disclosure,” 4 which required broader disclosure than the ICHEIC, “undercut[] the President’s diplomatic 5 discretion and the choice he . . . made in exercising it.” Id. at 423-24 . Because enforcement of 6 the California law would mean that the President could not wield the full “‘coercive power of the 7 national economy’” as a tool of diplomacy in negotiating a process for settling claims, the Court 8 concluded that the HVIRA “‘compromise[d] the very capacity of the President to speak for the 9 Nation with one voice in dealing with other governments’ to resolve claims against European 10 companies arising out of World War II.” Id. at 424 (quoting Crosby v. Nat’l Foreign Trade 11 Council, 530 U.S. 363, 377, 381 (2000)). 12 Garamendi involved only disclosure requirements. The HVIRA’s disclosure 13 requirement, although not directly in conflict with government’s policy to encourage use of the 14 ICHEIC to resolve Holocaust-era insurance claims, nonetheless undermined the Government’s 15 objective by “thwarting the Government’s policy of repose for companies that pay through the 16 ICHEIC” and by undercutting privacy protections of European allies. Id. at 425 . The Court 17 therefore found it sufficiently disruptive to justify preemption. The cases before us, in contrast, 18 essentially seek enforcement of the plaintiffs’ claimed contract rights against Generali under state 19 law. Unlike the HVIRA’s disclosure requirement, whose effect on foreign policy is only oblique, 20 such law suits are directly in conflict with the Government’s policy that claims should be [10] 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv In re Assicurazioni Generali 1 resolved exclusively through the ICHEIC. If, as the Supreme Court held in Garamendi, a state 2 disclosure requirement conflicts sufficiently to be preempted by the national foreign policy of 3 channeling Holocaust-era insurance claims through the ICHEIC, then, a fortiori, a state law suit 4 to enforce a Holocaust-era insurance claim is preempted by that policy, as well. 5 Plaintiffs put forward several arguments in an effort to distinguish Garamendi. First, they 6 point out that Generali is an Italian company and that Italy, unlike Germany, Austria, and France, 7 has not entered an executive agreement with the President of the United States regarding the 8 processing of Holocaust-era insurance claims. The Court in Garamendi, however, did not find 9 that the United States policy of encouraging resolution of Holocaust-era insurance claims through 10 the ICHEIC depended on the existence of executive agreements. Rather, the Court viewed the 11 executive agreements as the product of the policy. The agreements, and statements of interest 12 issued by the Government pursuant to them, illustrate or express the national position, rather than 13 define it. See, e.g., id. at 421-22 (stating that the agreements “illustrate” and “express[]” the 14 President’s policy, and quoting statements of officials regarding the policy underlying the 15 agreements, in describing “evidence” of the policy). A further indication that the Court did not 16 view the existence of an executive agreement as a prerequisite is that Generali was one of the 17 plaintiffs in Garamendi, and was not excluded from the judgment on the ground that it is an 18 Italian company and Italy is not party to an executive agreement.2 [2] We find nothing inconsistent with this position in the reference in Medellin v. Texas, 128 S. Ct. 1346 (2008), to “cases in which [the Supreme Court] has upheld the authority of the President to settle foreign claims pursuant to an executive agreement.” Id. at 1371 . [11] 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv In re Assicurazioni Generali 1 In any event, to erase any such doubt, we solicited the advice of the Secretary of State (in 2 two administrations) on the foreign policy of the United States. The Government has twice made 3 perfectly clear that “[i]t has been and continues to be the foreign policy of the United States that 4 the [ICHEIC] should be regarded as the exclusive forum and remedy for claims within its 5 purview,” and that this policy applies to claims against Generali. Shultz Letter at 1; Swingle 6 Letter at 1. 7 Plaintiffs next argue that strong state interests underlie the laws that form the basis for 8 their suit, and therefore, unlike in Garamendi, the balance between state and federal policy tips in 9 their favor. This argument is premised on a misunderstanding of Garamendi and preemption 10 law. As the Garamendi Court reaffirmed, “[an] express federal policy and [a] clear conflict 11 raised by [a] state statute are alone enough to require state law to yield.” Garamendi, 539 U.S. at 12 425. The Court went on to note that, if the conflict were less clear, it would nevertheless be 13 resolved in the federal government’s favor because of the weakness of the state’s interest in 14 regulating disclosure of Holocaust-era insurance policies. Id. In this case, the conflict between 15 the federal policy that the ICHEIC should be the exclusive forum for resolving Holocaust-era 16 insurance claims and Plaintiffs’ attempt to adjudicate their Holocaust-era insurance claims under 17 state law is even more clear than the conflict in Garamendi, which involved only a disclosure 18 requirement, and not a state law suit to enforce the insurance claim. The state law must yield to 19 the federal policy, regardless of the importance of the interests behind the state law. 20 Finally, Plaintiffs point out that the ICHEIC’s December 31, 2003 deadline for accepting [12] 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv In re Assicurazioni Generali 1 claims has passed, so that dismissal of their claims will deny them the opportunity to pursue 2 those claims in any forum. This argument is premised on a misunderstanding of the 3 Government’s policy. As the Government made clear in its letters to the court, “[i]t was never 4 the foreign policy of the United States that claims should merely be held in abeyance pending 5 conclusion of the ICHEIC process.” Swingle Letter, at 8. The policy is rather that the ICHEIC 6 “should be regarded as the exclusive forum and remedy for claims with its purview.” Id. at 1 7 (emphasis added). Permitting state-law claims to proceed now that ICHEIC has ceased 8 operations directly conflicts with that policy goal. See id. at 8 (“[I]t would undermine future 9 efforts to secure voluntary compensation agreements if ICHEIC participants became subject to 10 litigation as soon as ICHEIC had concluded.”); Shultz Letter, at 5. If the ICHEIC door has 11 closed on plaintiffs, it is because they chose to allow it to close.3 12 Accordingly, we hold under authority of Garamendi that Plaintiffs’ claims, which fall 13 within the scope of the ICHEIC process, are preempted by the foreign policy of the United States. 14 II. The Weiss Plaintiffs’ Motion to Amend 15 The Weiss Plaintiffs argue that the district court erred in denying their motion after 16 judgment to amend their complaint to add a claim under the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt 17 Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq. The filing of an amended complaint is not [3] In any event, it is apparently not entirely correct that the ICHEIC process is closed. The Government’s letter informs us that Generali and other ICHEIC participants have agreed to continue processing claims according to the relaxed standards of proof developed by the ICHEIC. Shultz Letter, at 4-5 [13] 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv In re Assicurazioni Generali 1 permissible once a judgment is entered unless the judgment is set aside or vacated pursuant to 2 Rule 59 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Nat’l Petrochemical Co. of Iran v. M/T Stolt 3 Sheaf, 930 F.2d 240 , 244 (2d Cir. 1991). A district court’s denial of a Rule 59 motion to alter or 4 amend a judgment is reviewed for abuse of discretion. See State Trading Corp. of India, Ltd. v. 5 Assuranceforeningen Skuld, 921 F.2d 409, 418 (2d Cir. 1990). When the plaintiff had the 6 opportunity to amend the complaint earlier but waited until after judgment, a court may “exercise 7 its discretion more exactingly.” Id. Generally, district courts will only amend or alter a judgment 8 pursuant to Rule 59 “to correct a clear error of law or prevent manifest injustice.” Munafo v. 9 Metro. Transp. Auth., 381 F.3d 99 , 105 (2d Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). 10 The Weiss Plaintiffs give no good reason for failing to seek leave to amend earlier in the 11 case. Indeed, the record indicates that they contemplated adding a RICO claim at least three 12 years before the court entered judgment. The district court acted well within its discretion in 13 denying the motion. 14 III. David’s Allegation of a Cancelled Policy 15 In his brief on appeal, David contends that his complaint shows that his ancestor’s 16 insurance policy was “cancelled prior to the Holocaust Era as that era is defined by the ICHEIC 17 rules” and therefore his claim was not eligible for adjudication by the ICHEIC. Although the 18 ICHEIC generally covers claims based on policies sold between 1920 and 1945, it does not cover 19 claims based on policies that were cancelled prior to the start of the “Holocaust era” as defined in 20 its claims-processing rules. See ICHEIC, Processing Guide, at 32, 46 (June 22, 2003), available [14] 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv In re Assicurazioni Generali 1 at http://www.icheic.org/pdf/ICHEIC_CPG.pdf. The ICHEIC Processing Guide identifies the 2 start of the Holocaust era in Poland, where David’s ancestor lived, as 1939. Id. at 51. The 3 United States, in its first letter to this court, noted that adjudication of a lawsuit arising out of an 4 insurance policy cancelled before the Holocaust era (as defined by the ICHEIC) does not conflict 5 with foreign policy. Swingle Letter, at 9 n.5. 6 David’s complaint is unclear as to potentially determinative aspects of the timing of his 7 ancestor’s death and the duration of the insurance policy. The complaint alleges that David’s 8 insured ancestor “died in a concentration camp as the result of actions of Nazi Germany” and that 9 “the policy was in full force and effect and all premiums were current at the time of his death,” 10 while also alleging that Generali advised David in 1999 that the policy was cancelled “sometime 11 prior to 1936.” There is no clear allegation that David’s claim falls outside the Holocaust era as 12 defined by the ICHEIC and therefore was not subject to adjudication by that body. Accordingly, 13 we affirm the district court’s dismissal of the complaint. On the other hand, it may be that the 14 claim, although inartfully pleaded, in fact falls outside the scope of the ICHEIC process. We 15 instruct the district court to permit David to replead if, consistent with the requirements of Rule 16 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, he is able to plead a claim that falls outside the scope 17 of the ICHEIC. [15] 05-5612-cv, 05-5310-cv In re Assicurazioni Generali 1 CONCLUSION 2 For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court. With respect 3 to Plaintiff David, the district court is instructed to permit the filing of an amended complaint, if 4 the new pleading conforms to the requirement set forth in this opinion.