Tom-Lin Enterprises v. Sunoco Inc (R&M)

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206 2 Tom-Lin Enterprises, et al. No. 01-4326 ELECTRONIC CITATION: 2003 FED App. 0399P (6th Cir.) v. Sunoco, Inc. File Name: 03a0399p.06 _________________ UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS COUNSEL FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT ARGUED: Brian K. Murphy, MURRAY, MURPHY, _________________ MOUL & BASIL, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellants. A. Christopher Young, PEPPER, HAMILTON, Philadelphia, TOM -LIN ENTERPRISES, INC., X Pennsylvania, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Brian K. Murphy, et al., - MURRAY, MURPHY, MOUL & BASIL, Columbus, Ohio, Plaintiffs-Appellants, - for Appellants. A. Christopher Young, PEPPER, - No. 01-4326 HAMILTON, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sandra J. - Anderson, VORYS, SATER, SEYMOUR & PEASE, v. > Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee. , - SUNOCO , INC. (R&M), _________________ - Defendant-Appellee. - OPINION - _________________ N Appeal from the United States District Court CLAY, Circuit Judge. Plaintiffs, Tom-Lin Enterprises, for the Southern District of Ohio at Columbus. Inc., et al., appeal from the district court’s order entered on No. 00-00452—Terence P. Kemp, Magistrate Judge. November 9, 2001, granting summary judgment in favor of Defendant, Sunoco, Inc. (R&M) (“Sunoco”), on Plaintiffs’ Argued: May 1, 2003 complaint for breach of contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing and violation of open Decided and Filed: November 12, 2003 price term obligations codified in Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 1302.18. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the Before: CLAY and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges; district court’s order. CLELAND, District Judge.* BACKGROUND Procedural History Plaintiffs are twelve individual businesses and business persons who operate gasoline service station facilities which they either own or lease from Sunoco. Each Plaintiff sells Sunoco-branded gasoline to the motoring public in Central * The Ho norable Robert H. Cleland, United States District Judge for Ohio. Plaintiffs allege that, since 1995, Sunoco has violated the Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by designation.

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Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 1302.18 by charging them Petroleum (“BP”), Marathon and Citgo compete with each excessively high prices for its gasoline. Plaintiffs filed their other to sign new accounts for the operation of their gasoline complaint on March 10, 2000 in the Franklin County Court of service stations with individuals who own or control their real Common Pleas in Ohio. Sunoco removed the case to the property. district court on April 17, 2000, based on diversity jurisdiction. On July 14, 2000, Plaintiffs filed an amended Sunoco provides certain financial incentives to encourage complaint to state Sunoco’s proper name. such individuals to maintain the Sunoco “flag” at their stations. First, Sunoco provides a lump-sum cash payment to At the close of extensive discovery, which resulted in the be used for improvements or enhancements to the property. production of thousands of documents and 45 depositions, Ten of twelve Plaintiffs have received between $50,000 and Sunoco moved for summary judgment on all three counts of $75,000 for signing their DFAs. In total, Sunoco has Plaintiffs’ complaint. Plaintiffs did not contest Sunoco’s committed to pay these Plaintiffs over $1,000,000 in lump- asserted grounds for summary judgment on the claims for sum payments since 1995. Second, Sunoco provides these breach of contract and breach of the implied covenant of good Plaintiffs with “running consideration,” which are cents-per- faith and fair dealing. By order entered on November 9, gallon credits earned by purchasing negotiated threshold 2001, the district court dismissed Plaintiffs’ complaint. amounts of gasoline from Sunoco; these credits apply to Plaintiffs timely filed a notice of appeal on December 7, future purchases of gasoline from Sunoco. Third, Sunoco 2001. They take issue only with the district court’s dismissal operates a Volume Improvement Program (“VIP”), a rebate of their claim alleging a violation of Sunoco’s open price term program which rewards dealers who purchase a certain obligations codified in Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 1302.18. amount of gasoline with cents-per-gallon credits against subsequent purchases. The VIP applies to all Plaintiffs, Facts regardless of whether they own or control their real property. A. Plaintiffs’ Business Operations All but one of the plaintiffs who own or control their real property have renewed their DFAs with Sunoco since 1995. With two exceptions, each Plaintiff operates a single During the pendency of this litigation four Plaintiffs have had gasoline service station facility in Central Ohio which is the opportunity to switch gasoline suppliers, but have signed either owned or leased from Sunoco; two Plaintiffs operate new DFAs with Sunoco. two Sunoco service stations. Each Plaintiff is a party to a Dealer Franchise Agreement (“DFA”), which sets forth the B. Sunoco’s Retail Operations and Pricing System in terms of its relationship with Sunoco. The DFAs are Central Ohio substantially the same in that they contain similar or identical terms regarding the price Sunoco will charge for its gasoline. Sunoco is a refiner and marketer of petroleum products headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Like its Most Plaintiffs own or control the real property on which principal competition (BP, Shell and Marathon), Sunoco their service stations are located and, therefore, are able to markets and distributes its gasoline in Central Ohio in three switch gasoline suppliers upon the expiration of their DFAs. ways: (1) directly at company-operated stations; (2) through In the Columbus, Ohio area, major refiners like Shell, British use of a jobber – a person or corporation who purchases

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gasoline directly from Sunoco and/or other refiners at what is lower than the DTW price because Sunoco does not have to called the “rack” price and transports the gasoline to one or transport the gasoline purchased by a jobber. Often, however, more retail outlets, either with its own equipment or through Sunoco will lower its profit margin on the DTW price, and a subcontractor; or (3) through independent retailers known hence the DTW price charged to direct-supply dealers, as dealers. All of the plaintiffs fall into the third category. because a particular dealer may be faced with a competitor The independent retailers pay a different price for gasoline who sets its price below the average street price in the zone; than the jobber – the “Dealer Tank Wagon” or “DTW” price. this lower price takes the form of a rebate that applies to the next load of gasoline purchased from Sunoco. Sunoco is a pricing follower in Central Ohio, whereas BP and Marathon are the pricing leaders. This means that Company operated stations and jobbers are notified in Sunoco’s pricing strategy is to follow the lead of BP and advance of any proposed price change in the afternoon prior Marathon. Sunoco attempts to set its rack and DTW prices in to the change taking effect. In accordance with Section 3.02 such a way that it is neither the highest-priced nor the least of the DFAs, independent retailers such as Plaintiffs are not expensive supplier in the market. advised in advance of any proposed price change, and they pay Sunoco whatever DTW price is in effect on the day they Sunoco sets both its rack and DTW prices on a daily basis. receive a scheduled delivery. Its rack price is based upon a “market basket” of pricing information all of which relates to other major refiners’ rack C. Sunoco’s Change in Business Focus prices. Sunoco subscribes to the Oil Pricing Information Service (“OPIS”) in order to determine the jobber rack prices Prior to 1995, Sunoco generally sought to maintain a of its competitors. Sunoco sets its rack price somewhere in separation between jobber retailers, jobber-supplied retailers the middle of the rack prices being charged by its competitors. and retailers such as Plaintiffs who are supplied directly by Sunoco sets its DTW price based on a survey of what other Sunoco. In 1995, Sunoco created a MidAmerica Division major competitors are charging at their retail stations in each with a new structure that combined the markets previously of Sunoco’s “pricing zones.” Sunoco then reduces that segregated for Plaintiffs and jobber retailers. Sunoco’s 1995 average retail price by a six to nine-cent margin, which is strategic plan emphasized growing the number of Sunoco- subject to change depending upon changes in prices in the branded stations without investing the significant capital relevant area.1 The rack price charged jobbers is typically required to purchase new stations. Sunoco sought to grow its brand through jobbers by offering to sell jobbers real property or by assigning supply contracts Sunoco had with direct 1 dealers in exchange for the jobber’s agreement to increase the Sunoco sells primarily two grades of gasoline, namely 86 and 94 volume of gasoline purchased. octane, which are blended at the retail pumps to ob tain additional interim grades. In its direct sales to retail dealers, Sunoco maintains a price per gallon spread between the 86 octane and the 94 octane of 15 ½ cents over the DTW price. In its gasoline sales to jobbers, Sunoco strives to maintains a set spread betwe en 86 octane and 94 o ctane of 11 ½ ce nts over the rack price; the actual p rice spread over the rack price is determined based on the spread between Sunoco’s comp etitors’ lower and higher grade products as reflected in the OP IS repo rts.

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DISCUSSION observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing in the trade.” Id. § 1302.01(A)(2);3 see also id. A. Standard of Review § 1302.18 cmt. 3 (referencing applicability of definition of “good faith” from § 1302.01). We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Parker v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 121 F.3d 1006, 1009 Comment 3 to § 1302.18 states that “in the normal case a (6th Cir. 1997). A moving party is entitled to summary ‘posted price’ or a future seller’s or buyer’s ‘given price,’ judgment as a matter of law when there are no genuine issues ‘price in effect,’ ‘market price,’ or the like satisfies the good of material fact. Id.; Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). All evidence must faith requirement.” Id. § 1302.18 cmt. 3 (emphasis added). be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Several courts, including the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, Ellison v. Garbarino, 48 F.3d 192, 194 (6th Cir. 1995). have interpreted Comment 3 to mean (1) in a case that is not However, “[t]he moving party need not support its motion “normal,” objective reasonableness (e.g., pricing at market with evidence disproving the nonmoving party’s claim, but rates or at the price in effect) is a necessary, but not a need only show that there is an absence of evidence to support sufficient, condition for a finding of good faith and (2) a case the nonmoving party’s case.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 is not “normal” when the seller lacks subjective good faith. U.S. 317, 325 (1986). See, e.g., Mathis v. Exxon Corp., 302 F.3d 448, 454-57 (5th Cir. 2002) (applying Texas law; holding that there is both a B. Propriety of an Open Price Term under Ohio Law subjective test (“honesty in fact”) and an objective test (“reasonable commercial standards”) for determining the Ohio law permits parties “if they so intend [to] conclude a propriety of a seller’s price-setting when price is an open contract for sale even though the price is not settled.” Ohio term); HRN, Inc. v. Shell Oil Co., 102 S.W.3d 205, 214 (Tex. Rev. Code Ann. § 1302.18(A) (West 2003). Ohio law Ct. App. 2003) (same). According to this view, a seller with imposes two obligations in this context. First, the price must the responsibility to fix a reasonable price does not act in be “a reasonable price at the time for delivery if … nothing is subjective good faith when it engages in price discrimination said as to price.” Id. § 1302.18(A)(1). Second, if the seller is – by treating similarly-situated buyers differently – or when to fix the price under the contract, the price must be fixed “in the seller is otherwise motivated by an intent to injure the good faith.” Id. § 1302.18(B). These two requirements buyer. See Mathis, 302 F.3d. at 457 (“Any lack of subjective, essentially track the definition of “good faith” applicable to honesty-in-fact good faith is abnormal; price discrimination transactions between merchants2 – “honesty in fact and the is only the most obvious way a price-setter acts in bad faith ….”). 2 It is undisp uted that all the parties are “merc hants” as defined in This Court recognizes that the Fifth Circuit’s interpretation Ohio Rev. Code A nn. § 1302.5 (defining “merchant” as “a person who of “good faith” may be plausible under Texas law. It is not deals in goods of the kind or otherwise by his occ upation ho lds himself within the province of this Court, however, to similarly out as having knowledge or skill peculiar to the practices or goods involved in the transaction or to whom such knowledge or skill may be attributed by his employment of an agent or broker or other intermediary 3 who by his occupation holds himself out as having such knowledge or Ohio Rev. Cod e Ann. § 1302 .01(A)(2 ) is identical to the Uniform skill”). Comm ercial Code (“UCC ”) § 2-103(1)(b).

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interpret Ohio’s counter-part where the Ohio courts already this showing, it follows, a fortiori, that Plaintiffs cannot have passed on the issue. In non-merchant transactions, show that Sunoco’s actions were commercially unjustifiable. “good faith” generally means “honesty in fact in the conduct As discussed below, Plaintiffs have failed to create a genuine or transaction concerned.” Ohio Rev. Code Ann. issue of material fact on either point, and, therefore, the § 1301.01(S). The Ohio Supreme Court has held that honesty district court properly granted summary judgment for Sunoco. in fact does not exist when the actions at issue are “commercially unjustifiable.” Master Chem. Corp. v. Inkrott, 1. “Observance of Reasonable Standards” Test 563 N.E.2d 26, 31 (Ohio 1990); accord Needham v. Provident Bank, 675 N.E.2d 514, 523 (Ohio Ct. App. 1996); For a price to be fixed in good faith, the price must be set Jim White Agency Co. v. Nissan Mot. Corp. in U.S.A., 126 pursuant to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing F.3d 832, 834 (6th Cir. 1997) (applying Ohio law). The in the trade. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §§ 1302.18 and merchant definition of “good faith” applicable in this case 1302.01(A)(2). A priced fixed pursuant to § 1302.18 need not incorporates the honesty in fact definition from § 1301.01(S) be the lowest possible price. Cf. Havird Oil Co., Inc. v. and adds an additional requirement – “the observance of Marathon Oil Co., Inc., 149 F.3d 283, 290 (4th Cir. 1988) reasonable standards of fair dealing in the trade.” Id. (finding that “[w]hile it is true that some of Havird’s § 1302.01(A)(2). Thus, under Ohio law, to show that a competitors were selling gasoline at retail for less than Havird merchant-seller lacks good faith in fixing a price pursuant to could obtain gasoline at wholesale, this does not constitute a a contract with an open price term, it must be shown that the breach of contract on the part of Marathon”); TCP Indus., Inc. price was not fixed in a commercially reasonable manner and, v. Uniroyal, Inc., 661 F.2d 542, 548 (6th Cir. 1981) moreover, that the pricing was commercially unjustifiable. (recognizing that “[n]either the [UCC] nor the Official These are two distinct issues, and both involve an objective Comments to the [UCC] require that a merchant-seller price analysis of the merchant-seller’s conduct.4 at fair market value under a contract with an open price term, but specify that prices must be ‘reasonable’ and set pursuant The issue in this case is whether Plaintiffs have produced to ‘reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing in the enough evidence to create a genuine issue that Sunoco trade’”) (quoting UCC § 2-103); Au Rustproofing Ctr., Inc. v. exercised its price-fixing obligation under the DFAs in a Gulf Oil Corp., 755 F.2d 1231, 1235-36 (6th Cir. 1985) commercially unreasonable fashion. If Plaintiffs cannot make (stating that “Au contends that because its competitors sold gasoline for less than Au could buy it from Gulf, Gulf’s prices were unreasonable . . . In our view, this contention is 4 insufficient to establish that prices set by Gulf contravened Even if this Court were to adopt the objective/subjective distinction reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing in the applied by the Fifth Circuit, as discussed below, Sunoco would be entitled to summary judgment because of Plaintiffs’ utter lack of evidence of gasoline market or otherwise constitute bad faith or decreased profits and co mpe titive injury. Cf. Ma this, 302 F.3d at 457-58 commercially unreasonable behavior”); Ajir v. Exxon Corp., (affirming jury verdict on claim for violation of open price term where Nos. 97-17032, 97-17134, 1999 WL 393666, at *7 (9th Cir. evidence showed that “Exxon planned to replace a number of franchisees May 26, 1999) (unpublished) (stating that “[a]ll that the UCC with [company-operated stations], that the DTW price was higher than the requires is that a price term be reasonable, not the lowest sum of the rack price and transportation, that Exxon prevented the franchisees from purchasing gas from jobbers after 19 94, and that a possible”). number of franchisees were unprofitable or non-competitive”).

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In order for Plaintiffs to meet their burden under § 1302.18, inadmissible,6 the record is utterly devoid of any competent Plaintiffs must prove, with respect to pricing, that Sunoco and relevant evidence of industry pricing standards, let alone, violated reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing in Sunoco’s deviation from those standards.7 Accordingly, there the gasoline marketing industry. Schwartz v. Sun Co., Inc., is no evidence indicating the existence of a material factual 276 F.3d 900, 905 (6th Cir. 2002) (applying Michigan law). dispute concerning whether Sunoco’s pricing practices were This burden requires Plaintiffs to produce background commercially unreasonable. evidence of the manner in which other marketers of gasoline in Central Ohio set their prices. Id. at 903, 905 (affirming 2. “Commercially Unjustifiable” Test summary judgment for Sun on franchisee’s breach of contract claim for wrongful pricing of gas on the ground that Plaintiffs cite to three events that purportedly demonstrate franchisee “failed to introduce any background evidence Sunoco’s bad faith in setting the DTW price: (1) changes in against which the commercial reasonableness of the prices Sun had charged him could be assessed”). Plaintiffs, however, have proffered no relevant, admissible proof. maintain for its dea lers. App ellants’ Br. at 28. The y assert that this differential in dealer marg in is evidence that Sunoco does not follow The only relevant background evidence appears to be a standard industry practice. Compliance with standard industry practice, letter from an attorney at BP America, Inc., who prepared and however, does not dictate that all refiners price their gasoline identically, only that they loo k to the sa me ge neral criteria when setting prices. See produced the letter to Plaintiffs in lieu of a formal production TCP Indus., 661 F.2d at 548 (“[n]either the [UCC] nor the Official of documents. According to the letter, BP determines DTW Comments to the [UCC] require that a merchant-seller price at fair market prices based on retail street prices posted by its competitors value under a contract with an open price term, but specify that prices at retail outlets with an eye on the extent to which target sales must be ‘reasonable’ and set pursuant to ‘reasonable commercial volumes and profit margins have been satisfied. BP standards of fair dealing in the trade’”) (quoting UCC § 2-103 ). determines rack prices based on information purchased from 6 the Oil Price Information Service (“OPIS”); jobbers are The Court doubts that the letter is admissible evidence o f BP ’s pricing practices, since Plaintiffs have failed to establish a foundation as notified of price changes in the late afternoon of the day to how the BP attorney has pe rsona l knowledge of such matters. See Fed. before the new prices take effect. Sunoco similarly R. Evid. 602 (“A witness may not testify to a matter unless evidence is determines DTW prices based on surveys of retail prices at introduced sufficient to support a finding that the witness has personal competitors and determines jobber rack prices based upon a knowledge of the matter.”) Plaintiffs apparently agree. Although survey of its competitor’s jobber rack prices as reflected in Plain tiffs obtained this evidence in discovery, they now question “how such an unverified re sponse co uld be dee med adm issible.” App ellants’ data from the OPIS. Like BP, Sunoco also provides advance Br. at 26-27. notice of price changes to jobbers. The Court fails to see any material difference between BP’s and Sunoco’s pricing 7 As additional evidence of standard industry p ricing policy, Plaintiffs practices.5 To the extent Plaintiffs argue that the BP letter is cite to the price that jobbers fix when selling Suno co-branded ga soline to retail dealers– the rack price plus a few cents per gallon mark-up and freight costs. In o ther wo rds, the jobbers b uy the gaso line from Sunoco 5 for the rack price and re-sell it to retailers (not Plaintiffs) for a mark-up Plaintiffs argue that the six or seven cent dealer margin that Sunoco plus the cost of delivery. The relevant standard, however, is the DTW and subtracts from the average 87 octane retail price to obtain the DTW price rack price that a refiner like Sunoco sets for gasoline, not the price for is “dramatically different” from the 10 to 20 cent margin B P strives to which a middleman re-sells a refiner’s gasoline to retailers.

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a rebate program for independent dealers; (2) Sunoco’s Columbus area from direct-supply dealers like Plaintiffs to adoption of a business plan in which Sunoco planned for an jobber-retailers. The evidence shows that the relative increase in jobber retailers relative to the number of numbers of direct-supply dealers compared to jobber-retailers independent dealers in the Columbus area; and (3) Sunoco’s has, in fact, declined since 1995. Plaintiffs argue that a jury decision to permit jobbers to compete directly with could infer from these facts that Sunoco intended to drive independent dealers in the Columbus area. None of these independent owners like Plaintiffs out of business, in favor of events evidence a lack of honesty in fact, as that term is jobber-run retailers. Plaintiffs are incorrect. defined under Ohio law, because Plaintiffs have not created a genuine issue of material fact that Sunoco’s actions were Evidence that Sunoco anticipated and even planned for a commercially unjustifiable. reduction in direct-supply dealers does not, in itself, permit an inference that Sunoco intended to drive Plaintiffs out of a. VIP Program business. This is particularly true here, where there is no evidence in the record that Plaintiffs have been driven out of Prior to Sunoco’s change to the Volume Improvement business or that jobber retailers either took business from any Program in 1995, independent dealers had received a rebate of the plaintiffs or forced Plaintiffs to reduce their prices in of the DTW price for all gallons purchased over a monthly order to retain business. Plaintiffs have submitted no target figure, and the rebates increased as the volumes evidence of lost profits or reduced revenue or gas sales purchased increased. Although Sunoco reduced the rebates stemming from Sunoco’s decision to permit jobbers to roughly by half, Sunoco also reduced the DTW price for all compete in the Columbus area. of the gallons leading up to the monthly target figure. According to Sunoco, the net effect to Plaintiffs from the Indeed, the evidence of Sunoco’s conduct since 1995 reduction in the rebates was negligible, and Plaintiffs have not supports the conclusion that Sunoco intends to maintain the disputed this contention. Moreover, Plaintiffs have not competitiveness of its independent dealers. First, Sunoco has proffered any evidence of the rebate practices of other renewed Plaintiffs’ DFAs since 1995. Second, as an refiners. See Short, 799 F.2d at 423 (affirming directed inducement to renew their DFAs, since 1995 Sunoco has paid verdict for refiner on claim that refiner’s reduction in a rebate and/or promised all but one of Plaintiffs over one million program put plaintiff at a competitive disadvantage; finding dollars, in the aggregate, to improve their respective no evidence to support a finding of bad faith where plaintiff properties. Third, those Plaintiffs who control the real “did not produce evidence of the pricing or rebate practices of property on which their businesses are located (all but three) other oil companies”). Thus, on this factual record, no have had the option to switch gasoline suppliers at the end of reasonable jury could find that Sunoco’s change in the VIP their contract terms if they find a better deal, yet all but one program was commercially unjustifiable. of such Plaintiffs have chosen to continue to be directly supplied by Sunoco. Fourth, since 1995, those Plaintiffs who b. 1995 Business Plan own their properties have received so-called “running consideration” from Sunoco – a cents-per-gallon credit for Plaintiffs also point to Sunoco’s 1995 business plan, as well achieving negotiated monthly purchasing milestones. Based as related documents and testimony from Sunoco officials, on the totality of the evidence, Sunoco’s projection of a which show that Sunoco projected a gradual shift in the decline in direct-supply retailers does not provide a sufficient

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factual basis from which Sunoco’s alleged intent to drive Even assuming that this Court’s comment about Schwartz’s Plaintiffs out of business could reasonably be inferred. Robinson-Patman Act claim is relevant to a UCC claim for violation of an open price term, it would be unavailing to c. Competition with Jobbers Plaintiffs. Schwartz had submitted evidence showing not only lost profits, but also that the volume of gasoline sold at Related to Sunoco’s 1995 business plan, Plaintiffs also his stations decreased when the jobbers opened competing point to the fact that, in 1995, Sunoco began to permit jobbers stations nearby and sold the same gas at a lower retail price. to establish Sunoco stations in the Columbus market; prior to Thus, the Court found that the jury did not have to make a that time, Plaintiffs’ potential competitors in the area were vast inferential leap to find that Sun’s price discrimination either independent business owners like themselves or had negatively impacted Schwartz’s bottom line. Id. at 905. company-owned stores. As noted above, however, there is no In contrast, Plaintiffs in the instant case have submitted no evidence whatsoever of competitive injury, such as lost evidence of financial injury, so there would be no harm for a business volume or decreased profit margins. There is no factfinder to link to Sunoco’s allegedly wrongful conduct. evidence that Plaintiffs have been injured financially or even that they are worse off as a class than the jobbers with whom At bottom, Plaintiffs have ignored the significant they allegedly compete and who have significant overhead distinctions between direct-supply dealers and jobbers. costs that Plaintiffs do not have. Jobbers are responsible for maintaining and improving the properties they own; maintaining their own offices and Plaintiffs instead argue that they are not required to proffer petroleum storage facilities; bearing the risk of environmental evidence of competitive harm. As support, they quote the liability; maintaining a sales staff to service their retail following statement from this Court’s decision in Schwartz: locations; and transporting the gasoline from the refiner’s “It is sensible to acknowledge that whenever there is price terminals to their own retail locations. The jobber rack price discrimination of the sort involved here, the overall financial is generally lower than the DTW price to compensate the health of the disfavored purchaser will usually be affected for jobber for these functions, functions that Sunoco otherwise the worse.” Schwartz, 276 F.3d at 905. This statement, would have to perform. Accordingly, a jobber’s contract with however, was made in the context of Schwartz’s Robinson- Sunoco reflects its additional responsibilities and its Patman Act claim, where proof of antitrust injury is not entitlement to the rack price. Conversely, a direct-supply “unduly rigorous.” Id. at 904. Tellingly, this Court affirmed retailer’s contract reflects its lesser responsibilities and its the dismissal of Schwartz’s UCC claim, noting that it was obligation to pay the generally higher DTW price. Plaintiffs incumbent on Schwartz “to prove that the prices he paid Sun appear simply to desire more favorable price terms in their for its gasoline, even if they were higher than what others in contracts, contracts that several Plaintiffs have renewed yet the same situation paid for the same product, were illegal.” again during the pendency of this litigation. It is not the role Id. at 905. Since the evidence showed that Sun had set the of this Court, however, to re-write Plaintiffs DFAs that were rack price pursuant to reports of the OPIS, the Court held that negotiated at arm’s-length, nor to ensure that Plaintiffs obtain Schwartz failed to establish a prima facie case that Sun had the best possible prices for Sunoco gasoline. See Au violated reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing. Id. Rustproofing, 755 F.2d at 1235 (finding that refiner was not Plaintiffs face the same situation with respect to Sunoco, unreasonable and did not act in bad faith because it had no which establishes its rack price in the same manner. contractual duty to keep retailer competitive by charging a

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lower DTW price; “none of the documents restricts Gulf’s discretion to set the tankwagon price, obligates Gulf to sell gasoline to Au at competitive prices or otherwise establishes Gulf’s liability for failure to keep Au competitive”); Ajir, 1999 WL 393666, at *6 n.7 (“Exxon is in the business of selling gasoline to make a profit, and has entered into the sales contracts with its dealers to further that purpose. Reading the contracts to impose the duty on Exxon to assure its dealers get the lowest possible prices . . . is thus inconsistent with the purpose of the contracts.”). Accordingly, summary judgment for Sunoco was fully warranted. CONCLUSION Plaintiffs have failed to create a genuine issue of material fact that Sunoco’s DTW prices were commercially unreasonable. The only relevant “evidence” on the record suggests that Sunoco complied with standard pricing practices. Plaintiffs also have not created a genuine issue that Sunoco’s setting of rack prices relative to the DTW prices was commercially unjustifiable. All Plaintiffs have shown is that Sunoco planned for a relative reduction in dealer- supplied retailers compared to jobber-supplied retailers. They have not proffered any facts from which it could be reasonably inferred that any specific actions Sunoco took to effectuate this plan injured Plaintiffs in any way. For these reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s order granting summary judgment to Sunoco on Plaintiffs’ complaint.