Marisol Priego v. State

OPINION Opinion by Justice Burgess Marisol Priego appeals from a conviction of driving while intoxicated (DWI), third or more, 1 and the resulting sentence of ten years’ incarceration. We modify the judgment to delete the presumed future award of attorney fees and affirm the judgment, as modified. 1. Background After an afternoon shopping trip to Wal-mart in Kilgore, Priego made the fateful decision to visit a nearby liquor store, where she asked a “random customer” there to purchase whiskey for her. The customer delivered two bottles of whiskey to Priego, who testified that she drove from the liquor store to the parking lot of C W Ford Rentals, where a dumpster was located. 2 Priego planned to drink the whiskey in the parking lot and discard the empty bottles in the dumpster. Priego testified that she hurriedly consumed the contents of one bottle of whiskey while still in her truck, exited her truck, and deposited the empty bottle in the dumpster. After having done so, Priego stated that she returned to her truck where she consumed more whiskey from the second bottle until she lost consciousness. In the meantime, Brian Welch, manager of C W Ford Rentals, returned to his office at approximately 4:15 to 4:20 p.m. after having run an errand. Although the parking lot at C W Ford Rentals was empty when Welch left on his errand, Welch noticed Priego’s truck in the parking lot with the engine running when he returned to the office. Welch walked by the truck on his way into the office and noticed a lady seated in the driver’s seat with her “head slumped down.” After unloading some equipment from his truck, Welch noticed Priego’s vehicle was still in the parking lot. He approached the truck and knocked on the passenger’s side window. When Priego did not respond, Welch knocked several times on the driver’s side window. Priego remained unresponsive. Concerned, Welch walked next door to the neighboring business to determine if the *568 truck might belong' to somebody there. Although nobody at the neighboring business knew anything about the truck, several employees were likewise concerned on hearing Welch’s description of a lady who appeared to be unresponsive in the truck. One such employee opened the driver’s side door of Priego’s truck, but was unsuccessful in her attempts to arouse Priego. Welch observed that Priego was still wearing her seat belt, which appeared to be holding her upright. Welch also noticed a small bottle of some kind of alcohol on the truck’s floorboard. He never saw Priego actually drive the truck, which was parked straight in the parking lot. After an employee of the neighboring business called the police, a man who identified himself as Priego’s husband, Jose Patino, arrived on the scene. Patino attempted to arouse Priego, but he, too, was unsuccessful in this endeavor. Shortly thereafter, police officers and an ambulance arrived on the scene. Priego was transported to the hospital for care and observation. On the request of Joseph Harrison, a patrol officer with the Kilgore Police Department, a blood sample was taken from Priego at 6:15 p.m., which revealed a blood-alcohol content of ,478. 3 Several hours later, Priego regained consciousness, and she was finally discharged from the hospital at approximately 12:00 a.m. Priego was later arrested for DWI. On appeal, Priego contends the evidence is legally insufficient to support the conviction of DWI. II. Standard of Review In evaluating legal sufficiency, we review all the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s judgment to determine whether any rational jury could have found the essential elements of DWI, third offense, beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State, 823 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex.Crim.App.2010) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979)); Hartsfield v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex.App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref'd) (citing Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex.Crim.App.2007)). Our rigorous legal sufficiency review focuses on the quality of the evidence presented. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917-18 (Cochran, J., concurring). We examine legal sufficiency under the direction of the Brooks opinion, while giving deference to the responsibility of the jury “to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex.Crim.App.2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318-19, 99 S.Ct. 2781). ' We therefore “may not re-evaluate the weight and credibility of the ... evidence and ... substitute our judgment for that of the fact-finder.” Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 740 (Tex.Crim.App.1999). Instead, we “determine whether the necessary inferences are reasonable based upon the combined and cumulative force of all the evidence when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict.” Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 16-17. We must presume that the fact-finder resolved any conflicting inferences in favor of the prosecution and defer to that resolution. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326, 99 S.Ct. 2781. Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex.Crim.App.1997). The hypothetically correct jury charge “sets out the law, *569 is authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried.” Id. Under Texas law, a person is guilty of DWI, third offense, if the person (1) having been two times previously convicted of an offense related to the operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated (2) is intoxicated (3) while operating a motor vehicle (4) in a public place. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 49.04, 49.09(b) (West Supp.2014). The only element in dispute in this case is whether Priego operated her truck while intoxicated. In short, Priego contends that she did not consume any alcohol before she parked her truck in the parking lot of C W Ford Rentals and that there is no direct or circumstantial evidence which would enable a reasonable fact-finder to determine otherwise. III. Legally Sufficient Evidence Supports the Conviction The term “operating,” as utilized in the Penal Code, is not defined. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 49.04(a); 4 see also Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 651 (Tex.Crim.App.2012). In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence to prove that a defendant was “operating” a vehicle as contemplated by the statute, we look to the totality of the circumstances. Kirsch, 357 S.W.3d at 651. Those circumstances must “‘demonstrate that the defendant took action to affect the functioning of his vehicle in a manner that would enable the vehicle’s use.’” Id. at 650-51 (quoting Denton v. State, 911 S.W.2d 388, 390 (Tex.Crim.App.1995)). “Under this standard, ‘operating’ a motor vehicle is interpreted very broadly.” Smith v. State, 401 S.W.3d 915, 919 (Tex.App.—Texarkana 2013, pet. ref'd) (citing Dombusch v. State, 262 S.W.3d 432, 436 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.)). “[W]hile driving does involve operation, operation does not necessarily involve driving.” Denton v. State, 911 S.W.2d 388, 389 (Tex.Crim.App.1995). “ ‘Because ‘operating a motor vehicle’ is defined so broadly, any action that is more than mere preparation toward operating the vehicle would necessarily be an ‘action to affect the functioning of [a] vehicle in a manner that would enable the vehicle’s use.’ ’ ” Smith, 401 S.W.3d at 919 (quoting Strong v. State, 87 S.W.3d 206, 216 (Tex.App.—Dallas 2002, pet. refd)). The action taken to affect the functioning of the vehicle “need not succeed in causing the vehicle to function for the person to be operating it.” Strong v. State, 87 S.W.3d 206, 215 (Tex.App.—Dallas 2002, pet. refd); abrogated on other grounds by Pfeiffer v. State, 363 S.W.3d 594 (Tex.Crim.App.2012). Accordingly, Texas courts have upheld DWI convictions in cases where the intoxicated person was not actually driving the vehicle. See, e.g., Denton, 911 S.W.2d at 388-89 (defendant unable to accelerate because vehicle required time to “warm up”); Dombusch, 262 S.W.3d at 433 (“operation” occurred where driver found asleep, “hunched over the steering wheel” in parking lot); see also Heare v. State, 80 S.W.3d 677, 679 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.) (defendant asleep behind wheel of idling vehicle in roadway and with gear selector in “park”); Barton v. State, 882 S.W.2d 456, 458 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1994, no pet.) (same, but vehicle in “neutral”). *570 The facts of this case are similar to those in Heame. As in this case, Hearne maintained that the evidence was insufficient to support a DWI conviction because the State failed to prove he operated his vehicle. Heame, 80 S.W.3d at 679. Hearne was found by a patrol officer in the early morning, sleeping in the driver’s seat of the vehicle with the vehicle’s engine running, but with the gear selector in the “park” position. Id. The officer did not know how long the vehicle had been parked and “did not see the appellant ‘exert any action, movement or anything to attempt to control’ the truck.” Id. As in this case, there was no dispute about the fact that the driver was legally intoxicated at the time. Id. The Houston court of appeals held that the jury could reasonably infer the driver had operated his vehicle while intoxicated. Id. at 680. Here, Priego was the only person in control of the motor vehicle where she was found unconscious. There is no evidence in the record which tends to suggest anyone other than Priego operated the vehicle. The jury heard evidence that Priego parked at C W Ford Rentals sometime between 4:00 and 5:00 p.m., after an unknown person purchased two bottles of whiskey for her. According to Welch, Priego’s truck was not in the C W Ford Rental’s parking lot at approximately 4:00 p.m. when he left to pick up some equipment; but it was there approximately fifteen to twenty minutes later when he returned to the office. At 5:10 p.m., Harrison received a dispatch to C W Ford Rentals in response to a report of an unresponsive person in a vehicle. Harrison arrived on the scene at approximately 5:12 p.m. A partially consumed bottle of whiskey was located on the truck’s floorboard. Priego was unresponsive and smelled strongly of alcohol. The truck engine was running, and Priego was wearing her seatbelt. Although there was no direct evidence that Priego became intoxicated prior to or during the time she was driving the truck, 5 the jury could reasonably infer that she was operating her truck while intoxicated. 6 See id. at 678-80; cf. Kueiemba v. State, 310 S.W.3d 460, 462 (Tex.Crim.App.2010) (requiring temporal link between defendant’s operation of vehicle and his intoxication). Priego contends, however, that the facts here mirror those in Murray v. State, 440 5.W.3d 927 (Tex.App. — Amarillo 2014, pet. granted), where the Amarillo court found the evidence was legally insufficient to support the judgment. In that case, Murray was found alone in his pickup, reclined and sleeping, with the engine idling and the gear selector in the park position. Id. at 928-29. The truck was parked in a private drive, although a portion of the truck remained on a shoulder adjacent to the roadway. Id. at 928. There were no alcoholic beverage containers found in the truck. Id. at 929. There was no mention of how long the truck was parked or when Murray arrived at the locale where he was *571 discovered. Id. Likewise, there was no mention of when and where Murray began to ingest alcoholic substances. Id. This case is factually distinct from Murray. Here, a partially consumed whiskey bottle was found on the floorboard of Prie-go’s truck, there was evidence of the approximate length of time the truck was parked in the locale where it was discovered, and there was evidence of the time period in which Priego ingested enough whiskey to render her unresponsive. And, although the gear selector was in “park,” Priego was still wearing her seatbelt. Considering the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict, as we must, we conclude that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the conviction. IY. Modification of Judgment The judgment here indicates that attorney fees were “TBD.” Priego postulates that the letters TBD mean “to be determined.” While there is nothing in the judgment that directly indicates the meaning of TBD, it is reasonable to assume those letters indicate that attorney fees are to be determined at some later time. Priego asks that we modify the judgment to eliminate this reference to attorney fees, as she was determined to be indigent by the trial court. Indeed, the record indicates that Priego was indigent at trial and remains so on appeal. 7 “A defendant who is determined by the court to be indigent is presumed to remain indigent for the remainder of the proceedings in the case unless a material change in the defendant’s financial circumstances occurs.” Tex.Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.04(p) (West Supp.2014); see Cates v. State, 402 S.W.3d 250, 251 (Tex.Crim.App.2013). An assessment of attorney fees against an indigent defendant, to be determined in the future, is improper. “Code of Criminal Procedure Article 26.05(g) requires a present determination of financial resources and does not allow speculation about possible future resources.” Cates, 402 S.W.3d at 252. We modify the trial court’s judgment by deleting from it the letters “TBD” and substituting an assessment of zero attorney fees. V. Conclusion We affirm the trial court’s judgment as modified. Footnotes [1] See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 49.09(b) (West Supp.2014). [2] It is approximately a five-minute drive from Walmart to the parking lot of C W Ford Rentals. The liquor store Priego visited is located directly in front of Walmart. [3] Priego was unable to respond to Harrison’s questions. Due to Priego’s highly intoxicated condition, field-sobriety tests were not performed. [4] "A person commits an offense if the person is intoxicated while operating a motor vehicle in a public place.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 49.04(a). [5] Although it is apparent from the context, of his testimony that Patino did not see Priego drive the truck while she was intoxicated, he offered the following testimony on cross-examination: Q. And the truth was she was driving your truck that day, and she was doing it while she was drunk; and that's the truth? A. I know that. Like I — like I say, I come here to tell the truth, and that’s what happened. [6] The location of Priego's truck in a parking lot rather than in a moving lane of traffic, as in Heame, does not alter the outcome. See Dornbusch, 262 S.W.3d at 437 (“[P]arking lot at a public place is not legally different than a roadway for purposes of a DWI arrest or conviction.”). [7] The State concedes that Priego was found indigent and that the trial court made no finding that her financial circumstances had later changed.