Tavares Spikes v. State

In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana ______________________________ No. 06-09-00224-CR ______________________________ TAVARES SPIKES, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee On Appeal from the 188th Judicial District Court Gregg County, Texas Trial Court No. 37,940-A Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss MEMORANDUM OPINION Having before us only the sketchy facts set out in a police officer’s offense report, we learn that Tavares Spikes was stopped in Gregg County for a traffic violation, that, sometime later, a drug dog alerted on the vehicle and that the officer searched the vehicle and found illegal drugs. Spikes later pled guilty to possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver. The trial court sentenced Spikes to forty years’ imprisonment. On appeal, Spikes argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his trial counsel failed to file a motion to suppress the evidence found during the traffic stop. We affirm the trial court’s judgment because, in the very limited record before us, there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate that the trial counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress. While observing traffic on Interstate 20 in Gregg County, Texas, Sergeant Bruce Dalme saw Spikes’ vehicle traveling in the left lane. After pursuing and initially being unable to locate the vehicle, Dalme saw and stopped Spikes’ vehicle for traveling “in the right lane following a truck tractor semi-trailer at an unsafe following distance.” Dalme described questioning Spikes about his travel plans, destination, and travel behavior, and Dalme described Spikes as nervous. Spikes became increasingly nervous every time Dalme mentioned “the possibility of drugs being in the vehicle.” During conversation with the officer, Spikes exhibited dry mouth, hurried and shaky speech, lack of eye contact, and appeared to have to think about simple questions. When asked for permission to search the vehicle, Spikes denied consent. Dalme detained Spikes for about twenty-three minutes until a drug dog arrived. The drug dog indicated a positive alert; the officer searched the vehicle and discovered marihuana in the passenger area and a white powdery substance that he recognized to be consistent with cocaine in the trunk. These were the basic facts set out in the offense report. Because of Spikes’ guilty plea, there was no testimony from Dalme to establish what else he knew during, or what other circumstances surrounded, his stop and search of Spikes’ vehicle. Ineffective assistance of counsel claims are evaluated under a two-part test formulated by the United States Supreme Court, requiring a showing of both deficient performance and prejudice. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689 (1984); Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 812 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Fox v. State, 175 S.W.3d 475, 485 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, no pet.). First, Spikes must show that his counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Fox, 175 S.W.3d at 485 (citing Tong v. State, 25 S.W.3d 707, 712 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)). A Strickland claim must be “firmly founded in the record,” and “the record must affirmatively demonstrate” the meritorious nature of the claim. Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813. The second Strickland prong requires a showing that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense to the degree that there is a reasonable probability that, but for the attorney’s deficiency, the result of the trial would have been different. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689; Tong, 25 S.W.3d at 712. Failure to satisfy either prong of the Strickland test is fatal. Ex parte Martinez, 195 S.W.3d 713, 730 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Trial counsel’s conduct is reviewed with great deference, without the distorting effects of hindsight. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813. We indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable, professional assistance, and motivated by sound trial strategy. See Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). The defendant must rebut the presumption that the challenged conduct can be considered sound strategy. Id. Here, Spikes argues that his trial counsel was ineffective because he failed to file a motion to suppress the evidence found during the traffic stop. One problem with Spikes’ claim is that nothing in the record explains why trial counsel declined to file a motion to suppress. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has said that “trial counsel should ordinarily be afforded an opportunity to explain his actions” before a court finds that he or she rendered ineffective assistance. See Goodspeed, 187 S.W.3d at 392 n.14 (quoting Rylander v. State, 101 S.W.3d 107, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)); Fox, 175 S.W.3d at 485. Where an appellate record is silent as to why trial counsel failed to take certain actions, the appellant has failed to rebut the presumption that trial counsel’s decision was in some way—be it conceivable or not—reasonable.[1] See Mata v. State, 226 S.W.3d 425, 431 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); see also Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814 (if record is silent as to attorney’s particular course of action, defendant did not rebut presumption). The ineffectiveness of counsel must be firmly founded in the record, and the record must affirmatively demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness. See Smith v. State, 51 S.W.3d 806, 813 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2001, no pet.). Here, there is no record at any level to indicate why counsel declined to file a motion to suppress. In the absence of such a record, and in the lack of anything that would indicate such completely ineffective assistance as could be shown without such a record, we overrule the point of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment. Josh R. Morriss, III Chief Justice Date Submitted: July 9, 2010 Date Decided: July 14, 2010 Do Not Publish [1]Under normal circumstances, the record on direct appeal will not be sufficient to show that counsel’s representation was so deficient and so lacking in tactical or strategic decision-making as to overcome the presumption that counsel’s conduct was reasonable and professional. Mallett v. State, 65 S.W.3d 59, 69 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Fuller v. State, 224 S.W.3d 823, 828–29 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2007, no pet.). In addressing this reality, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has explained that appellate courts can rarely decide the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel because the record almost never speaks to the strategic reasons that trial counsel may have considered. The proper procedure for raising this claim is therefore almost always habeas corpus. Freeman v. State, 125 S.W.3d 505, 506 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Aldrich v. State, 104 S.W.3d 890, 896 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). y argues that he perfected a judgment lien on the collateral. The trial court concluded that the U.C.C. did not apply to the private sale of the bulldozer or to the retention of the track hoe. We review de novo a trial court’s conclusions of law. BMC Software Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2002). A judgment lien, though, is not created until a levy of execution occurs. See Tex. Employers’ Ins. Ass’n v. Engelke, 790 S.W.2d 93, 95 (Tex. App.––Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, orig. proceeding [leave denied]); Herndon v. Cocke, 138 S.W.2d 298, 300 (Tex. Civ. App.—El Paso 1940, no writ). The First District Court of Appeals has explained: A valid levy of an execution creates a lien on the debtor’s property in favor of the judgment creditor, which in the case of personal property is prima facie evidence of satisfaction of the execution. This lien is effective from the time of the levy and continues in effect until it is lost or abandoned, or in some way ceases to have vitality and effect. Tex. Employers’ Ins. Ass’n, 790 S.W.2d at 95 (citations omitted). Because the writ of execution was never delivered to an authorized officer, no valid levy of execution occurred. The property was never seized by an officer authorized to execute the writ. Thus, no judgment lien attached. Because Gillespie failed to strictly comply with the terms of the judgment and no levy of execution occurred, the Abstracted Judgment did not authorize Gillespie’s sale of the bulldozer and retention of the track hoe. III. The Abstracted Judgment Was Not Modified by Agreement Gillespie argues that we should affirm the trial court because there is sufficient evidence to support a conclusion that Williams agreed to the private sale.[8] While Gillespie did not clearly explain how such an agreement would affect the law governing this case, we have interpreted his argument to be that the parties agreed to modify the terms of the judgment to permit a private sale. We first note that the issue of whether Williams agreed to the private sale was disputed at trial. Gillespie testified, “Mr. Williams and I agreed that it would be cheaper and better if I took the equipment and did my best to sell it and give him credit on the judgment.” Gillespie later explained, We both agreed. We talked about it twice at two different meetings. And, we both agreed that I would pick it up, and take it and put it up for sale and try to get the highest dollar I could for it. And, he didn’t have any problems with it. He agreed it to [sic]. We discussed it. I don’t remember the exact words that were used, but it was an agreement between us to do that. Williams testified that Gillespie promised to release the debt in exchange for the return of the bulldozer and track hoe. Williams also denied ever discussing with Gillespie whether the bulldozer and track hoe would be sold at a private sale with Gillespie.[9] The trial court, however, did not make any finding of fact concerning whether the parties, by agreement, elected to enforce the original judgment through a private sale instead of the public sale ordered in the judgment. Williams requested and obtained findings of fact and the entirety of the response to that request follows: 1. The Default Judgment in this case is valid. 2. Section 9.504 of the UCC/BCC is not applicable to this case because the judgment had already occurred. 3. The three pieces of land are subject to foreclosure because they are not homestead and they are not encumbered by liens. 4. Notice of the sale, although verbal, was reasonable. 5. The collateral, the D-4 and Trackhoe, were disposed of in a commercially reasonable manner. When findings of fact have been made, the judgment may not be supported by an implied finding on any ground of recovery, or defense, of which no element has been included in the court’s findings. Tex. R. Civ. P. 299; Leonard v. Eskew, 731 S.W.2d 124, 132–33 (Tex. App.—Austin 1987, writ ref’d n.r.e.); Uhlhorn v. Reid, 398 S.W.2d 169, 176 (Tex. Civ. App.—San Antonio 1965, writ ref’d n.r.e.). When findings of fact are obtained, they define and limit the issues upon which this Court can affirm. We cannot affirm the trial court’s judgment based on a theory on which the trial court failed to make any of the necessary factual findings. Irrespective of whether there was an oral agreement between the parties, we are not persuaded that the oral agreement at issue here can modify the terms of the Abstracted Judgment. An out-of-court oral agreement qualifies neither as a written settlement agreement nor as a Rule 11 agreement. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 154.071 (Vernon 2011); Tex. R. Civ. P. 11; see also Knapp Med. Ctr. v. De La Garza, 238 S.W.3d 767, 768 (Tex. 2007) (oral settlement agreement not enforceable unless made in court and entered of record). Gillespie has not provided this Court with any authority that the terms of a judgment can be modified by an oral agreement of the parties made out of court. IV. The Trial Court Erred in Concluding the U.C.C. Did Not Apply Williams contends that the trial court erred in concluding the U.C.C. did not apply to the private sale of the bulldozer and track hoe. Because the bulldozer and track hoe were not sold pursuant to the terms of the judgment, Williams argues the U.C.C. must apply. We agree. Texas recognizes only two types of dispositions after default: sales pursuant to the U.C.C. and judicial sales. In Hubbard v. Lagow, the Austin Court of Appeals held: The Code clearly recognizes two basic types of sales which may be made after default. The first is the judicial sale, which is not subject to the Code but is conducted under other rules of law. The other is nonjudicial sale by the secured party which is conducted under the rules of the Code. Sections 9.501(a) & 9.504(c) (Supp.1978); 51 Tex.Jur.2d, Part 2, Secured Transactions, sec. 305 (1970). The nonjudicial sale is freely permitted and may be either public or private, the choice of remedies resting in the secured party. 51 Tex.Jur.2d, Part 2, Secured Transactions, secs. 315 & 305 (1970). 576 S.W.2d 163, 166 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1979, writ ref’d n.r.e.). When Gillespie elected[10] to sell the collateral at a private sale instead of abiding by the terms of the Abstracted Judgment,[11] Gillespie necessarily elected to proceed under former Section 9.102 of the U.C.C. (in effect at the time of the private sale), which provided as follows: (a) Except as otherwise provided in Section 9.104 on excluded transactions, this chapter applies (1) to any transaction (regardless of its form) which is intended to create a security interest in personal property or fixtures including goods . . . . Act of May 25, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 930, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 2926, 2926–27 (amended 1999) (current version at Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.109 (Vernon 2011)). Gillespie has not made any allegation (either at trial or on appeal) that any of the exclusions contained in former Section 9.104 apply to the facts of this case.[12] Gillespie has failed to provide this Court with any authority that the U.C.C. does not apply when a judgment of foreclosure is obtained, but the terms of the judgment are not followed. We note the U.C.C. version in force at the time stated that it did not supplant common law “unless displaced by the particular provisions of this title.” See Act of May 25, 1967, 60th Leg., ch. 785, § 1, 1967 Tex. Gen. Laws 2343 (amended 1999) (current version at Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 1.103 (Vernon 2009)). The U.C.C. pre-empts the common law if the U.C.C. and the common law conflict.[13] Because the U.C.C. prescribed the methods to be followed in a nonjudicial sale of collateral after default, Gillespie was obligated to follow the U.C.C., not pre-existing common law. We conclude that under the facts of this case, the U.C.C. governed the private sale of the bulldozer and the retention of the track hoe. V. The Retention of the Track Hoe Bars Recovery on the Delinquency Williams claims that Gillespie violated the U.C.C. in three ways. Williams argues that: (1) Gillespie failed to provide adequate notice of the private sale; (2) there was a failure by Gillespie to establish that the sale was commercially reasonable; (3) Gillespie failed to provide adequate notice of his intent to retain the track hoe. As a result of these things, Williams contends, Gillespie’s retention of the track hoe prevented him from collecting any deficiency. In response, Gillespie contends that the evidence is sufficient to support the trial court’s findings that reasonable notice of the private sale and retention was provided.[14] It is uncontested that Gillespie elected to retain the track hoe and Gillespie testified he still has it in his possession, using it occasionally. As stated above, Gillespie testified he had left the track hoe for sale for approximately two years, but, after no sufficient offers to purchase were received, elected to keep the track hoe for himself in lieu of a sale to an outsider to the transaction and allowed Williams credit for $11,500.00, effective June 30, 1998. At the time this transaction took place, a secured creditor could retain collateral under the U.C.C. only if the secured creditor elected to retain the collateral in full satisfaction of the debt. Section 9.505(b)––then in effect––provided that “a secured party in possession may, after default, propose to retain the collateral in satisfaction of the obligation.”[15] Section 9.501(c) provided “the rules stated in the subsections referred to below may not be waived or varied . . . .”[16] In Tanenbaum, the Texas Supreme Court ruled that retention of secured collateral was a complete bar against a secured creditor collecting a deficiency. Tanenbaum v. Economics Lab., Inc., 628 S.W.2d 769, 771 (Tex. 1982) (rejecting concept of rebuttable presumption).[17] The Texas Supreme Court stated, “Within Section 9.505, there is no provision allowing the creditor to sue for a deficiency after he retains the collateral.” Id. at 771. The Dallas Court of Appeals has explained Tanenbaum as follows: The legislative intent behind sections 9.504 and 9.505, as interpreted by the Supreme Court in Tanenbaum, is to put the creditor to an election. He must either sell the repossessed collateral under section 9.504 or retain the property in complete satisfaction of the debt pursuant to section 9.505. Whirlybirds Leasing Co. v. Aerospatiale Helicopter Corp., 749 S.W.2d 915, 918 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1988, no writ). Under the law in effect at the time, Gillespie’s retention of collateral was a complete bar to recovery on any deficiency. See Tanenbaum, 628 S.W.2d at 771; Whirlybirds Leasing Co., 749 S.W.2d at 918; Gordon & Assocs. v. Cullen Bank/Citywest, N.A., 880 S.W.2d 93, 98 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1994, no writ). Because we agree with Williams’ argument that retention of the track hoe bars collection of any deficiency, we do not address Williams’ remaining arguments concerning any deficiency owed to Gillespie. VI. The Abstracted Judgment Has Been Satisfied Williams raised the doctrine of accord and satisfaction in his second amended answer. Since Gillespie’s retention of the track hoe was a complete bar to the recovery of any deficiency, the Abstracted Judgment had been satisfied prior to this lawsuit. “Under the one satisfaction rule, a plaintiff is entitled to only one recovery for any damages suffered.” Crown Life Ins. Co. v. Casteel, 22 S.W.3d 378, 390 (Tex. 2000). When Gillespie’s security interest was satisfied under the U.C.C. by retaining the track hoe, the Abstracted Judgment (which was based on the same security interest) was satisfied. No further recovery can be obtained based on the Abstracted Judgment. The trial court erred in rendering judgment in favor of Gillespie. VII. Williams Is Not Entitled to Relief on Counterclaim In his prayer to this Court, Williams requests a reversal and rendition in part and a reversal and remand in part. Williams asks that we remand the case to the trial court for the purpose of (1) determining if appellee should be “ordered to execute and deliver to Appellant a release of judgment and lien in recordable form,” (2) determining “Appellant’s right to a declaratory judgment,” and (3) determining “if Appellant is entitled to recover compensation or damages, and the amount thereof, for his delivery of goods and services to Appellee.” All of Williams’ issues and his argument concern Gillespie’s cause of action. In his second amended answer, Williams requested a take-nothing judgment. Although Williams requested the above-mentioned relief in his counterclaim, Williams did not file a separate point of error on appeal concerning the trial court’s denial of his counterclaim. No authority or argument is made on the above three requests for relief. In a civil case, this Court is prohibited from addressing unassigned error. See Pat Baker Co. v. Wilson, 971 S.W.2d 447, 450 (Tex. 1998). In order for error to be assigned for our review, the error must be raised in a point of error or issue. Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(f). Although points of error should be liberally construed “in order to obtain a just, fair and equitable adjudication of the rights of the litigants,”[18] Williams does not present any argument concerning the denial of his counterclaim in any of the issues that were assigned for our review and does not provide any authority. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i). Merely requesting relief in a prayer or conclusion is insufficient to assign the error, if any, for our review. See Kenneth Leventhal & Co. v. Reeves, 978 S.W.2d 253, 259 (Tex. App.––Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no writ). Without error being assigned for our review, we are prohibited from remanding for any relief on Williams’ counterclaim. VIII. Conclusion When Gillespie elected to sell the bulldozer and track hoe through a private sale instead of abiding by the terms of the judgment, Gillespie elected to proceed under the requirements of the U.C.C. Under the U.C.C. in effect at the time, Gillespie’s retention of the track hoe had the effect of satisfying the remaining debt in full. Because Gillespie’s retention of the track hoe barred any recovery of a deficiency (because there was then none), the Abstracted Judgment had been satisfied and the trial court erred in foreclosing the judgment lien on the real property. On appeal, Williams raised no issues concerning his counterclaim. Thus, if there was any error committed by the trial court in denying Gillespie’s counterclaim, it is not assigned for our review. We reverse the judgment of the trial court and render a take-nothing judgment in favor of Mike and Kathy Williams. Bailey C. Moseley Justice Date Submitted: April 12, 2011 Date Decided: May 13, 2011 [1]The real property in dispute consists of a 46.63-acre tract, a 5.687-acre tract, and a 16.620-acre tract. [2]Originally appealed to the Twelfth Court of Appeals, this case was transferred to this Court by the Texas Supreme Court pursuant to its docket equalization efforts. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 73.001 (Vernon 2005). We are unaware of any conflict between precedent of the Twelfth Court of Appeals and that of this Court on any relevant issue. See Tex. R. App. P. 41.3. [3]Williams does not raise any issue on appeal concerning the failure to deliver the writ to the executing officer. Williams also does not complain, on appeal, about any of the procedures used to maintain the validity of the Abstracted Judgment. [4]Gillespie showed up at Williams’ worksite and Williams relinquished possession. Williams testified Gillespie had promised to release him from the money owed if he returned the equipment. [5]In the testimony at trial, the value of the track hoe, at the time it was repossessed, was disputed. [6]No issue was raised concerning the issuance of a new abstract of judgment without having first had a writ of execution issued and returned unsatisfied. [7]The three tracts of land were located in Nacogdoches County. Williams does not raise any issue on appeal concerning any defect in the issuance of the abstract of judgment due to the failure to deliver the writ to an officer who could execute it. [8]At trial, Gillespie argued the security lien had merged into the judgment, thereby negating the application of the U.C.C. On appeal, Gillespie did not brief this argument, other than citing Taylor v. Tillotson, which contains the following statement: The lien evidenced by the chattel mortgage was merged into the judgment. The lien had been absorbed by the foreclosure, and to that appellant was compelled to look and did look for the collection of his debt, and not to the mortgage lien which had served its purpose. 272 S.W. 323, 325 (Tex. Civ. App.––San Antonio 1925, writ dism’d). The Taylor case is not analogous to the case at bar. While the above quotation is contained in the Taylor opinion, the quotation is merely dicta. Taylor concerned the effect of a security interest when the collateral was subsequently purchased, in good faith and without notice, by a third party. Id. Resolution of the Taylor case depended on the means by which a notice of a lien was perfected under the then-existing laws. Further, in the intervening eighty-six years of Texas jurisprudence, Taylor has been cited only three times in reported cases, none of which relied on it as the authority for the position now taken by Gillespie. See Billingsley v. Mossler Acceptance Co., 119 S.W.2d 196, 199 (Tex. Civ. App.––El Paso 1938, no writ); Evans v. First Nat’l Bank of Mt. Vernon, 65 S.W.2d 366, 368 (Tex. Civ. App.—Texarkana 1933, no writ); A. H. Karcher & Co. v. Davis, 278 S.W. 302, 303 (Tex. Civ. App.––Austin 1925, writ dism’d). We further note that Gillespie would have been ill served to have the contractual lien extinguished by the entry of the judgment of foreclosure. Because he had not followed the terms of the judgment, Gillespie, if the contractual lien had been subsumed in the judgment lien, would no longer have any right to seize or dispose of the collateral. [9]Williams testified that he was unaware the bulldozer and track hoe had been placed in front of Gillespie’s sawmill for sale. Williams testified he never saw the bulldozer for sale at the sawmill. Although he saw the track hoe at the sawmill, the track hoe was not parked where Gillespie normally sold equipment. [10]Section 9.501 provides the creditor’s remedies are cumulative. See Act of May 25, 1967, 60th Leg., ch. 785, § 1, 1967 Tex. Gen. Laws 2343, 2548 (amended 1999) (current version at Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.601 (Vernon 2011)); see also Stephens v. LPP Mortgage Ltd., 316 S.W.3d 742, 747–78 (Tex. App.––Austin 2010, pet. denied); Cohen v. Rains, 769 S.W.2d 380, 384–85 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1989, writ denied) (“When a debtor is in default a secured party is not required to elect which of these rights he wishes to pursue--he ‘may take any permitted action or combination of actions.’”); Hubbard, 576 S.W.2d at 165. [11]Although the parties might have recognized that a private sale may have resulted in the realization of a better price for the collateralized equipment than might have been received under a judicial sale, a party must abide by the terms of a judgment if the party wishes to receive the benefits and protections of that judgment. [12]Former U.C.C. Section 9.104 contains a list of transactions excluded from the requirements of the U.C.C. See Act of May 24, 1973, 63rd Leg., R.S., ch. 400, § 5, 1973 Tex. Gen. Laws 999, 1002–03 (amended 1999) (current version at Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.109). [13]See T.O. Stanley Boot Co. v. Bank of El Paso, 847 S.W.2d 218, 223 (Tex. 1992); Bryan v. Citizens Nat’l Bank in Abilene, 628 S.W.2d 761, 764 (Tex. 1982); Wolf Hollow I, L.P. v. El Paso Mktg., L.P., 329 S.W.3d 628, 637 (Tex. App.––Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. filed); AMX Enters., Inc. v. Bank One, N.A., 196 S.W.3d 202, 207 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. denied); Mazon Assocs., Inc. v. Comerica Bank, 195 S.W.3d 800, 804–05 (Tex. App.––Dallas 2006, no pet.); Bank One, Tex., N.A. v. Little, 978 S.W.2d 272, 277 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1998, pet. denied); Hubbard, 576 S.W.2d at 165. [14]On appeal, Gillespie argues Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.620 (Vernon 2011) (the current applicable section of the U.C.C. which became effective on July 1, 2001), should apply to the repossession of the track hoe which occurred sometime during the month of April or May 1998. Gillespie argues, because he testified the track hoe remained for sale for “[o]ver two years, probably three,” the current section of the U.C.C.—which permits retention of collateral as partial satisfaction of the debt—should apply. Gillespie’s legal theory would require a number of fact findings, which the trial court did not make, including (but not limited to) a determination as to when the retention occurred and whether the requirements of Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.620 were then met. We further note there is no evidence in the record that the requirements of Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.620, were met. Second, Gillespie failed to provide appropriate citations to authorities, including the application of the transition provisions contained in Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. §§ 9.701–.709 (Vernon 2011). See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i). Gillespie’s argument consists solely of the following sentence: “If the U.C.C. does apply (which Appellee contends it does not) and the decision/agreement was made by Appellee two to three years after the judgment (as stated in Appellants’ Brief, page 12), then the 1998 U.C.C. §9.505 is not applicable, but the 2001 U.C.C. would be applicable (§§9.701 [Appendix 6], 9.601 et seq).” Last, Gillespie has failed to preserve error. An appellee, when complaining that the trial court erred, must preserve error for appellate review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; Tubb v. Vinson Exploration, Inc., 892 S.W.2d 183, 185 (Tex. App.––El Paso 1994, writ denied); Ayotte v. Central Education Agency, 729 S.W.2d 385, 388 (Tex. App.––Austin 1987, no writ). Gillespie did not present this argument to the trial court and, thus, waived it. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1. Gillespie’s arguments at trial were: (1) the U.C.C. did not apply to this case, because a default judgment had been obtained, and, alternatively, (2) proper notice had been provided and a commercially reasonable sale had occurred under the version of the U.C.C. in effect in 1998. Gillespie’s argument that Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.620 applies to this case is not preserved for appellate review. [15]Act of May 10, 1977, 65th Leg., R.S., ch. 163, 1977 Tex. Gen. Laws 333, 333–35 (amended 1999) (current version at Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.620). [16]See Act of May 24, 1973, 63rd Leg., R.S., ch. 400, § 5, 1973 Tex. Gen. Laws 999, 1026–27 (amended 1999) (current version at Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.624 (Vernon 2011)). We note former Section 9.501(c) contained a few limited exceptions. Gillespie does not argue that any of the exceptions apply to this case. [17]The 1999 legislative changes subsequently overruled Tanenbaum’s complete bar rule with respect to commercial transactions and effectively adopted the rebuttable presumption theory. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.626(a)(3), (4) (Vernon 2011). At the time Gillespie repossessed the collateral, however, Tanenbaum controlled. [18]Sterner v. Marathon Oil Co., 767 S.W.2d 686, 690 (Tex. 1989).