In re: Morry Waksberg M.D., Inc.

FILED DEC 22 2015 [1] NOT FOR PUBLICATION 2 SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT 3 UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL 4 OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT 5 In re: ) BAP No. CC-15-1109-TaKuKi ) 6 MORRY WAKSBERG M.D., INC., ) Bk. No. 2:06-bk-16101-BB ) 7 Debtor. ) ______________________________) 8 ) THE BANKRUPTCY LAW FIRM, PC, ) 9 ) Appellant, ) 10 ) v. ) MEMORANDUM* 11 ) ALFRED SIEGEL, CHAPTER 7 ) 12 TRUSTEE, ) ) 13 Appellee. ) ______________________________) [14] Argued and Submitted on November 19, 2015 15 at Pasadena, California 16 Filed – December 22, 2015 17 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California [18] Honorable Sheri Bluebond, Chief Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding [19] 20 Appearances: Kathleen P. March of The Bankruptcy Law Firm, P.C. argued for appellant; Byron Moldo of Ervin, 21 Cohen & Jessup LLP argued for appellee. [22] Before: TAYLOR, KURTZ, and KIRSCHER, Bankruptcy Judges. [25] 26 * This disposition is not appropriate for publication. 27 Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value. 28 See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1(c)(2). 1 INTRODUCTION 2 The Bankruptcy Law Firm, P.C. (“Law Firm”), through its 3 principal attorney, Kathleen P. March, appeals from an order 4 partially granting its request for an allowance of fees and 5 costs as an administrative expense under § 503(b)(1)(A).1 The 6 Law Firm focuses its appeal solely on the bankruptcy court’s 7 sharply reduced fee award. We AFFIRM. 8 FACTS 9 This is the second appeal to the Panel in this case. See 10 The Bankruptcy Law Firm, PC v. Siegel (In re Waksberg), 2014 WL 11 5285648 (9th Cir. BAP Oct. 15, 2014) (“Waksberg I”). 12 Previously, the Law Firm appealed from orders entered in the 13 bankruptcy cases of Morry Waksberg, M.D. and his corporation, 14 Morry Waksberg, M.D., Inc.: the first order approved a 15 compromise between Dr. Waksberg, M.D., his mother, Ida 16 Waksberg, and the chapter 7 trustee; the second order 17 substantively consolidated the bankruptcy estates of 18 Dr. Waksberg and the corporation. On appeal, the Panel 19 affirmed the bankruptcy court’s approval of the compromise but 20 vacated the substantive consolidation order and remanded the 21 matter back to the bankruptcy court for further proceedings. 22 The memorandum decision in Waksberg I sets forth the factual 23 background of the case; as a result, we recount here only those 24 facts most relevant to the present appeal. 25 In 2006, Dr. Waksberg and his corporation each filed [26] 27 1 Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section 28 references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532 . [2] 1 chapter 11 bankruptcy petitions. An official committee of 2 unsecured creditors was appointed in the corporate case, and 3 the Law Firm was employed as the committee’s counsel. The 4 bankruptcy court later entered an order approving a final 5 compensation award to the Law Firm, half of which it collected 6 immediately. Eventually, both bankruptcy cases were converted 7 to chapter 7. The Law Firm’s uncollected fees, thus, remained 8 pending as an unpaid chapter 11 administrative expense in the 9 corporate case. 10 Contentious disputes ensued with respect to Dr. Waksberg’s 11 exemption claims and Mrs. Waksberg’s claims against the 12 estates. The parties later came to a compromise, and the 13 Trustee moved for approval of the settlement agreement. 14 Concurrently, the Trustee moved to substantively 15 consolidate the two bankruptcy estates. Seeking to protect its 16 claim to payment in the corporate case, the Law Firm filed a 17 single opposition to both of the motions; its focus, however, 18 was against substantive consolidation. The bankruptcy court 19 granted both motions, and the Law Firm appealed. On appeal, 20 the Panel concluded that the circumstances did not meet the 21 Ninth Circuit’s standard for substantive consolidation, as it 22 resulted in inequity to the Law Firm. 23 Back before the bankruptcy court, the Law Firm filed a 24 motion seeking to allow its fees and costs incurred in opposing 25 the consolidation and appealing the consolidation order as a 26 chapter 7 administrative expense under § 503(b)(1)(A) (the 27 “§ 503(b) Motion”). It attached Ms. March’s declaration and a 28 billing record of the Law Firm’s services rendered in [3] 1 connection with the consolidation dispute. Eventually, the Law 2 Firm’s post-conversion administrative expense request increased 3 to $202,580.2 4 The Law Firm asserted that it successfully blocked the 5 Trustee’s “illegal attempt” to use $2.6 million dollars 6 belonging to the corporate estate to pay claims of the 7 individual estate. As its efforts necessarily preserved the 8 corporate estate, the Law Firm asserted that it was entitled to 9 administrative payment of its fees and costs, based on two 10 theories of recovery: first, the plain language of § 503(b); 11 and second, the “fundamental fairness” doctrine announced in 12 Reading Co. v. Brown, 391 U.S. 471 (1968). Reading provides 13 for the allowance of damages resulting from a postpetition tort 14 claim as an administrative expense, even in the absence of a 15 benefit conferred to the bankruptcy estate. According to the 16 Law Firm, the Trustee breached his fiduciary duty to the 17 corporate estate and its claimants (including the Law Firm) 18 when he successfully petitioned for substantive consolidation. 19 The Trustee opposed. He argued that § 503(b)(1)(A) did 20 not support the Law Firm’s request, as the nature of the fees 21 requested did not fall within that particular Code provision. 22 And he contested that the Reading exception applied. [23] 24 2 This amount is not in the record, but taken from the Law 25 Firm’s briefs on appeal. At the hearing on the § 503(b) Motion, the Law Firm clarified that it sought an additional 26 $30,000 in fees and $77 in costs in connection with its reply 27 to the Trustee’s opposition. It does not appear, however, that the Law Firm filed a supplemental billing record with respect 28 to the additional work performed. [4] 1 But to the extent the bankruptcy court was inclined to 2 grant the request, the Trustee argued that the Law Firm’s 3 requested fees and costs were grossly inflated. He challenged 4 the nature and quantity of the time entries and provided 5 approximately 60 examples of tasks administrative in nature 6 billed at either $800 an hour, for Ms. March, or $400 an hour 7 for the Law Firm’s single associate (“Associate”). The Trustee 8 also challenged Ms. March’s $800 billing rate, asserting that 9 the rate was higher than other esteemed bankruptcy 10 practitioners within the judicial district. 11 Pursuant to a bankruptcy court order, the Law Firm filed a 12 revised billing record (the “Billing Record”). As Ms. March 13 stated in an accompanying declaration, the revised document 14 responded to the bankruptcy court’s instruction for a “more 15 detailed itemization” of the fees incurred and billing in one16 tenths of an hour. 17 At the hearing, the bankruptcy court rejected a number of 18 the Law Firm’s theories for allowance of administrative expense 19 treatment, including application of the Reading exception and 20 protection of the integrity of the bankruptcy system. Turning 21 to § 503(b), it read portions of its tentative ruling into the 22 record and determined that, as a result of the Law Firm’s 23 efforts, a substantial benefit to the corporate estate inured. 24 It noted, however, that it was still required to find that the 25 requested fees and costs were an actual and necessary cost. 26 The bankruptcy court found that the Billing Record 27 reflected several issues, including numerous entries for 28 associate attorney, paralegal, or administrative-level work [5] 1 billed by Ms. March at $800 an hour. It also found that $800 2 was not a reasonable hourly fee for Ms. March for the services 3 rendered in connection with the consolidation dispute. Stating 4 that it was required to determine how much it would have cost 5 to obtain the substantive consolidation reversal, the 6 bankruptcy court estimated the number of hours it believed that 7 an experienced practitioner would have reasonably expended in 8 opposing consolidation, prosecuting the appeal, and filing the 9 motions for stay pending an appeal before the bankruptcy court 10 and the BAP. 11 The Law Firm disagreed with the bankruptcy court’s 12 analysis. Ms. March argued that nothing in the Billing Record 13 was unnecessary to obtaining vacatur of the consolidation 14 order. She also argued that her $800 hourly rate was justified 15 based on her qualifications and experience including her tenure 16 as a former bankruptcy judge and her triple certification as a 17 bankruptcy specialist. The rhetoric apparently escalated, as 18 the bankruptcy court stopped Ms. March and instructed her to 19 change the tone of her voice. Ms. March apologized but 20 continued to assert that the result obtained by the Law Firm 21 “was stupendous.” Ms. March did not mince words in her belief 22 that the bankruptcy court was wrong: 23 So frankly, Your Honor, it is reversible error if you go there. And my firm will appeal again if 24 necessary. . . . So not only is this error of law and you have no facts to support where Your Honor is 25 going, but it’s extremely dysfunctional because until my firm is paid and out of the case there’s not going 26 to be the substantive consolidation that – 27 Hr’g Tr. (Apr. 1, 2015) at 34:10-11, 15-19. 28 The bankruptcy court determined that it would grant in [6] 1 part the § 503(b) Motion and allow $26,000 in fees and $3,237 2 in costs. Immediately following the hearing, the Law Firm 3 filed a timely notice of appeal. 4 The Law Firm also opposed the proposed order lodged by the 5 Trustee. It asserted that the lodged order did not comport 6 with the bankruptcy court’s ruling at the hearing and requested 7 that the bankruptcy court enter its tentative ruling into the 8 record. 9 The bankruptcy court disagreed and entered the order 10 granting in part the § 503(b) Motion. It also issued a 11 memorandum decision. 12 JURISDICTION 13 The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 14 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(B). We have jurisdiction under 28 15 U.S.C. § 158 . 16 ISSUE 17 Whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in 18 reducing the amount of the Law Firm’s requested fees and costs. 19 STANDARDS OF REVIEW 20 We review the bankruptcy court’s decision to reduce fees 21 pursuant to an administrative expense allowance for an abuse of 22 discretion. See Burlington N.R.R. Co. v. Dant & Russell, Inc. 23 (In re Dant & Russell, Inc.), 853 F.2d 700, 707 (9th Cir. 24 1988); Gonzalez v. Gottlieb (In re Metro Fulfillment, Inc.), [25] 294 B.R. 306, 309 (9th Cir. BAP 2003). A bankruptcy court 26 abuses its discretion if it applies the wrong legal standard, 27 misapplies the correct legal standard, or if its factual 28 findings are illogical, implausible, or without support in [7] 1 inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the record. See 2 TrafficSchool.com, Inc. v. Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d 820, 832 (9th 3 Cir. 2011). And, if the bankruptcy court’s “findings are 4 plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety, the 5 [Panel] cannot reverse even if it is convinced it would have 6 found differently.” Husain v. Olympic Airways, 316 F.3d 829 , 7 835 (9th Cir. 2002), aff’d, 540 U.S. 644 (2004). 8 DISCUSSION 9 A. Scope of appeal 10 This case presents an anomalous situation, for the reason 11 that it does not involve a traditional fee application or legal 12 fees incurred by a law firm retained by the estate. This case, 13 instead, involves the unusual allowance of a creditor’s legal 14 fees and costs as an administrative expense under 15 § 503(b)(1)(A).3 Unusual, because a creditor’s legal fees are 16 typically allowed as an administrative expense under 17 § 503(b)(4), to the extent the creditor’s expense is allowable 18 under § 503(b)(3). But see The Law Offices of Neil Vincent 19 Wake v. Sedona Inst. (In re Sedona Inst.), 220 B.R. 74, 81 (9th 20 Cir. BAP 1998) (“[W]here a creditor makes a substantial 21 contribution in a case, reasonable professional fees and costs 22 may be awarded under § 503(b)(4) regardless of whether the 23 creditor has an independent allowable expense under [3] 25 No cross-appeal was taken from the allowance of the administrative expense and that determination is now final. 26 The Trustee argues in his brief that § 503(b) did not support 27 any award of fees to the Law Firm. This does not, however, qualify as a notice of cross-appeal. See generally Fed. R. 28 Bankr. P. 8002, 8003. [8] 1 § 503(b)(3).”). 2 Notwithstanding the peculiarities here, there is no 3 question that the bankruptcy court was required to consider the 4 reasonableness of the Law Firm’s requested fees and costs, 5 given the effect of administrative expense treatment. See 6 generally In re Dant & Russell, Inc., 853 F.2d at 706 7 (“‘[A]ctual’ and ‘necessary’ are construed narrowly so as ‘to 8 keep fees and administrative costs at a minimum.’”) (citation 9 omitted). In doing so, the bankruptcy court had “wide 10 discretion in determining the reasonableness of fees . . . .” 11 The Margulies Law Firm v. Placide (In re Placide), 459 B.R. 64 , 12 73 (9th Cir. BAP 2011). 13 Here, after finding that the Law Firm conferred a 14 substantial benefit to the corporate estate, the bankruptcy 15 court proceeded to examine the requested fees and costs for 16 reasonableness. In doing so, it found that some of the fees 17 were unreasonable and, thus, it reduced the amount of fees it 18 deemed allowed as an administrative expense. 19 In this respect, the Law Firm’s arguments as to the 20 Reading exception are irrelevant. Whether the Law Firm’s fees 21 were allowed under § 503(b)(1)(A) or under the Reading 22 exception, the fees were always subject to a reasonableness 23 analysis. Contrary to the Law Firm’s belief, neither scenario 24 presented it with carte blanche to obtain payment of fees and 25 costs in whatever amount it deemed appropriate. 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// [9] 1 B. The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in 2 reducing the amount of fees and costs allowed as an 3 administrative expense. 4 The Law Firm argues that the bankruptcy court ignored the 5 three possible methods for calculating reasonable fees and 6 erred by arbitrarily cutting fees. According to the Law Firm, 7 these three methods are: (1) the plain language of 8 § 503(b)(1)(A), which allows fees that are “actual” and 9 “necessary” to preserving the estate; (2) the 12 “lodestar” 10 factors set forth in Kerr v. Screen Extras Guild, Inc., 526 11 F.2d 67 (9th Cir. 1975); and (3) the “common fund” doctrine. 12 This last argument, regarding the common fund doctrine, is 13 raised for the first time on appeal; thus, we do not address 14 it. See Samson v. W. Capital Partners, LLC (In re Blixseth), [15] 684 F.3d 865 , 872 n.12 (9th Cir. 2012) (appellate court may 16 decline to address argument not raised before bankruptcy 17 court). 18 The overlap between the Law Firm’s other arguments is 19 significant and much of it is based on the “uncontroverted” 20 evidence presented to the bankruptcy court, e.g., the Billing 21 Record and Ms. March’s declaration. According to the Law Firm, 22 the uncontroverted evidence showed that it actually incurred 23 the fees and that these fees were necessary to recover the 24 2.6 million dollars for the corporate estate. 25 Under either “method,” we conclude that the bankruptcy 26 court did not abuse its discretion in assessing reasonableness 27 and in concluding that a reduction in the amount of the allowed 28 administrative expense was warranted. [10] 1 1. Reasonableness of fees requested 2 The lodestar method is the customary method for assessing 3 fees in bankruptcy, “under which ‘the number of hours 4 reasonably expended’ is multiplied by ‘a reasonable hourly 5 rate’ for the person providing the services.” Law Offices of 6 David A. Boone v. Derham–Burk (In re Eliapo), 468 F.3d 592 , 598 7 (9th Cir. 2006). The lodestar method, however, is not 8 mandatory in all bankruptcy cases. Id. 9 In applying the lodestar, the court must consider “some or 10 all of twelve relevant criteria” set forth in Kerr. Carter v. 11 Caleb Brett LLC, 757 F.3d 866, 868-69 (9th Cir. 2014). But see 12 Brown v. Baden (In re Yagman), 796 F.2d 1165, 1184 (9th Cir. 13 1986) (“There is no need to rigidly apply the factors set forth 14 in Kerr . . . but the court must make some evaluation of the 15 fee breakdown submitted by counsel.”), opinion amended on 16 denial of reh’g sub nom., In re Yagman, 803 F.2d 1085 (9th Cir. 17 1986)). In any event, the loadstar method subsumes many of the 18 Kerr factors. See Gonzalez v. City of Maywood, 729 F.3d 1196 , 19 1204 n.3 & 1209 n.11 (9th Cir. 2013). 20 Contrary to the Law Firm’s arguments, to the extent the 21 bankruptcy court was required to apply the lodestar method, the 22 record here reflects that it did so. As discussed further 23 below, it determined a reasonable hourly rate for Ms. March and 24 the Associate in rendering these particular services. It next 25 determined the number of hours reasonably necessary to complete 26 the services. And, finally, it calculated the lodestar 27 recovery by multiplying these figures, without further 28 adjustment. Under these circumstances, that the bankruptcy [11] 1 court did not identify the Kerr factors by name is of no 2 moment. See Gonzalez, 729 F.3d at 1204 n.3 & 1209 n.11. 3 The bankruptcy court’s determination of unreasonableness 4 was based on the following findings: (1) the hourly rates for 5 Ms. March and the Associate were excessively high; (2) some of 6 the services rendered by Ms. March and the Associate were 7 administrative in nature or otherwise noncompensable; and 8 (3) some of the fees were redundant or otherwise unnecessary. 9 After eliminating fees it considered “excessive, redundant, 10 unnecessary, or otherwise not compensable,” the bankruptcy 11 court adjusted the hourly rates and number of hours expended to 12 that it deemed reasonable. In doing so, it utilized a single, 13 hourly rate of $400 and approved only the following services 14 and time: 15 • Preparing and arguing the objection to the substantive 16 consolidation portions of the Trustee’s motions: 15 hours; 17 • Preparing and arguing the Waksberg I appeal: 30 hours; and 18 • Preparing and arguing the motions for stay pending appeal: 19 20 hours. 20 On this record, the bankruptcy court’s determinations were 21 not erroneous. 22 2. Reasonable hourly rates 23 A reasonable hourly rate for the purposes of computing the 24 lodestar amount is the “prevailing market rates in the relevant 25 community.” Gonzalez, 729 F.3d at 1205-06 (citation omitted). 26 “[T]he relevant community is the forum in which the [] court 27 sits.” Id. (citation omitted). Then, “[w]ithin this 28 geographic community,” the court considers “the experience, [12] 1 skill, and reputation of the attorney.” Id. (citation 2 omitted). And, “the fee applicant has the burden of producing 3 ‘satisfactory evidence’ that the rates he [or she] requests 4 meet these standards.” Id. (citation omitted). 5 The Billing Record reflects billing only by Ms. March and 6 the Associate. We address them in the inverse. 7 a. The Associate’s hourly rate 8 The bankruptcy court expressed doubt as to whether the 9 Associate’s $400 hourly rate was warranted; it noted that the 10 attorney was only four years out of law school and a graduate 11 of an unaccredited law school. The record shows, however, that 12 it did not reduce the Associate’s hourly rate; instead, it 13 utilized a blended hourly rate for both the Associate and Ms. 14 March. On this record, this was not inappropriate or 15 disfavorable to the Law Firm. 16 Save for a few entries generically identified as “Westlaw 17 research” in connection with the appeal, it does not appear 18 that the Associate performed any services requiring her skills 19 as an attorney. Other than preparing several proofs of service 20 and the bill of costs, the Associate did not draft any of the 21 Law Firm’s papers. Instead, she spent her time assembling 22 documents, tables and appendices, preparing forms, 23 electronically filing and downloading documents, and cite 24 checking. Although these tasks were undoubtedly required from 25 a practical standpoint, they were not compensable at $400 an 26 hour. 27 b. Ms. March’s hourly rate 28 The bankruptcy court next found that although she was well [13] 1 educated, Ms. March’s $800 hourly rate for the services 2 rendered in connection with the consolidation litigation was 3 excessively high. In doing so, it made several findings4 as to 4 Ms. March’s experience, skill, and reputation as a bankruptcy 5 attorney. 6 The bankruptcy court was entitled to consider these 7 factors. With 14 years of judicial experience in the Central 8 District of California, the bankruptcy judge has extensive, 9 particularized knowledge of the local bankruptcy bar. And, the 10 bankruptcy judge was entitled to rely on personal knowledge of 11 the prevailing market rates for bankruptcy practitioners in the 12 Central District of California in determining a reasonable 13 hourly rate for the services provided in opposing 14 consolidation. As bankruptcy courts frequently adjudicate fee 15 applications, there is no doubt that the bankruptcy judge’s 16 knowledge extended to local billing rates for attorneys across 17 the spectrum. At the hearing, the bankruptcy court, in fact, 18 referred to other attorneys by name who billed at $800 an hour 19 and higher and concluded that Ms. March was not of their 20 caliber. On this record, its findings were not clearly 21 erroneous. 22 The Law Firm contends that the bankruptcy court abused its 23 discretion in reducing Ms. March’s hourly rate to her billing 24 rate in 2006, and that the antiquated hourly rate was not 25 commensurate with Ms. March’s experience and qualifications 26 eight years later. [27] 28 4 See Appendix A. [14] 1 The record shows, however, that the bankruptcy court did 2 not reduce Ms. March’s hourly rate to her 2006 billing rate. 3 It merely observed that, in its opinion, Ms. March’s hourly 4 rate significantly increased between 2006 and 2014, and that 5 the $800 hourly rate was not a rate approved by any client or 6 court. The bankruptcy court did not use Ms. March’s 2006 7 hourly rate as a benchmark in setting a reasonable hourly rate. 8 Rather, as stated, the reduction was based on its judgment of 9 the market value of Ms. March’s services in opposing and 10 appealing the consolidation, including the complexity of legal 11 work involved. 12 The Law Firm also argues that its uncontroverted evidence 13 - Ms. March’s declaration and the Billing Record - established 14 that Ms. March billed at $800 an hour. That may be so, but the 15 declaration was not dispositive on the question of whether the 16 rate was reasonable. That was a question committed solely to 17 the discretion of the bankruptcy court. 18 And, the movant, the Law Firm - not the Trustee and 19 certainly not the bankruptcy court - bore the burden of 20 producing satisfactory evidence that Ms. March’s $800 hourly 21 rate was the prevailing market rate in the Central District of 22 California, based on her experience, skill, and reputation in 23 the community. The Law Firm did not submit evidence showing, 24 for example, that in 2014, Ms. March billed at $800 an hour in 25 a bankruptcy case in the Central District of California and 26 that the hourly rate was approved by a client or the bankruptcy 27 court in any other case. Nor did the Law Firm produce expert 28 testimony or market data. Other evidence beyond the Law Firm’s [15] 1 self-selected evidence may have existed; but the Law Firm did 2 not present it to the bankruptcy court. 3 3. Nature of services rendered 4 The bankruptcy court found that a number of entries in the 5 Billing Record related to services that were noncompensable, 6 either because they were administrative in nature or part of an 7 attorney’s overhead. In support of this finding, it identified 8 a partial list of 33 time entries containing such services. It 9 highlighted such tasks that Ms. March billed at $800 an hour5 10 and tasks that the Associate billed at $400 an hour.6 11 The record supports the bankruptcy court’s findings. The 12 Billing Record is replete with entries involving tasks that 13 were administrative or paraprofessional in nature. Billing 14 these services at $800 or $400 an hour was not appropriate. 15 Perhaps the Law Firm does not have adequate secretarial or 16 paraprofessional support, leaving these types of tasks to 17 Ms. March and the Associate. Even if that were the case, the 18 Law Firm is expected to discount the rates or forgo collection, 19 commensurate with the level of skill required for the task at 20 hand. 21 The Law Firm contends that of the foregoing, only $896 was 22 clerical in nature; the remaining tasks, totaling $17,316, were 23 tasks that required an attorney’s knowledge and skill. We 24 disagree that only an attorney may prepare a form notice of 25 appeal or a proof of service, assemble the body of an appellate [5] 27 See Appendix B. 28 6 See Appendix C. [16] 1 brief, or attach exhibits. Many paraprofessionals do so, under 2 the supervision of an attorney; none of these activities 3 require a law degree or bar membership. The attorney, in any 4 event, cannot expect compensation for these types of tasks at 5 her typical hourly rate.7 6 4. Reasonable number of hours 7 In computing the lodestar amount, the court “must [also] 8 determine a reasonable number of hours for which the prevailing 9 party should be compensated.” Gonzalez, 729 F.3d at 1202 . In 10 this context, “reasonable” means “[t]he number of hours . . . 11 [which] could reasonably have been billed to a private client.” [12] Id. (citation omitted). Billing records, of course, may 13 include hours that could not reasonably be billed to a private 14 client, e.g., entries for hours that are “excessive, redundant, 15 or otherwise unnecessary.” Id. In such instances, the court 16 may exclude these hours under one of two methods: (1) 17 conducting an “hour-by-hour analysis of the fee request”; or 18 (2) making an across-the-board percentage cut[] either in the 19 number of hours claimed or in the final lodestar figure . . . 20 .” Id. (citation omitted). If the latter and the reduction is 21 greater than ten percent, the court must “set forth a concise [22] 23 7 And, that fees are not compensable for services clerical 24 in nature should be of no surprise to Ms. March or the Law Firm. In In re Stewart, 2008 WL 8462960 , at *3 (9th Cir. BAP 25 Mar. 14 , 2008), aff’d, 334 F. App’x 854 (9th Cir. 2009), the Law Firm appealed from the bankruptcy court’s reduction of fees 26 that the Law Firm incurred as chapter 13 counsel. Among other 27 things, the bankruptcy court’s reduction included fees incurred for clerical/secretarial tasks. This Panel affirmed the 28 bankruptcy court; and the Ninth Circuit affirmed the Panel. [17] 1 but clear explanation of its reasons for choosing a given 2 percentage reduction.” Id. at 1203. 3 Here, the bankruptcy court found that the Billing Record 4 contained entries that were “excessive, redundant, or otherwise 5 unnecessary.” It then stated that it calculated the reasonable 6 number of hours “[a]fter reviewing the charges reflected on 7 [the Billing Record], and assessing the tasks that were 8 actually necessarily performed for the benefit of creditors, 9 and eliminating any charges that the Court considered 10 excessive, redundant, unnecessary or otherwise not compensable 11 . . . .” Thus, it appears that the bankruptcy court engaged in 12 an hour-by-hour analysis of the requested fees. This was 13 within the bankruptcy court’s discretion. See Gonzalez, [14] 729 F.3d at 1203 . 15 The Law Firm argues that the bankruptcy court “fail[ed] to 16 identify any task done by [it] which was unnecessary to 17 preserve the estate.” It asserts “everything that [it] did 18 opposing the [consolidation] was necessary to obtain the result 19 of preserving that $2.6 million of corporation estate money.” 20 Id. at 14. 21 Noting that it had “extensive knowledge of the issues in 22 dispute in this case and [was] in an excellent position to 23 evaluate how long it should have taken [the Law Firm] to 24 perform the services,” the bankruptcy court found that the 25 Billing Record contained “entries for services rendered that 26 were not necessary to the benefit conferred and entries for 27 excessive amounts of time spent on services that would 28 otherwise be compensable.” In doing so, it pointed out the [18] 1 specific examples of extraneous and excessive time entries.8 2 The Billing Record confirms the bankruptcy court’s 3 findings. There are entries in which both Ms. March and the 4 Associate conducted legal research on the same date; the nature 5 of that research, however, is not detailed in relation to the 6 Associate. We also note other questionable entries, “lumped” 7 together with legitimate tasks, such as Ms. March: reviewing 8 the final fee order in the chapter 11 case; searching the 9 Waksberg individual bankruptcy case for the compromise motion; 10 and calendering deadlines. And, each time that a motion, 11 opposition, brief, order, and even the memorandum decision in 12 Waksberg I was filed or entered on the docket, Ms. March - at 13 $800 an hour - downloaded the document. We do not doubt that 14 the Law Firm actually spent the amount of time reflected in the 15 Billing Record. But, that there was a tangential connection to 16 the consolidation dispute did not render each and every time 17 entry “necessary” within the meaning of § 503(b)(1)(A). 18 What becomes apparent is the Law Firm’s all or nothing 19 approach to the fees requested. As plainly stated in its brief 20 and reiterated at oral argument, it seems to believe that once 21 the bankruptcy court determined that its efforts conferred a 22 benefit to the corporate estate and it filed an adequate 23 billing record, the bankruptcy court’s scrutiny should end. 24 This line of thinking, however, ignores the additional 25 considerations that the bankruptcy court was required to 26 undertake, including an evaluation of reasonableness and the [27] 28 8 See Appendix D. [19] 1 necessity of fees incurred. 2 Based on the foregoing, the bankruptcy court did not abuse 3 its discretion in the method undertaken to consider 4 reasonableness of the fees requested by the Law Firm. Nor, on 5 this record, can we find any basis for determining that it 6 abused its discretion in reducing those fees. We remain 7 mindful of the fact that this was not a typical fee application 8 for attorneys’ fees or even a prevailing party fee award; there 9 was the overlay of § 503(b), which dictated restraint in the 10 amount of fees allowed. See Nat’l Labor Relations Bd. v. Walsh 11 (In re Palau Corp.), 139 B.R. 942, 944 (9th Cir. BAP 1992) 12 (Section 503(b) is construed narrowly to keep fees and costs to 13 a minimum and to preserve limited estate assets for the benefit 14 of creditors). And, here, bankruptcy court oversight was 15 particularly important where no external client was reviewing 16 the fees and where the Law Firm’s efforts were on account of 17 its own administrative expense claim. 18 Given the clear inappropriateness of the Law Firm’s 19 billings in some areas, such as the attempt to exact premium 20 payment for clerical or paralegal work, and given the Law 21 Firm's failure to support its fee request with evidence of 22 reasonableness beyond the bare facts of self-determined rate 23 and self-directed hours on task, the record provides no basis 24 for a conclusion that the bankruptcy court abused its 25 discretion. 26 C. Whether the bankruptcy court harbored a “personal negative 27 opinion” of Ms. March such that it influenced the ruling. 28 The Law Firm contends that the bankruptcy court improperly [20] 1 injected its “personal negative opinion of Ms. March into its 2 decision.” The bankruptcy court’s statements at the hearing 3 and in its memorandum decision, while at times pointed, were 4 neither derisive nor personally hostile to Ms. March. 5 The Law Firm further asserts that the bankruptcy court’s 6 statements were unsupported based on the uncontroverted 7 evidence before it; namely, Ms. March’s declaration that, in 8 her opinion, she was “extremely highly qualified” as a Yale Law 9 School graduate, triple certified bankruptcy specialist, Rutter 10 author on California bankruptcy law, and a former bankruptcy 11 judge. It contends that the bankruptcy court’s statements, 12 thus, constituted a “judge acting as a witness,” in violation 13 of Federal Rule of Evidence 605. 14 The Law Firm is incorrect. Again, that Ms. March’s 15 declaration - based on her subjective belief of the value of 16 her services in this case – was uncontroverted did not make its 17 contents established fact. The bankruptcy court was not 18 required to accept this assertion without question. A judge’s 19 role fundamentally involves forming judgments and opinions; 20 that the bankruptcy court valued Ms. March’s services in this 21 case lower than did Ms. March did not violate Federal Rule of 22 Evidence 605. 23 Moreover, as stated, the bankruptcy court’s determination 24 here necessarily required an evaluation of Ms. March’s 25 experience, skill, and reputation as an attorney. This was not 26 a situation involving a pure question of law where the 27 bankruptcy court’s opinion on the value of Ms. March’s services 28 in the case would be out of place or inappropriate. At the [21] 1 time that the § 503(b) Motion was filed, the bankruptcy court 2 had presided over these bankruptcy cases for approximately 3 eight years. It possessed institutional knowledge of the cases 4 and of counsel; the basis for its opinion of the value of the 5 services rendered was not unfounded. 6 D. Fees incurred in preparing and litigating the § 503(b) 7 Motion. 8 Finally, the Law Firm argues that the bankruptcy court 9 abused its discretion in disregarding fees incurred in 10 preparing and litigating the § 503(b) Motion. It reiterates 11 that § 503(b) is a fee provision statute and, thus, it is 12 entitled to its fees in pursuing and defending the fee request. [13] 14 The bankruptcy court denied the Law Firm’s request for 15 fees incurred in preparing and litigating the § 503(b) Motion. 16 In doing so, it asked the Law Firm whether it had case 17 authority to support the additional $47,543.67 requested for 18 preparing the motion when it was a professional not employed by 19 the estate. After the Law Firm responded in the negative, the 20 bankruptcy court denied allowance of those fees. 21 The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in 22 denying an allowance of these fees. No authority exists for 23 allowing as an administrative expense a creditor law firm’s 24 fees in preparing a § 503(b)(1)(A) request. To the extent the 25 Law Firm relies on N. Sports, Inc. v. Knupfer (In re Wind N’ 26 Wave), 509 F.3d 938 (9th Cir. 2007), that case involved a 27 request under § 503(b)(4) and, thus, it is distinguishable in 28 that regard. In any event, it appears that the holding in [22] 1 In re Wind N’ Wave is subject to question following the United 2 States Supreme Court’s decision in Baker Botts L.L.P. v. ASARCO 3 LLC, 135 S.Ct. 2158 (2015) (holding that, in the absence of an 4 express statutory provision, an attorney is not entitled to 5 compensation for litigating a fee request). But, as it is not 6 necessary to our decision, we make no determination as to the 7 continuing validity of In re Wind N’ Wave in the wake of Baker 8 Botts. 9 What the Law Firm essentially seeks is an award based on 10 fee-shifting; that this is contrary to the American Rule in 11 litigation and impermissible under § 503(b)(1)(A) is clear. 12 The bankruptcy court’s decision not to allow these particular 13 fees is consistent with both the American Rule and Baker Botts, 14 which precludes fee-shifting in the absence of an express 15 statute so providing. 16 CONCLUSION 17 We AFFIRM the bankruptcy court. [23] 1 Appendix A 2 The bankruptcy court found that Ms. March: 3 • “[L]acked the judgment and advocacy skills” of an attorney 4 who billed at $800 an hour; 5 • Only began practicing bankruptcy law in 2002, after her 6 request for reappointment to the bankruptcy bench was 7 denied; 8 • Lacked the benefit of a mentor in bankruptcy law prior to 9 taking the bench; 10 • Submitted papers that were long, argumentative, and 11 difficult to read; 12 • During hearings in the case, “insult[ed]” and 13 “threaten[ed] the trier of fact” at the podium during oral 14 argument; 15 • “[L]ack[ed] the judgment to know when it would be in her 16 client’s best interest not to advance a particular 17 argument, objection or position”; and 18 • Was neither a nationally recognized bankruptcy expert nor 19 highly regarded by her peers or “the bankruptcy community 20 at large.” [24] 1 Appendix B 2 The bankruptcy court identified the following tasks, which 3 Ms. March billed at $800 an hour: 4 • Preparing a notice of appeal; 5 • Preparing the designation of record on appeal; 6 • Reviewing the table of contents, excerpts of record, and 7 the Law Firm’s opening brief; 8 • Preparing cover pages to the excepts of record; 9 • Preparing instructions for Federal Express retrieval and a 10 copy of the excerpts of record; 11 • Picking up documents and instructing the Associate on how 12 to file documents in the appeal; and 13 • Checking the excerpts of record cites in the Law Firm’s 14 reply brief. [25] 1 Appendix C 2 The bankruptcy court highlighted that the Associate billed $400 3 an hour for the following tasks: 4 • Preparing tables of contents and authorities to the Law 5 Firm’s opposition to consolidation; 6 • Efiling and serving the Law Firm’s opposition; 7 • Efiling the notice of appeal; 8 • Preparing a transcript order form; 9 • Preparing the notice of transcript and proof of service, 10 and efiling those documents; 11 • Preparing tables of contents and authorities to the motion 12 for stay pending appeal; 13 • Preparing a proof of service and efiling the motion for 14 stay pending appeal; 15 • Assembling an appendix to the motion for stay pending 16 appeal; 17 • Preparing a proof of service and efiling the motion for 18 stay pending appeal to the BAP; 19 • Preparing a proof of service and efiling supplement to 20 motion for stay pending appeal with the BAP; 21 • Preparing a proof of service and efiling the statement of 22 issues on appeal; 23 • Preparing a proof of service and efiling the designation 24 of record on appeal; 25 • Preparing a proof of service and efiling the Law Firm’s 26 reply to the motion for stay pending appeal; 27 • Assembling documents for the excerpts of record; 28 • Adding excerpt of record cites to the Law Firm’s opening [26] 1 brief; 2 • Cite checking the Law Firm’s opening brief; 3 • Preparing tables of contents and authorities to the Law 4 Firm’s opening brief; 5 • Preparing a proof of service and efiling the Law Firm’s 6 opening brief; 7 • Adding excerpts of record cites to the Law Firm’s reply 8 brief; 9 • Preparing a proof of service and efiling the Law Firm’s 10 reply brief; 11 • Finalizing the Law Firm’s bill of costs, and preparing a 12 proof of service and efiling the bill of costs; and 13 • Preparing a proof of service and efiling the Law Firm’s 14 reply to the Trustee’s opposition to the bill of costs. [27] 1 Appendix D 2 The bankruptcy court found that the following was extraneous or 3 excessive: 4 • 7 hours to prepare the motion for stay pending appeal to 5 the bankruptcy court, then an additional 5 hours to 6 prepare a substantively identical motion with the BAP; 7 • 34 hours to prepare the opening brief on appeal, which 8 advanced identical arguments as its opposition, in a 9 somewhat modified fashion; 10 • 22.5 hours to prepare the reply brief, which contained the 11 same arguments as the stay motion and opening brief; 12 • Significant charges for researching issues such as the 13 procedures in the Central District of California for 14 filing emergency motions, when such procedures were 15 clearly spelled out in the bankruptcy court’s local rules 16 and manual; 17 • “Multiple charges for preparing for oral arguments, which 18 it argued the same issues repeatedly”; 19 • Charges for “advancing the argument that the [T]rustee’s 20 conduct [could] be tortious, entitling it to compensation 21 under Reading v. Brown,” which “border[ed] on the 22 frivolous and should never have been included”; and 23 • Charges for preparation of a settlement offer to the 24 Trustee.