MARK E. LEWIS v. UNITED STATES.

BLACKBURNE-RIGSBY, Associate Judge: Following a bench trial, appellant Mark Lewis was convicted of second-degree theft and attempted threats. 1 The trial court found him guilty of stealing money from and later threatening a romantic acquaintance, Lavonda Brown. On appeal, appellant argues that there was insufficient evidence to sustain either of his convictions. Principally, he argues that his uttered words would not have reasonably caused Ms. Brown to fear “serious bodily harm,” which appellant claims is a re *1190 quired element of our misdemeanor threats offense, as opposed to just “bodily-harm.” He also argues that his theft conviction should be reversed because no one actually saw him take Ms. Brown’s money. We affirm appellant’s convictions and clarify that the crime of misdemeanor “threats to do bodily harm”.under D.C.Code § 22-407 . does not require proof that a defendant threatened “serious bodily harm.” Rather, all that is required is that the uttered “words were of such a nature as to convey fear of bodily harm or injury....” Joiner-Die v. United States, 899 A.2d 762, 764 (D.C.2006). 2 I. Factual Background On the night of March 13, 2014, appellant.slept at Ms. Brown’s apartment, located at 2900 14th Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C. Before going to sleep, Ms. Brown placed her wallet containing $736 underneath her pillow. The next morning, appellant woke up Ms. Brown because her friend, Conovia Eddie, was at the door. Ms. Brown greeted Ms. Eddie, and the two sat down on the couch in the living room to chat while appellant went back by himself into the bedroom, supposedly to watch a movie. A little later, appellant walked out of the bedroom and took out the trash and never came back. Approximately thirty to forty-five minutes later, Ms. Brown walked into her bedroom, observed her pillows in a state of disarray, and found her wallet underneath the bed with the money missing. ■ Panicked, Ms. Brown ran out of the apartment, saw a police officer, and reported that appellant had stolen her money. At trial, Ms, Brown explained that appellant knew that she had “hundreds” in her wallet after he saw her pay for carryout the night before the theft. Later, on March 20, 2014, Ms. Brown spoke with appellant on the phone about the missing money. During the call, Ms. Brown asked for her money back, and appellant in response denied taking it ánd threatened to hurt her, stating: “I didn’t take your money. • Stop playing with me, b* * * *. I’ll smack the s* * * out of you” and “[g]et you f* * *ed up.” The trial court credited Ms. Brown’s testimony as to both the theft and the threats, and found appellant guilty as charged. This appeal followed. II. Discussion A. Attempted Threats, Appellant’s primary argument is that the evidence was insufficient tq convict him of attempted threats because the charge requires proof that he threatened “serious bodily harm” and “not just any kind of harm.” In making this argument, appellant urges that this court define “ser *1191 ious bodily harm,” a phrase which has appeared in some of our previous cases in the threats context, 3 by looking to the definition of “serious bodily injury” that applies in the context of aggravated assault. 4 He claims that his statements did not meet this definition of “serious bodily harm” when he threatened to “smack the s* * * out” of Ms. Brown and “get [her] f* * *ed up.” We review this question de novo. Sutton v. United States, 988 A.2d 478, 482 (D.C.2010). Under D.C.Code § 22-407, it is a crime to utter or convey “threats to do bodily harm.” We have defined threats as requiring the following: “(1) that the defendant uttered words to another person; (2) that the words were of such a nature to cause the ordinary hearer reasonably to believe that the threatened-.harm would take place; and (3) that the defendant intended to utter the words as a threat.” In re S.W., 45 A.3d 151, 155 (D.C.2012) (emphasis added) (citations, internal quotation marks,- and brackets omitted); see also Joiner-Die, supra, 899 A.2d at 764 (same except for the.third element, which the court described as “the defendant intended to utter the words which constituted the threat”). In contrast, appellant relies on language found in Griffin v. United States, 861 A.2d 610, 615 (D.C.2004), and some' of our other cases, see supra note 3, where we have characterized the crime of misdemeanor threats as requiring that the uttered words (or conduct) convey fear of “serious bodily harm.” For example, To satisfy its burden [of proving threats], the government must present credible evidence: 1 1. That the defendant uttered words to another; 2. That these words were of such a nature as to convey fear of serious bodily harm of injury to the ordinary hearer; and 3. That the defendant intended to utter these words as a threat. Griffin, supra, 861 A.2d at 615 (emphasis added) (citations and footnotes omitted). Additionally, the current Criminal Jury Instructions define threats as causing a person to reasonably believe that he or she would be “seriously harmed:” Criminal Jury Instructions for the District of Columbia, No. 4.130 (5th ed. rev.2013). We are confident that usage of the phrase “serious bodily harm,” as opposed to just “bodily harm,” in some of our cases does not indicate a requirement of proof that a defendant threatened a particular degree or severity of injury. As far as we can tell, no case from this court has ever squarely considered whether the crime of threats requires proof of a threat to do bodily harm (of any type) or a threat to do serious bodily harm. It is well-established that “[t]he rule of stare decisis is never properly invoked unless in the decision put forward as precedent the judicial mind has been applied to and passéd upon the precise ques *1192 tion.” District of Columbia v. Sierra Club, 670 A.2d 354, 360 (D.C.1996) (quoting Murphy v. McCloud, 650 A.2d 202, 205 (D.C.1994)) (emphasis added). Consequently, because there is no case law deciding the issue raised by appellant and “[a] point of law merely assumed in an opinion, not discussed, is not authoritative,” this division has the authority to decide the question now without running afoul of M.A.P. v. Ryan, 285 A.2d 310, 312 (D.C.1971) (“[N]o division of this court will overrule a prior decision of this court_”). 5 Our threats statute does not mention the word “serious.” Because it is a well-established principle that the “definition of the elements of a criminal offense is entrusted to the legislature,” the absence of the word “serious” from our threats statute (since at least the 1967 codification, see Gurley v. United States, 308 A.2d 785, 787 (D.C.1973)) is a strong indicator that the legislature never intended to distinguish between threats to do “serious bodily harm” and threats to do “bodily harm.” See Hood v. United States, 28 A.3d 553, 559 (D.C.2011) (“Generally speaking, if the plain meaning of statutory language is clear and unambiguous and will not produce an absurd result, we will look no further.” (footnote and internal quotation marks omitted)). A further review of the case law supports this view. The government observes, and appellant does not dispute, that the “serious bodily harm” language seems to have first appeared in a footnote in a 1982 case, Campbell v. United States, 450 A.2d 428, 431 n. 5 (D.C.1982). In characterizing the crime of threats as requiring that the “words were of such a nature as to convey fear of serious bodily harm or injury to the ordinary hearer,” Campbell cites two sources: an earlier case, Gurley, and an earlier version of the Criminal Jury Instructions for the crime of “threats to do bodily harm,” see Criminal July Instructions for the District of Columbia, No. 4.17 (3d ed.1978). The court in Gurley, however, did not include any mention of “serious bodily harm” when defining the crime. See Gurley, supra, 308 A.2d at 787 (“All that the statute proscribes is a threat to do bodily harm.”). While the earlier version of the Criminal Jury Instructions admittedly did include the “serious bodily harm” language, the instructions include comments that make clear that the language was adapted from Postell v. United States, 282 A.2d 551 (D.C.1971), the first case interpreting our threats statute, which, like Gurley, did not mention “serious bodily harm” when defining the crime. Id. at 553 (“The gist of the crime is that the words used are of such a nature as to convey a menace or fear of bodily harm to the ordinary hearer.”). The “serious bodily harm” language appears to have been inadvertently added into some of our cases based on the following passage found in Postell. “[Wjhether under the circumstances the language used by appellant when heard by the ordinary person would be understood as being spoken not in jest, but as carrying the serious promise of bodily harm or death. ” Id. at 554 (emphasis added). However, what the court in Postell was speaking to when referencing the word “serious” was that the threat had to be seriously made (as opposed to a joke), not that the defendant needed to threaten serious bodily harm. Finally, while appellant claims that we should adopt the definition of “serious bod *1193 ily injury,” an element of our aggravated assault crime, see swpra note 4, for “serious bodily harm” in the threats -context, there is a compelling difference between an assault and a threat that counsels against reading “serious bodily harm” into our threats statute by incorporating the “serious bodily injury” definition. Our assault statute criminalizes violent physical behavior against another. See Mungo v. United States, 772 A.2d 240, 245 (D.C.2001). Ordinarily, it is relatively straightforward to prove the degree or amount of violence that a defendant has inflicted onto another and punish, him or her accordingly. 6 For example, to prove aggravated assault, the evidence must show that the victim suffered a “serious bodily injury,” defined as a “bodily injury that involves a substantial risk of death, unconsciousness, extreme physical pain, protracted and obvious disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of a.bodily member, organ or mental faculty.” Nixon, supra note 4, 730 A.2d at 149 (quoting D.C.Code § 22-4101(7), republished as D.CiCode § 22-3001(7)). Our threats statute, on the other hand, criminalizes speech that communicates to a •listener “a serious expression of an intent to commit an act of unlawful violence!.]” Virginia v.. Black, 538 U.S. 343, 359, 123 S.Ct. 1536, 155 L,Ed.2d 535 (2003). Applying the definition of “serious bodily injury” from the aggravated assault context in the threats context .is unworkable, because there would in many instances be no way to determine whether a threat conveyed “serious bodily harm” or just “bodily harm,” unlike the circumstances we confront in the . more objective assault context. 7 Even in the case at hand, it is unclear and possibly unknowable whether appellant’s statements, to Ms. Brown that he was going to smack the “s* * * ” out of her and get her “f* * *ed up” threatened “serious bodily harm,” under the definition appellant advocates (“[A] substantial risk of death, unconsciousness, extreme physical pain, protracted and obvious disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of a bodily member, organ or mental faculty.” Nixon, supra note 4, 730 A.2d at 149 (citations omitted)). 8 *1194 For these reasons, we hold that the crime of misdemeanor threats does not require proof that a defendant threatened “serious bodily harm,” as opposed to “bodily harm.’* ■ Usage of the phrase '“serious bodily harm” found in some of our case law and in the Criminal Jury Instructions does not impose a different burden of proof Rather, “our statements appear to be no more than particularly well-entrenched dicta, and we are not bound by them.” Buchanan v. United States, 32 A.3d 990, 1001-02 (D.C.2011) (citations, footnote, and internal quotation marks omitted). Appellant’s attempted threats conviction is thus affirmed. B. Second-Degree Theft Appellant next argues that his theft conviction should be reversed because no one actually saw him take the money. In reviewing appellant’s sufficiency claim, we “view the evidence in the light most favorable' to the government ...” Cannon v. United States, 838 A.2d 293, 296 (D.C.2004). In so doing,'“we do not draw any distinction between direct' and circumstantial evidence.” Id. at 297. To prove second-degree theft, the government must present evidence “(1) [that the defendant], wrongfully obtained the property [of another], (2) that at the time he obtained it, he specifically intended either to deprive [the owner] of a right to the property or a. benefit of the property or to take or make use of the property for himself ... without authority or right, and (3) that the property had some value.”' Nowlin v. United States, 782 A.2d 288, 291 (D.C.2001) (citations, internal quotation marks, and original brackets omitted). Here; the trial court credited Ms. Brown’s. account of the incident. Thus, even though no one directly observed appellant take-the money, the strong circumstantial evidence provided by Ms. Brown is sufficient to' prove appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See Graham v. United States, 12 A.3d 1159, 1163 (D.C.2011) (“We have repeatedly held that the testimony of one witness is sufficient to sustain á conviction.”). Specifically, Ms. Brown .testified that she had $736 in her wallet before she went to bed, and that she placed her wallet underneath her pillow for safekeeping; Appellant knew Ms. Brown had “hundreds” in her wallet after seeing her pay for carryout the night before. In the morning, Ms. Brown chatted with Ms. Eddie in the living room, while appellant retreated to the bédroom by himself for a significant period of time. After appellant left the apartment and never came back, Ms. Brown walked into her bedroom and noticed that her wallet was out of place, and that the money was missing. Taken together, the evidence established that appellant was the only person who had the opportunity and means to steal Ms. Brown’s money. And because the trial court credited Ms. Brown’s version of events, the court could have further inferred that the fact 'that appellant never came back to the apartment after throwing away the trash and later verbally threatened- Ms. Brown for bringing up the money evidenced his guilt. See, e.g., Ebron, supra note 7, 838 A.2d at 1148 (evidence of threats relevant to show consciousness of guilt). Accordingly, appellant’s theft conviction is affirmed. 9 *1195 III. Conclusion Based on the foregoing reasons, appellant’s convictions of second-degree theft and attempted threats are Affirmed. Footnotes [1] See D.C.Code §§ 22-3211, 3212(b) (2012 Repl.) and D.C.Code §§ 22-407, -1803 (2012 Repl.), respectively. [2] In full, Joiner-Die and some of our other cases state that the.crime of threats requires the government to prove "(1) [that] the defendant uttered words to another person; (2) that the words were of such a nature as to convey fear of bodily harm or injury to the ordinary hearer; and (3) that the defendant intended to utter the words which constituted the threat.” 899 A.2d at 764 (citing Evans v. United States, 779 A.2d 891, 894 (D.C.2001)). On January 26, 2015, the en banc court heard arguments on whether the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Elonis v. United States, — U.S. -, 135 S.Ct. 2001, 192 L.Ed.2d 1 (2015), which clarified the mens rea element of the federal threats statute, impacts the interpretation of the intent element of the District of Columbi(a's threats statute, D.C.Code § 22-407, which admittedly has been the subject of ambiguity for some years. See Carrell v. United States, 80 A,3d 163 (D.C.2013) vacated and en banc rehearing granted by No. 12-CM-523, 2015 WL 5725539, at *1 (June 15, 2015). While the pending en banc opinion will impact the mens rea of D.C.Code § 22-407, it will not impact our analysis of whether the crime of threats requires “serious bodily harm” or just "bodily harm,” which is a distinct element of the offense of threats not at issue in Carrell, [3] See Gray v. United States, 100 A.3d 129, 133 (D.C.2014) (explaining that .the ' offense of threats requires the words uttered "to convey fear of serious bodily harm or injury ,.. ”); Lewis v. United States, 95 A,3d. 1289, 1291 (D.C.2014) (same); Evans, supra note 2, 779 A.2d at 894 (same). [4] In the aggravated assault context, serious bodily injury is defined as a "bodily injury that involves a substantial risk of death, unconsciousness, extreme physical pain, protracted and obvious disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of a bodily member, organ or mental faculty.” Nixon v. United States, 730 A.2d 145, 149 (D.C.1999) (quoting D.C.Code § 22-4101(7), republished as D.C.Code § 22-3001(7) (2012 Repl.)), [5] For example, in Jones v. United States, 124 A.3d 127, 131 (D.C.2015), this court did not consider whether appellant’s similar threat to "smack the s[* * *] out of [the complainant]” constituted a threat to do "serious " bodily harm, as opposed to just bodily harm, even though it used the “serious bodily harm” formulation of the crime. [6] Simple assault is a misdemeanor and ordinarily requires proof that the defendant used unlawful force to cause "injury to another” or "attempt[ed] to cause injury with the present ability to do so.” Mungo, supra, 772 A.2d at 245. Felony assault, the intermediate level, allows for up to three years in prison' and requires proof that the assault caused "significant (but not grave) bodily injury.” Quintanilla v. United States, 62 A.3d 1261, 1263-64 (D.C.2013) (citation, footnote, and internal quotation marks omitted). Lastly, aggravated assault allows for up to ten years in prison and requires proof that the assault caused "serious bodily injury.” Id. at 1263 (citation, footnote, and internal quotation marks omitted). [7] For example, the defendant in Clark v. United States, 755 A.2d 1026, 1028 (D.C.2000), threatened a police officer by saying, “You won’t work anywhere after I tell the boys,” which the officer took to mean that the defendant would arrange for his "boys” "to do something to her so that she would be physically incapacitated from working.” In this context, there.is no way of knowing whether this threat by the defendant threatened "serious bodily harm.” Similarly, the same issue arises in the context of hand gestures conveyed' to another in a threatening fashion. Cf. Ebron v. United States, 838 A.2d 1140, 1151— 52 (D.C.2003) (appellant’s hand movement from, his "chin J;o his throat" was a threat towards a witness that was admissible to show 'consciousness of guilt). [8] In fact, we have avoided similar arguments previously made that "serious bodily harm” •should track the definition of “serious bodily injury” found in our aggravated assault cases. See, e.g., Jenkins v. United States, 902 A.2d 79, 86-87 n. 10 (D.C.2006) ("In using the phrase • ‘serious bodily harm’ ,. we did not necessarily mean that the threatened bodily harm had *1194 'to be as serious as we have subsequently required it to be in’ aggravated assault cases.”).'- [9] Relatedly, appellant also challenges the trial court’s decision to discredit his testimony-that he decided not to return to the apartment after taking out the -trash because he saw someone associated with a man who had previously shot him. .He claims that the trial court Was required to credit his testimony because Ms. Brown had "confirmed" appel *1195 lant's story when she testified that appellant had left her a voicemail about someone who came over to Ms. Brown’s apartment (Ms. Brown: "He was talking about the dude that came over. He said y’all good for each other”). We are unpersuaded by appellant’s argument that a voicemail about some unknown individual that appellant claims came over to Ms. Brown’s apartment corroborates his testimony. The trial court was not required to speculate, as appellant contends, and did not clearly err in not deciding, that the individual appellant claimed to have seen is the same person as the one referenced in the voicemail. See, e.g., Perez v. United States, 968 A.2d 39, 63 (D.C.2009) ("This court ... reviews the trial court’s [credibility] findings only for clear error.”).