The Matter of Tonawanda Seneca Nation v. Hon. Robert C. Noonan

*715 OPINION OF THE COURT Garcia, J. We are asked on this appeal to determine whether this CPLR article 78 proceeding was properly commenced in the Appellate Division. We hold that because the proceeding was brought against respondent Judge Robert Noonan in his capacity as a Surrogate’s Court Judge, the proceeding should have been commenced in Supreme Court. * This case involves a dispute over real and personal property subject to the terms of a will executed by a now-deceased member of petitioner Tonawanda Seneca Nation (the Nation). Respondent, a County Court and Surrogate’s Court Judge for Genesee County, presided over proceedings seeking to probate the will in Surrogate’s Court. The Nation commenced an article 78 proceeding in the Appellate Division, seeking to prohibit Judge Noonan or any future surrogate in the estate proceeding from, among other things, “exercising jurisdiction over lands within the Nation’s territory.” The Appellate Division dismissed the petition on jurisdictional grounds, determining that the proceeding must originate in Supreme Court because Judge Noonan’s position as Surrogate was not one listed in CPLR 506 (b) (1), which limits article 78 proceedings that may be commenced in the Appellate Division to those against Supreme Court Justices and County Court Judges (122 AD3d 1334 [4th Dept 2014]). The Nation argues that because Judge Noonan also serves as a County Court Judge, CPLR 506 (b) (1) requires that the proceeding be commenced in the Appellate Division. We reject this argument and hold that the determination of venue for an article 78 proceeding against a multi-bench judge turns on the capacity in which the judge was serving when taking the challenged action. Here, where Judge Noonan was acting as Surrogate with respect to the probate of the will, the Nation’s suit challenging those actions should have been brought in Supreme Court (see CPLR 7804 [b]). *716 The Nation cites to our decision in Matter of B. T. Prods. v Barr in arguing for a contrary result (see 44 NY2d 226 [1978]). That case is consistent with the conclusion we reach here. In B. T. Prods., petitioners challenged the actions of the respondent County Court Judge sitting as a local criminal court for purposes of issuing a search warrant, and brought the article 78 proceeding in the Appellate Division (id. at 234). We concluded that the respondent Judge was sitting as a local criminal court by application of CPL 10.10, which authorizes County Court Judges to sit as a local criminal court for “the limited purpose of dealing with preliminary matters in criminal proceedings,” and so the challenged conduct occurred as a result of his role as a County Court Judge (B. T. Prods. at 234). Accordingly, we held that jurisdiction in the Appellate Division was proper because the respondent Judge was “nonetheless still a County Court Judge [and] . . . his power to sit as a local criminal court [was] derived from his position as a County Court Judge and . . . [was] part of his authority as a County Court Judge” (id.). Here, Judge Noonan’s power to sit as a Surrogate is neither derived from his position nor a part of his authority as a County Court Judge, nor is his power as a Surrogate limited in any respect. Under Judiciary Law § 184 (2), a County Judge “shall be and serve as judge of the surrogate’s court,” and Judge Noonan was elected as “County Judge and Surrogate.” Further, under section 2603 (2) of the Surrogate’s Court Procedure Act, “[w]here the county judge is also a judge of the surrogate’s court he [or she] shall be designated as such without any addition referring to his [or her] office as county judge.” Accordingly, Judge Noonan has the full authority of both a Surrogate and a County Court Judge and this proceeding was brought against him based on his role as a Surrogate. The legislative history of CPLR 506 (b) (1) supports our reading of that statute’s application. When County Court Judges were included as officials against whom proceedings must be commenced in the Appellate Division, the memorandum in support expressed concern over having a judge “whose principal judicial duties are civil . . . review the action of a colleague . . . whose principal duties are criminal” (Mem of St District Attorneys Assn, L 1957, ch 979, 1957 NY Legis Ann at 46). Such a concern was relevant in B. T. Prods., where under such circumstances a County Court Judge’s actions in a criminal case otherwise might have been reviewed by those whose principal duties are civil, but is not present with respect to a *717 County Court Judge who may also serve as a Surrogate’s Court or Family Court Judge. Nor is there a concern here about having Supreme Court Justices review the decisions of their peer judges — under this holding, review by the Supreme Court only occurs where the challenged decision is made by a judge not serving in the capacity of a Supreme or County Court Judge. Moreover, this approach is consistent with the intent to limit proceedings that are commenced in the Appellate Division that is evident from the legislative history (L 1937, ch 526; 3d Ann Rep of NY Jud Council, 1937 NY Legis Doc No. 48 at 178, 183). Venue for an article 78 proceeding against a multi-bench judge is determined by the capacity in which that judge was serving when the action that is challenged was taken. Respondent in this case was a Surrogate’s Court Judge, acting as such in probating the will at issue, and the proceeding should have been brought in Supreme Court. Accordingly, the order should be affirmed, with costs. Chief Judge DiFiore and Judges Pigott, Rivera, Abdus-Salaam and Stein concur; Judge Fahey taking no part. Order affirmed, with costs. Footnotes [*] We reject the arguments that the matter is moot because we agree with the Nation that “enduring consequences potentially flow” from Judge Noonan’s orders (Matter of Bickwid v Deutsch, 87 NY2d 862, 863 [1995]).