The Coca-Cola Bottling Company v. Wood

Holt, J. Appellee, Alice Wood, recovered judgment for $1,000 against appellant, in the White circuit court, to compensate damages alleged to have been sustained by drinking a portion of a bottle of Coca-Cola, bottled by appellant, which contained a rusty and corroded Coca-Cola bottle cap. The acts of negligence set out in her complaint are: “That the said plaintiff drank practically all of the contents of the said bottle of ‘ Coca-Cola’ that the contents of the said bottle were poisonous, unwholesome and unfit for human consumption in that it. contained a bottle cap which was rusty and corroded and from which all of the paint had been eaten away and which caused the said bottle of fluid to become poisonous and unfit for human use, and that the said plaintiff did not discover that the said bottle cap, so rusted, was in the said bottle until she had consumed practically all of the contents thereof. That the defendant was careless and negligent in the preparation of the said bottle of ‘Coca-Cola’ in that it permitted, the said bottle top, which was made of metal, with a cork filler and painted, to be-sealed in said bottle and sold for human consumption;, and that by reason of such carelessness and negligence,, the plaintiff became extremely sick and nervous and her system poisoned . . .” Appellant interposed a complete denial of all allegations of negligence. There are three assignments of error presented here:: 1. That the trial court erred in overruling appellant’s, motion to require appellee to file cost bond. 2. That the court erred in refusing to instruct the jury to find for the defendant because there- was no' substantial evidence-upon which a verdict of the jury could be based. 3. That the verdict is excessive. The view that we have taken of this case malíes it necessary for us to consider only the-second assignment.- The material facts, as disclosed by the record, stated in their most favorable light to appellee, substantially are: On October 18, 1936, appellee, in company with her husband, stopped at a filling station and while sitting; in their oar, drank abont three-fourths of a bottle of Coca-Cola. After drinking most of the contents of the bottle she discovered a crushed Coca-Cola cap •with a dark substance around it inside the bottle. Before drinking it she had been in good health. Some ten minutes after drinking same she became nauseated and nervous. They drove immediately to Beebe, Arkansas, where she was given an emetic which caused her to vomit several times. She remained in Beebe an hour or two and then proceeded to her home in Conway. Three of four days later she called her family physician and he prescribed for her and treated her from time to time at his office until she left Conway. She was unable to go to her husband’s place of business, a cleaning and pressing establishment, where she kept the books and assisted in waiting on the customers, for. a few days, during which time she kept the books at her home. Her doctor prescribed a soft diet for her which she has kept up more of less until the date of the trial. Her weight dropped from 145 pounds to 135 at the time of the trial, but was holding her own now and still suffers from pains in her stomach. The testimony of appellee’s husband was substantially the same as her own. Dr. Abington, who gave her an emetic at Beebe, which caused her to vomit several times, stated he knew nothing as to the cause of her condition except what she told him. Dr. Brook, appellee’s family physician, testified in substance that appellee had - previously been in good health; that she came to him several days after the occurrence complained of and he told her he didn’t know whether it was the Coca-Cola, the dinner she ate or Dr. Abington’s treatment, but that she was a pretty sick girl, and continued to be sick for some time after that; that he treated her until April or May and put her on a diet because she kept having’ a gastritic condition and pains; that she would talk to him by telephone and' come to the office and he would see her at her place of business and that he gave her anti-acids. Dr. Dunklin, on behalf of appellee, testified in response to a hypothetical question as follows: “Q. Dr. Dunklin, I will ask you to state to the jury whether or not, in your opinion, if a bottle of Coca-Cola had sealed up in that bottle a cap consisting of metal, cork and paint, the usual Coca-Cola top, and remaining therein for some time, if the liquid in the said bottle of Coca-Cola with the cap sealed therein is taken into the human stomach if it would cause gastritis or an irritation to the inner lining of the stomach? A- Yes. Q. Do you know of any case in which that has occurred? A. No, I can’t cite you specifically to a case.” The testimony is undisputed that there was no chemical analysis of that part of the Coca-Cola remaining in the bottle in question from which appellee drank. On behalf of appellant, the testimony of Dr. J. M. Kilbury was introduced, and he testified in substance that he was a chemist engaged in laboratory work, chemistry and pathology, or the study of diseases, in which he had been engaged for about twenty years; that he was also a licensed physician; that he conducted tests by breaking down Coca-Cola bottle caps, as well as other caps, so as to make a chemical analysis of same, which caps consisted .of the paint on them together with the iron, tin and cork in them; that iron is often given as a medicine and that an ordinary dose is three or four times as much as was found in one of these bottle caps; that the human body will absorb only a certain amount of iron,, any excess passing into the intestinal tract; that no harmful effects result from a.large dose of iron; that the amount of iron in a bottle cap taken into the human stomach would produce practically no effect; . . . that the bottle caps were dissolved by the use of acid and heat and the liquid content was fed to mice upon which it had no effect and that it would have produced practically the same effect on the mice that it would on a human being; that caps, both with paint and without paint, were placed in bottles and put in incubators which maintain a heat of about that of a human body and left ■'there two weeks; that in the case of the caps that had paint still on them.there was no substance in the Coca-Cola and in the ones from which the paint had been removed there was some tin that could be recovered, but that it was a very small amount, twenty to one hundred times less than a toxic dose and that in his opinion either of these Coca-Colas conld have been drunk by anyone . without any ill effects. Giving to the above testimony of appellee its strongest probative force, and ignoring appellant’s testimony, we hold that it is not sufficient to support a verdict for appellee, because there is no evidence disclosed by this record of a substantial nature upon which a verdict can be based. The contents left in the bottle of Coca-Cola in. question were never chemically analyzed and no one knows whether there were any harmful ingredients in these contents or not. To assume that there were .and such was the proximate cause of appellee’s injuries, would be the purest speculation and conjecture, and but a guess. It has long been the settled rule of this court that verdicts of juries cannot be based upon speculation and conjecture, or guess. In Russell v. St. Louis, S. W. Ry. Co., 113 Ark. 353, 168 S. W. 135, we said: “But conjecture and speculation, however plausible, cannot be permitted to supply the place of proof. St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Hempfling, 107 Ark. 476, 156 S. W. 171, and cases there cited.” In the recent case of Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Southeast Arkansas v. Bell, 194 Ark. 671, 109 S. W. 2d 115, this court said: “Proof of the fact that a fly was found in the bottle, and that flies do carry the germ of the disease from which • appellee is suffering, does not suffice to support the verdict. It is mere conjecture that the fly found in the bottle was a carrier of the germ and had communicated the disease to appellee. The only definite proof upon the contamination of the drink is to the effect that no parasites were found therein; and while it may be true that this' test was not conclusive, the fact is that it is the only testimony upon that issue of fact, and it is mere surmise and conjecture to. say that the portion of the drink consumed by appellee was in fact tainted and infected with a germ which caused the disease, while the remaining portions of the drink were not.” “Again in Lewis v. Jackson, 191 Ark. 102, 83 S. W. 2d 69, we said: “Giving to the testimony its strongest probative value will not supply matters not proved nor will, surmises be converted into verities. The proximate cause of tbe fatal accident cannot be determined. The verdict was possible.only by permitting, surmise and conjecture to supply facts incapable of proof. This was error. See Turner v. Hot Springs Street Railway Co., 189 Ark. 894, 75 S. W. 2d 675, and cases cited therein.” The rule is again well stated, in Turner v. Hot Springs Street Railway Co., 189 Ark. 896, 75 S. W. 2d 675, as follows: “In the recent case of National Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Hampton, ante p. 377, 72 S. W. 2d 543, we stated the applicable rule as follows: ‘It is the well-settled doctrine in this state that a jury’s verdict cannot be predicated upon conjecture and speculation,’ and continuing we adopted the rule as announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Patton v. Texas & Pacific Ry. Co., 179 U. S. 658, 21 S. Ct. 275, 45 L. Ed. 361 as follows: ‘It is not.sufficient for the employee to show that employer may have been guilty of negligence — the evidence must point to the fact that he was. And where .the testimony leaves-the matter uncertain, and shows that any one of half a dozen things may have brought about the injury, for some of which the employer is responsible and for some of which he is not, it is not for-the jury to guess between these half a dozen causes, and find that the negligence of the employer was the real cause, when there is not satisfactory foundation in the testimony for that conclusion.” And again in Hough v. Leech, 187 Ark. 719, 74 S. W. 2d 970, this court said: “Verdicts of juries must be based on evidence, must be supported by some substantial evidence, and not on mere speculation. ” As we view the record in this case when we give to the testimony on behalf of appellee its strongest probative force, the most that can be said is. that it raises the mere conjecture that the illness suffered by her and the pain and suffering therefrom might have resulted from the consumption of the Coca-Cola in question. The evidence in this case falls far short of the character of proof required to support a judgment for damages under the principles laid down in the foregoing cases. Our conclusion is that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct a verdict in favor of appellant, and since the case seems to have been fully developed it will be reversed and dismissed. Humphreys and Mehaefy, JJ., dissent.