Harrison v. Woodward

BURNETT, J. The determination of the controversy really turns upon the construction of a certain agreement between James E. Bell and A. Dalton Harrison, the parties of the first part, and John M. Seropian and George M. Seropian, the parties of the second part, executed on the twenty-third day of January, 1904. These parties were the owners of all but *17 two shares of the capital stock of a corporation engaged in the fruit business. It is not disputed that the corporation was indebted to various persons in a sum exceeding $135,000, and it appears that it was insolvent. The affairs of the concern were involved in litigation, and there was great dissension and bitterness between Bell and Harrison on the one hand and the Seropians on the other. To prevent a sacrifice of the property in a court of bankruptcy, and to effect a permanent settlement of their joint affairs, the said agreement was entered into by the terms of which the said Bell and Harrison were to pay all the debts of the corporation, provided the Seropians would contribute to its assets a fifteen thousand dollar mortgage on their Fresno ranch, and the former further covenanted to surrender to the latter all their interest in said corporation upon repayment to them of the sum of $110,000. An escrow arrangement was devised to accomplish the desired result. A satisfaction of said mortgage and also all of the capital stock of the corporation owned by the parties, properly indorsed so as to entitle it to be transferred on the books of the corporation, were deposited with O. J. Woodward, subject to the following conditions, to wit: “Said satisfaction of mortgage and all of said stock to be delivered to second parties, they having performed all of the terms and stipulations of this agreement by them to be performed, whenever within two years from the date thereof said first parties shall have been repaid, on account of their advances made and those to be made to said corporation as hereinbefore specified, the sum of one hundred and ten thousand dollars U. S. gold coin. ... It being a still further condition of such payment that said $40,000 and interest thereon be fully paid within six months from date hereof, . . . time being expressly made of the essence of this agreement and particularly of the escrow. ... In the event, however, such payments have not been made to said parties of the first part in the amount and at the times hereinbefore specified, and also in the event that parties of the second part have failed or neglected to perform any of the covenants, terms, conditions or stipulations on their part to be performed by this agreement, then all of said capital stock so deposited in escrow, and said satisfaction of mortgage shall be delivered *18 to parties of the first part, and said escrow shall thereupon be terminated. ’ ’ The method contemplated for the repayment to the said parties of the first part is shown in the following provision of the agreement: “It is further agreed that the parties of the first part shall have full charge of the liquidation of the affairs of said corporation of Seropian Bros. The parties of the first part shall proceed at once to sell in the name of said corporation, and shall sell as speedily as possible, at prevailing market prices, all fruits of said corporation; ... it being understood that the cash proceeds of the liquidation of the assets of said corporation, including therein proceeds of sales of any assets 'of said corporation which shall be made during such liquidation, shall be applied on account of said sum of $110,000.” It was further provided “that all reasonable and proper expenses connected with the liquidation of the affairs of said corporation, including the packing, seeding and stemming required by agreements with the California Raisin Growers’ Association, are to be taken from cash proceeds of liquidation before the application thereof to the payment of indebtedness of the corporation to the parties of the first part,” and that the parties of the first part “shall advance the sum of $3,500 to enable said corporation to complete its confirmation or purchase of raisins from the California Raisin Growers’ Association, which said advance shall be considered one of the expenses of the liquidation of the affairs of the corporation, to be paid together with interest thereon from the date thereof, at the rate of six per cent per annum to said parties of the first part, independent of said sum of $110,000.” On the ground that they had not been repaid the sum of $40,000 as prescribed', plaintiffs, after the expiration of the six months and the days of grace allowed, brought the action to recover a judgment directing the said O. J. Woodward to deliver to plaintiffs said documents held by him in escrow as aforesaid. Defendants denied “that all money received by plaintiffs from the sale of the assets of said corporation or from any proceeds of said liquidation was credited by plaintiffs on the said sum of $40,000 and interest thereon that was to be paid to them in accordance with the terms of said agreement, but allege that large sums of money far exceeding *19 the said sum of $40,000 and said interest thereon were received by said plaintiffs and not credited on said sum of $40,000 or on their accounts with defendants.” Defendants also filed a cross-complaint charging plaintiffs with inefficiency, want of diligence and criminal conspiracy in conjunction with their employees in their method of caring for the fruit and in selling the same and making collections therefor, whereby defendants were damaged in a sum exceeding $200,000. The conclusion of the court was in favor of plaintiffs upon all the material issues. The amount including the interest to be paid within the six months was the sum of $41,200, and the court found that to this account no more than $31,000 could be credited as payment. This finding is the subject of the principal controversy between the parties. Appellants insist that error was committed by the trial court in charging against this sum of $41,200, as expenses of liquidation, two items of $3,500 and $9,694.27. It seems that plaintiffs, about a week after the execution of said contract of January 23d, advanced the sum of $3,500 to “complete the confirmation” of the purchase of certain raisins pursuant to said contract, and on the same date they caused the corporation to execute and deliver a promissory note for $9,694.27 in favor of the First National Bank of Fresno. This note was also signed by the plaintiffs and was paid by them prior to the expiration of the term for the payment of the said sum of $41,200. Prior to the execution of the contract of January 23d the corporation, by George M. Seropian, acting president, entered into a contract for the purchase of a large quantity of raisins from the California Raisin Growers’ Association, agreeing to pay therefor $19,614, paying on account ten per cent of the purchase price. Certain lots of these were sold and paid for prior to said January 23d, and at that time $13,194.27 was the balance due on the purchase price. As before stated, it was a part of the contract of liquidation that plaintiffs should advance the said sum of $3,500 to close the transaction of purchase, it being understood by the plaintiffs and the Seropians that Woodward would advance on the security of the raisins taken over the balance of the purchase price. The association was in need of funds and was insisting upon the payment by the corporation of its indebtedness. *20 The association owed the corporation $6,075 for rent of the latter’s packing-house, and it had also agreed to pay the corporation a bonus of $3,375 on condition that the corporation keep its agreement as to the purchase of the raisins. Both these sums were likely to be lost if the purchase was not completed. Woodward refused to loan the $9,694 on the corporation ’s note to be secured by the raisins, but insisted upon the signatures, as joint makers, of Bell and Harrison. The note was thereupon executed upon the agreement of the association to waive all claim to the forfeiture of the said bonus of $3,375 and to pay at once the said rent of $6,075, then past due. This rent was applied to the paj^ment of one of the obligations of the corporation which plaintiffs had assumed under the said contract of January 23d. As stated by respondents: “In purchasing these raisins the corporation not only saved the ten per cent which it had already paid, but made an immediate collection of $6,075, and a few months later of the bonus of $3,375, and in addition realized later the full value of the raisins purchased. Not to have completed this transaction would have been most detrimental to the interests of the corporation, and had Bell and Harrison failed to do so in the face of their stipulation to make the $3,500 advance, the Seropians would certainly, and properly so, have been most severe in their denunciation of them.” Indeed, there can be no valid objection to the action of the plaintiffs in completing the purchase of the raisins. It was not only authorized by said contract of January 23 d, but it was clearly within the principles of ordinary prudence and fair dealing. Nor does it seem a matter of just complaint that the payment was made a short time before plaintiffs could be compelled by Woodward .to do so. They had a right to use their own judgment as to such details of the liquidation, and the trial court was justified in holding that they acted wisely and in the utmost good faith. The appellants, however, contend that the respondents having rendered a statement to the Seropians under date of July 12, 1904, showing at that date $29,171.60 to have been paid on the said $40,000 and interest, leaving a balance of $10,870.49 to be paid on or before August 8th, the said respondents could not by a subsequent application of expenses of liquidation reduce this balance. Appellants declare: *21 “There can be no question as to when or how the changes in the application of payments took place. The first occurred on July 14, 1904, and consisted in taking the sum of $3,500 and interest from the $29,171.60 already credited on the $40,000 account, and with it paying the account entitled ‘ Catton, Bell & Go. % C. R. G. Assoc. ’ This amount was then charged to the debit side of the account with the Seropians. The next change was made on July 21, 1904, when the further sum of $8,241.77 was deducted from the $29,171.60 already credited on the $40,000 account to pay the remainder of the account entitled ‘Bills Payable % C. R. G. A.’ This change of application was noted in the statement sent to the Seropians on July 21, 1904. These two changes in the application of payments already credited on another account aggregated $11,747.77. Adding to $31,000—the amount found by the court to have been paid on the $40,000 account—the said sum of $11,747.77 and the amount paid by the Seropians was $42,741.77, $1,541.77 in excess of the amount required.” The point is that the law does not permit such a change of the application of payments already made on account. (Wendt v. Ross, 33 Cal. 650; Cardinell v. O’Dowd, 43 Cal. 586; White v. Costigan, 138 Cal. 564, [72 Pac. 178]; Civ. Code, see. 1479, subd. 2.) The trial judge, in disposing of this contention, used the following language: “There is some claim as to the way in which the various charges and credits are made in reference to settlements with the raisin association. I do not understand the claim to be made now that the plaintiffs are not entitled to credit the amount they paid in confirming that sale. ... In determining how these credits and charges should be made, the defendants must consider the matter as simply between plaintiffs and the corporation without regard to the question whether the $40,000 was to be raised by a certain time. The charges should be made and the credits given just as they occurred. When the plaintiffs paid out money they paid it. Of course, that should be credited to them at that time. If they afterward got any money they would charge themselves with it, but only as of the time when they received it. The theory of the defendants seems to be that they should postpone any credits to themselves for payments because afterward they would be getting in more money. *22 That is not the proper theory of the ease at all. They should be charged and credited just as the transaction occurred.” The foregoing is the reasonable view, and is in accordance with the method contemplated by the parties. The stipulation to which we have already referred in relation to “all reasonable and proper expenses” of the liquidation cannot be construed as claimed by appellants. The parties themselves by their contract having established a rule of appropriation, effect, of course, must be given to it to the exclusion of any other. Again, the rule as to application of payments invoked by appellants is in force only between debtors and creditors. The parties here do not sustain that relation to each other. It is clear that no obligation was imposed upon the Seropians to make any payments whatever. They had the option to make sales and also from their own funds to supply any deficiency in the reimbursement of plaintiffs, but they were under no legal nor moral compulsion to do either. Under some circumstances, after reporting $29,000 as paid on the $40,000 account, plaintiffs would be estopped from reducing it by reason of expenditures subsequently entered, but estoppel is not pleaded nor does it appear that'appellants were misled to their prejudice. It cannot be said that at any time within the six months was there in the hands of the liquidators the sum of $40,000 after deducting the just and reasonable expenses of liquidation, and therefore under the provisions of the escrow agreement plaintiffs were entitled to the documents held by Woodward. Indeed, the evidence shows that on August 16, 1906, five months prior to January 23, 1907, the date of the final payment under the contract, the liquidators had received only the sum of $32,871.03, with the packing-houses as the only remaining asset—which it is stated by respondents and not disputed by appellants was sold in the summer of 1907 for $14,000. Thus it is seen how barren ultimately would be the victory of appellants if they should be upheld in their technical view of the application of payments on the $40,000 account. » Appellants are equally at fault in their contention that this is a proceeding to which the rule applies that equity will not lend itself actively to enforce a penalty or forfeiture or a *23 loss in the nature of a forfeiture. The principle upon which appellants rely is stated in 1 Pomeroy’s Equity Jurisprudence, section 459, as follows: “When will a court of equity by its decree actively enforce Or carry into effect a forfeiture % The general answer to this question is easy and clear. It is a well-settled and familiar doctrine that equity will not interfere on behalf of the party entitled thereto and enforce a forfeiture, but will leave him to his legal remedies, if any, even if the case be one in which no equitable relief would be given to the defaulting party against the forfeiture.” But the forfeiture which equity hesitates to enforce is what Blackstone defines as “a punishment annexed by law to some illegal act or negligence in the owner of lands, tenements or hereditaments, whereby he loses all his interest therein, and they become vested in the party injured as a recompense for the wrong which he alone or the public together with himself hath sustained.” (2 Blaekstone’s Commentaries, 269.) It implies a breach of duty on the part of the one losing his interest in the property. In the case here no obligation was imposed upon defendants to make any payment. They had simply an option to do so, which they failed to exercise. The action itself, while involving equitable principles, as it relates to the termination of a trust, has particular features that carry it beyond the ordinary range of equitable cognizance. Indeed, it is authorized by a special provision of the statute contained in section 3380 of the Civil Code that “Any person having the possession or control of a particular article of personal property of which he is not the owner may be compelled specifically to deliver it to the person entitled to its immediate possession.” There is no apparent reason why effect should not be given to this remedial measure, and since the evidence is clear that Woodward had in his possession these articles of personal property of which he was not the owner, and furthermore, that under the terms of the agreement of January 23d, plaintiffs had become entitled to the same, and it further appearing that there was nothing immoral, illegal or inequitable in the original transaction of January 23d, we have a proper case for the relief provided in said section 3380. In fact, Woodward was the only necessary party defendant, and he obviously could not refuse to deliver the papers *24 to plaintiffs on the ground that the latter were seeking to enforce a forfeiture, as that is no concern of his. He is indifferent as between the other parties, and he claims no interest in the property beyond the right to hold the possession until the happening of a certain contingency. The Seropians were made defendants that judgment concluding the trust and directing the delivery of the said documents to plaintiffs-might bind all and protect Woodward from further litigation of the question of fact as to whether said contingency had. occurred. It must be clear, therefore, that if we concede an element of forfeiture to be involved in the suit, it is not available as a defense to Woodward, it would not excuse him from delivering the papers to plaintiffs as he agreed, nor does it entitle the defendants to any affirmative relief, as that would be in violation of their contract with plaintiffs and opposed to the-well-established principle that equity will not aid those who> do not regard their covenants. The theory of appellants, therefore, leads to the conclusion that neither are they nor is Woodward entitled to the possession of the papers, but. that he should deliver them to plaintiffs. What has been said is perhaps a sufficient answer to appellants’ contention that there should have been, an allegation of the value of the property as is required in an action-in claim and delivery. Technically, this is neither such an action nor is it a proceeding for specific performance, but it is an action for specific delivery of personal property under a, title of the code providing for “Specific and Preventive Relief,” and the measure of the relief granted is found in the-provisions of chapter 1 of said title. Section 3380, as originally adopted, reads as follows: “Any person having the possession or control of a particular article of personal property of which he is not the owner may be compelled specifically to deliver it to the person entitled to its immediate possession in either of the following cases: (1) When the thing claimed" is held subject to an express trust in favor of the claimant; (2) when pecuniary compensation would not afford adequate relief for the loss of the thing claimed; and (3) when it would be extremely difficult to ascertain the actual damage caused by the loss.” It was amended by eliminating the-specification of the cases in which it was allowed. The pur *25 pose of the amendment undoubtedly was to enlarge its scope, although as it formerly stood it would have authorized this action, since the documents were held by Woodward “subject to an express trust.” The tendency, however, of legislation as well as of its construction by the courts is to enlarge the operation of remedial principles to promote justice and prevent wrongdoing. The boundaries of equity are being constantly extended to meet the demands of our complex civilization. As said by Chief Justice Puller in the ease of Union Pacific Ry. Co. v. Chicago etc. Ry. Co., 163 U. S. 564, [16 Sup. Ct. 1173] : “The jurisdiction of courts of equity to decree the specific performance of agreements is of very ancient date, and rests on the ground of the inadequacy and unfitness of the remedy at law. Its exercise prevents the intolerable travesty of justice involved in permitting parties to refuse performance of a contract at pleasure by electing to 'pay damages for the -breach. It must not be forgotten that in the increasing complexities of modern business relations all equitable remedies have necessarily and steadily been expanded, and no inflexible rule has been permitted to circumscribe them. As has been well said, equity has contrived its remedies ‘so that they shall correspond- both to the primary right of the injured party and to the wrong by which that right has been violated,’ and ‘has always preserved the elements of flexibility and expansiveness so that new ones may be invented or old ones modified in order to meet the requirements of every case and to satisfy the needs of a progressive social condition in which new primary rights and duties are constantly arising and new kinds of wrongs are constantly committed.’ (Pomeroy’s Equity Jurisprudence, sec. 111.) ” There is nothing in the statute, nor can any good reason be advanced, requiring the plaintiff in an action of this kind to allege the value of the property. It would be a strange defense for Woodward to urge that he was not required to execute his trust because the property was of no pecuniary value to plaintiffs, and the only purpose to be subserved by an allegation of value would be to recover it instead of the property itself if possession of the latter could not be obtained. But plaintiff is not required to allege anything more than to show that he is entitled to recover what the statute specifically authorizes—that is, the possession of the identi *26 cal thing detained. The position taken here by appellants is as destitute of merit as would be the contention that a plaintiff in an action of ejectment must allege the value of the real property in order to state a cause of action. The judgment and order denying the motion for a new trial are affirmed. Chipman, P. J., and Hart, J., concurred.