Botsford v. Eyraud

ANGELLOTTI, J. This is an action to quiet title. Defendants had judgment, and plaintiff appeals from such judgment and an order denying his motion for a new trial. The trial court found that plaintiff’s cause of action is barred by the provisions of sections 318 and 319 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The only point made by appellant upon this appeal' is that the evidence was insufficient to sustain these findings. The property in controversy is a block of land in the city of Bakersfield, described as block 269., and formerly known as “Block 2 N. R. 5 E.” Title thereto has been continuously claimed by defendants and their predecessors ever since April, 1882, under and by virtue of a written instrument executed at that time, purporting to convey the premises to Charles Lux. Lux conveyed a half-interest therein to Henry Miller. Miller and Lux, in the spring of 1883, inclosed the property, with other adjoining property held by them, constructing a substantial fence on the north, south, and west sides, which, with fences surrounding the remainder of the property held by them, entirely in *433 closed and protected the property in controversy. Until March 25, 1887, Miller and Lux continued to so hold possession of the property, claiming to own it as aforesaid. The evidence warrants the inference that during all of said time it was to some extent used for the cultivation of corn by a Chinaman, under lease from Miller and Lux. On March 25, 1887, Miller and Lux, for the expressed consideration of fifteen hundred dollars, executed a conveyance of this block to one Seidt. Seidt refused to allow the property to be further occupied by the Chinaman, and did not himself personally occupy it or do any work thereon for about a year. During all of this time it continued to be inclosed, with the other property of Miller and Lux, by the fence already spoken of,.but, so far as appears, was not used in any way. According to the plan of the city, the block was bounded on the east by 0 Street, which had never been opened. In the spring of the year 1888 Seidt removed the portions of the north and south fences that were on such street, and thus opened the street on the east side of the block. This left the east side of the block open, and he did not construct any fence on the east line. At the same time, however, he cleared some brush and trees from the land and leveled up a ditch running across it. He then constructed a dwelling-house on the block. The land, according to the map of the city, is laid off in eight lots, and this house was built on lot 4. Whether there was any map or plan showing such lots prior to November, 1888, does not appear. In November, 1888, he sold said lot 4 to defendant Smith, who resided thereon until the year 1901, when the house was destroyed by fire. The remainder of the property Seidt continued to use to the extent that town property purchased to hold and sell as town lots is ordinarily used, until he sold the remainder of the land in 1895. He grubbed out the block, cleared off the brush and trees, did something in connection with keeping up the fences, and had a man living on it for over a year. His grantees and their successors continued to treat the property in the same way, until finally several houses were constructed by them on the land. There was never any pretense of interference with such possession as was had by defendants and their predecessors until in the fall of 1901 this action was commenced. Defendants and their *434 grantors have paid all taxes levied on said property ever since the year 1882. These facts fully warranted the trial court in holding that there was such an adverse possession of the land by defendants’ predecessors for five years, commencing in the spring of 1883, as would bar plaintiff’s action. There can be no question that a sufficient adverse possession was initiated by Miller and Lux under a claim of title, founded on a written instrument, in the spring of 1883, and continued by them until March 25, 1887. Not only did the evidence warrant the trial court in holding that the block was cultivated and a crop of corn raised thereon every year by their tenant during the whole of said period (Code Civ. Proc., see. 323, subd. 1), but it was also during the whole of said time protected by a substantial inclosure. (Subdivision 2 of same section.) There is nothing in the point made by appellant that the particular land in controversy was not so protected, because it was not separately entirely inclosed by a fence, but was contained in an inclosure with.other lands on the east also held by Miller and Lux under claim of title. There could be no good reason for requiring the claimant to subdivide the land claimed, and make subinclosures therein, and no such requirement is evidenced by the statute. The precise point appears to have been decided against the contention of appellant in Hall v. Gittings, 2 Har. & J. (Md.) 380, and was not involved in any of the eases cited by him. It is of course true that the adverse possession must'be continuous for the full period of five years, and it is urged that the continuity was broken when Miller and Lux made the conveyance to Seidt on March 25, 1887, and Seidt did not for one year openly do any act indicating that he had taken physical possession of the land. It is said that by the mere making of such conveyance Miller and Lux entirely abandoned their possession, and that Seidt did not at once take possession, and that the running of 'the statute was therefore interrupted, and that it follows, under the well-settled rule as to the effect of an interruption of such possession, that the possession of the true owner constructively intervened and rendered all previous possession invalid. It must be borne in mind that during this year there was no visible abandonment of possession. The land in controversy continued to be protected with the lands on *435 the east still claimed by Miller and Lux, by a substantial inclosure. The notice as to an adverse claim to this land, and actual, open, and exclusive possession thereof by such adverse claimant, was the same in effect after as before the deed. Under the facts of this ease we are of the opinion that there was no interruption of the possession. The contention of plaintiff in this regard is based solely upon the execution of the deed by Miller and Lux to Seidt. There was not the slightest evidence of any intention on the part of Miller and Lux to abandon the actual possession held by them for four years, except in so far as their deed indicated their intention to yield that possession to their grantee for a valuable consideration. By such deed they simply transferred their claim of title and whatever right of possession they had to such grantee, and if actual possession of the land was not at once personally taken by Seidt under his deed, it continued to be held by Miller and Lux for him, and as his agents, for the land certainly continued to be openly and notoriously withheld from all others in the same manner that it had previously been withheld, and it is very clear that there was no intention on the part of Seidt to abandon the property he had purchased. No particular formality was necessary for the transfer of possession to Seidt or the taking of possession by him, and it was not essential to a continuance of the already inaugurated and maintained possession that he should at once personally go upon the land or perform any act of occupancy thereon. If his subsequent acts in regard to the property, taking into consideration the nature and condition of the property and the uses to which it was adapted, were such as to indicate a continuously existing intention to retain possession of the property, that fact, coupled with the fact of possession actually and notoriously withheld from all others except his grantors, is sufficient to show a continuance in him of the possession previously held under the claim of title by his grantors. There can be no question that, taking into consideration the nature and condition of this property, the uses to which it was adapted, and the purposes for which Seidt acquired it, the evidence warranted a conclusion that the subsequent conduct of Seidt was such as to show a continued existing intent to retain possession. *436 It is said in 1 Cyc., at page 1021, and the statement is amply sustained by authorities there cited: “Periods of vacancy incident to or occasioned by change of possession, or. by the substitution of one tenant for another, and which are not of longer duration than is reasonable, in view of the character of the land and the uses to which it is adapted and devoted, do not constitute interruptions of possession, destroying its continuity in legal contemplation, when there is no intention to abandon the possession. They are but incidents of that continuous possession which the land, inherently, and in relation to the manner of its use, admits of. ■This rule proceeds upon the theory that notwithstanding such interruptions of actual occupancy, there .is in fact no actual 'interruption of such acts of possession as the land is reasonably susceptible of. • There was ample evidence to warrant the court in holding that the adverse possession continued for the full period of five years. Whatever doubt there may be as to the precise ■time in the spring of 1888 when Seidt commenced doing work on and about the land, the evidence as to what was done by him in the way of opening 0 Street on the east side, clearing the land of its incumbent growth, leveling the ditch on the same and the construction of a house on a portion thereof, was sufficient to show, considering the nature of the property, a continuous adverse possession of the whole block, extending beyond the five years commencing with the “spring” of 1883. The judgment and order are affirmed. Shaw, J., and McFarland, J., concurred.