Wyatt v. the People

Mr. Justice Helm delivered the opinion of the court. Statutes such as section 384 of the Civil Code declaring that the judgment in contempt proceedings shall be “final and conclusive ” simply express a principle of the common law. This principle is decisive against the right of review-on the ground of mere error in the trial. It does not however preclude inquiry irfto the question of jurisdiction. If as a matter of fact the act complained of constituted no contempt, the court is without jurisdiction to find the party guilty, and its judgment will be set aside by the proper appellate tribunal. A like result also follows when, though the act may have been a contempt yet the judgment pronounced is wholly unauthorized. Rapalje on Contempts, sec. 155; Cooper v. The People, 13 Colo. 337; Thomas v. The People, 14 Colo. 254; Ex parte Grace, 12 Iowa, 208. Where imprisonment is being suffered, habeas corpus is the usual procedure for inquiry into the question of jurisdiction. And in Butler v. The People, 2 Colo. 295, a doubt was expressed concerning the power to investigate contempts by writ of error. But the íatter method of procedure possesses decided advantages over the former, and jurisdiction in cases pending on error for review is always a pertinent inquiry. In Cooper v. The People, supra, the subject was carefully considered and the writ of error sustained. The practice has been recognized in a number of other cases and may now be regarded as firmly established in this state. Hughes v. The People, 5 Colo. 436 ; Thomas v. The People, supra; Mullin v. The People, 15 Colo. 437. But whether the judgment ,in contempts be examined upon habeas corpus or by writ of *257 error, the inquiry is always limited to the single question of jurisdiction, and all other matters are carefully excluded. The jurisdiction of the court below in the case at bar is challenged upon both of the grounds above mentioned. Counsel for plaintiff in error strenuously contend, first, that no contempt was committed; and second, that the judgment had there been a contempt, was unwarranted by law. We proceed to consider these jurisdictional objections, reversing, however, in the discussion the order of their statement above. Wyatt was sentenced to both fine and imprisonment, the imprisonment not being conditional upon payment of the fine. But section 334 of the Civil Code, supra, limits the penalty to fine or imprisonment, forbidding the infliction of both as substantive punishments in the same case. It is conceded that we have no other statute upon the subject, and if the code provision be applicable, the court clearly exceeded its jurisdiction in pronouncing judgment. It was upon this ground that the supersedeas was allowed when the writ of error issued. The statute in question, as indicated, is a part of the Civil Code. This act is by its title expressly limited to procedure in civil actions. The inhibition of section 21, art. 5 of the constitution against embodying in acts subjects not clearly expressed by the title, forbids legislation in this act relating to criminal offenses or procedure. If, therefore, Wyatt’s alleged contempt be criminal, the provision in question is not applicable, and the judgment before us is valid since it would have been proper at the common law. 4 Black. Com. ch. 20. In New Orleans v. Steamship Co., 20 Wall. 387, it is declared without qualification that “contempt of court is a specific criminal offense; ” and that the judgment therein is “ a judgment in a criminal case.” This court in Teller v. The People, 7 Colo. 451, asserted that “ the imposition of fines and penalties in contempt proceedings pertains to criminal and not to civil jurisprudence.” And numerous eases may be found containing unqualified declarations of similar *258 import. Other opinions there are which, like that in Welch v. Barber, 52 Conn. 147, on the contrary clearly indicate that many of these proceedings are civil and not criminal. But while the apparent conflict of views cannot in all cases be reconciled, much of the inconsistency disappears if contempts be regarded as civil or criminal according to their nature and effect. This" distinction ■ is substantially recognized by Sir William Blackstoue, and may now be regarded as grafted upon the ancient law touching these offenses. Mr. Rapalje, in his work on Contempts at sec. 21, gives the best general definitions relating thereto we have found. He says : “ Civil contempts are those quasi contempts which consist in failing to do something which the contemnor is ordered by the court to do for the benefit or advantage of another party to the proceeding before the court; while criminal contempts are all those acts in disrespect of the court or its process, or which obstruct the administration of justice, or tend to bring the court into disrepute.” To the former class of contempts belong such acts as the disobedience of an injunction issued at the suit of a private party ; incidentally, the court may vindicate its authority, but the individual alone is interested in the enforcement of the order and usually institutes the contempt proceeding; formerly, the process whereby courts of chancery enforced all their decrees was in form and in name an attachment for- contempt. To the latter class of con-tempts belong such acts as. misconduct by attorneys or other officers, disobedience :of subpoenaes or' other process, disturbances or insolent behavior in the presence or immediate vicinity of the court, and the like. 4 Blackstone’s Com., chap. 20, supra; Phillips v. Welch, 11 Nevada, 187; Welch v. Barber, supra ; Crook v. The People, 16 Ills. 534; Ex parte Hardy, 68 Ala. 303 (dissenting opinion by Brickell, C. J.); In re Watson, 3 Lang. (N. Y.) 408; Hawley v. Bennett, 4 Paige, 163. The foregoing classification is not affected by the fact that the procedure is in most.instanc.es substantially the same whether the contempt be civil or criminal. Nor is the char *259 aeter of the contempt in this regard controlled by the character' of the court in which it occurs. For centuries courts clothed with civil jurisdiction only, have investigated and punished those contempts which are classified as criminal. It is to be observed also that the nature of the pending proceeding (as to whether it be civil or criminal), does not necessarily determine the nature in this particular of the contempt. In regarding a large proportion of the contempts of court as constituting criminal offenses, we do not decide that the summary proceeding by attachment is unconstitutional. It is true that section 8 of the Bill of Rights, after providing that felonies shall be proceeded against by indictment, declares that “ in all other cases offenses shall be prosecuted criminally by indictment or information.” And sections 16 and 23 of the same article guarantee a trial by jury in criminal prosecutions. But these constitutional provisions do not relate to contempt proceedings. Nor is the summary manner of punishing contempts inimical to section 25 of the Bill of Rights, which says that no one shall be deprived of “ liberty ” without “ due process of law.” The power to punish contempts is universally recognized as inherent in all superior courts, and this power is now generally accorded to inferior courts as well. The exercise of this power by summary attachment proceedings is as old as the common law; it antedates in the common law all constitutions and all statutes, even that of Magna Charta. Mr. Blacks tone says: “We find it actually exercised as early as the annals of our law extend, and though a very learned author seems inclinable to derive this process from the statute of Westm. 2, 13 Ed. I, c. 39, * * * yet he afterwards more justly concludes, that it is a part of the law of the land; and, as such, is confirmed by the statute of Magna Charta.” Book 4, Hammond’s Blackstone’s Com., p. 365. Both the right to punish contempts and the power to proceed in a summary manner are essential to the performance of the very functions for which courts are created. The learned author just men *260 tioned declares that they “ result from the first principles of judicial establishments, and must be an inseparable attendant upon every superior tribunal.” But if the proeeeeding for .contempt could only be instituted by indictment or information, and if the accused were entitled to a trial by jury, it is obvious that great difficulty and delay would be occasioned in the transaction- of ordinary judicial business, and the wise purpose of the power would in many instances be defeated. The framers of our constitution never intended to thus interfere with tl\e due and orderly administration of justice. It was not their purpose to have the procedure designated in the sections mentioned cover contempts of court, and thus give this class of offenses a status theretofore unknown in either the statutory or the common law. The constitutional guaranties apply to such acts as constitute violations of public and general laws. They leave contempts, which are simply acts in disobedience of judicial mandates or process or which tend to obstruct the dignified and effective administration of justice, to be dealt with in the summary manner theretofore universally followed. Upon this question, a few of the numerous authorities are subjoined: Rapalje on Con-tempts, secs. 10 and 112; 2 Bishop Crim. Law., sec. 268; Cooley’s Const. Lim., p. 390, note 3; Cooper v. The People, supra; State v. Becht, 23 Minn. 411; Ex parte Grace, supra; Gandy v. The State, 13 Neb. 445 ; Arnold v. Commonwealth, 80 Ky. 300; Neel v. State, 9 Ark. 259; State v. Matthews, 37 N. H. 450. , The contempt charged in the present case did not consist ;n disobedience of some writ or order for the benefit of a private litigant. Refusal to obey a command by the grand jury is. the act averred, and the contempt, if a contempt there be, is therefore criminal. It follows that the judgment pronounced was controlled by the common law, not by the code provision. We do not accept the suggestion that courts under like circumstances will, in criminal offenses of this kind, adopt .by analogy the penalty provided by statute for civil contempts. The judgment being valid, we must decide'this *261 branch of the question presented, against plaintiff in error; and contrary to our own preconceived impressions. It cannot be denied that there has been a seeming inconsistency in the practice of our courts whereby acts recognized in Teller v. The People, supra, as criminal have been adjudicated under a chapter relating exclusively to civil cases. But the foregoing conclusions justify this practice as to civil contempts and vindicate the usefulness of the statute in-question. For though the legislature cannot take away from courts created by the constitution the power to punish con-tempts, reasonable regulations by that body touching the exercise of this power will be regarded as binding. Hence; the code chapter is undoubtedly valid as to all civil contempts: We turn now to the second branch of the case. Did the acts with which Wyatt is charged constitute a contempt of court ? Constructive contempts — those not committed in the presence of the court — must of course in some regular and legitimate way be brought to the court’s knowledge; until this is done the process of attachment will not issue. In Pennsylvania it is held ■ that “ obstructing a magistrate in the execution of his office in an indictable offense.” Bowker v. Commonwealth, 12 S. & R. 175. And in Gandy v. The State, supra, it is said that such proceedings must be commenced by a sworn information. But the practice generally recognized throughout the United States, and according to Blackstone frequently followed in England, is for some proper official or interested party to set forth by affidavit the material facts relied on. A little contrariety of opinion exists as to whether the warrant of commitment or the order of court must recite the jurisdictional facts. But the overwhelming weight of authority in this country sustains the proposition that the affidavit upon which the proceeding for a constructive contempt is based must state facts which, if established, would constitute the offense; and that if the allegations of the affidavit are not sufficient in this respect, the courtis without jurisdiction to proceed. Rapalje on Con- *262 tempts, secs. 98, 94, and cases cited: Mullin v. The People, supra ; Thomas v. The People, supra; Cooper v. The People, supra; Wilson v. The Territory, 1 Wyo. 155; Ex parte Peck, 3 Blatch. (C. C.) 113; McConnell v. The State, 46 Ind. 98; Phillips v. Welch, 12 Nev. 158; Gandy v. The State, supra; Batchelder v. Moore, 43 Cala. 412. Some of the opinions above cited refer the authority for the affidavit to statutes similar to section 322 of our Civil Code. But the statute mentioned and others of like tenor are simply declaratory in this particular of what may fairly be termed the modern common law practice. And the rule concerning the materiality of the affidavit should prevail to the same extent in the absence of statute. There is now and then a case, like that of Ex parte Summers, 5 Iredell, 149, which seems to hold that in courts of superior jurisdiction the record need not disclose the grounds upon which the contempt is adjudged. But in Ex parte Summers an actual, not a constructive, contempt was .under consideration, and reliance was placed mainly upon English decisions; besides, the justice of having these grounds thus appear is considered and the practice strongly commended. The position of those authorities which hold that where the contempt is constructive the affidavit must show the offense, commends itself with irresistible force. A proper regard for the liberty of the citizen forbids the arrest of parties, upon criminal attachment charged with this kind of- contempts, without information under oath touching the precise character of the alleged offenses. While the grand jury in its deliberations acts to. some extent independently of the court, it is unquestionably an adjunct or appendage thereto. It has no power to adjudge contempts or to punish the same. The usual- mode of procedure where witnesses refuse to testify, or the legitimate action of the body is obstructed, is, unless otherwise provided by statute, to report the matter to the court and obtain an order in the premises; and it ■ is the disobedience of this order that constitutes the contempt. *263 - In the case at bar the alleged misconduct of Wyatt was brought to the knowledge of the court through an affidavit filed by the assistant prosecuting attorney. And the subsequent proceedings rest entirely upon that instrument as a foundation. But it is strenuously urged that this affidavit utterly fails to show any contempt on the part of Wyatt. We must therefore examine its contents. But a preliminary consideration first requires attention. We are told that grand juries cannot inspect premises or property wherein or in connection with which a crime is alleged to have been committed. The proposition is not without force when the action is sought to be taken in connection with private premises, or as to personal property of non-consenting private individuals. The official deliberations of the grand jury take place in the room or quarters provided for the purpose. Its action almost always rests upon the testimony of witnesses and papers and documents produced before it in response to subpoenas. It is very rare indeed that it desires as a body to examine the situs of an alleged criminal offense. And it is exceedingly difficult to find judicial declarations either admitting or denying its power of inspection in the absence of statute. But cases may arise wherein such inspections would greatly assist its investigations, and we are not prepared to deny the authority of courts to permit them under proper limitations. Some analogy may be said to exist in this regard between the action of grand and petit jurors, though the larger powers and greater independence of the former render this analogy imperfect. Inspection by the latter during the progress of trials, under proper circumstances and limitations, is now frequently permitted in civil cases, and the authority therefor is often declared by statute. But we are strongly of the opinion that the grand jury has no more right to visit premises for the purpose of official inspection upon its own motion than the petit jury. Such proceedings being unusu 1 and extraordinary must, unless otherwise provided by statute, first have the sanction of the *264 court. And as a matter of course there must be a careful compliance with the limitations and regulations prescribed in the order. The crime under investigation by the grand jury and thus connected with the case at bar, involved property belonging to the state. And in our judgment the state through its regularly authorized tribunal had the undoubted right to inquire into the circumstances relating thereto. The premises to which entrance was sought (the legislative halls) belonged to the state. Wyatt as the deputy secretary of state was simply the custodian for the state of these premises and the state’s property therein. He had no private interest or ownership in the property, nor "would admission to the legislative halls have been in any sense an invasion of his private premises. The fact that the secretary had given a bond and was required to account faithfully to the state in the end for his stewardship is of little significance. This bond might prove worthless- or insufficient protection. ’ But be that as it may, the protection thus given does not militate against the right to investigate a criminal offense against state property, and subject the guilty party to punishment as provided by law. Without intimating any conclusion concerning the legality or propriety of an order by the court commanding admission of a grand jury into the premises of a private citizen or the inspection of personal property belonging to a private citizen and in his custody, we do not hesitate to say in the case at bar: First, that the alleged crime involving property belonging to the state was a proper subject for investigation by the grand jury, and the court possessed authority to aid by legitimate orders the prosecution of such inquiry; second, that if necessary to a complete investigation, an inspection by the grand jury under an order of court of the furniture in the legislative halls was permissible; and third, that it was for the court, in .the exercise of a sound discretion, to determine the existence or non-existence of this necessity, and to grant or deny the order accordingly. *265 We are equally certain, however, of the correctness of the proposition already in effect suggested, that the grand jury had no authority whatever to demand an inspection of the premises or property upon its own motion. An order of court was an essential condition precedent. Wyatt could not be in contempt for disobeying a command which the grand jury had no right to give or power to enforce. It was essential, therefore, to the cause of action against him that the affidavit presented as its foundation should show both the existence of such an order of court and his disobedience thereof. But the affidavit before us is silent in these respects. It does not show that the grand jury obtained permission of the court to inspect the property, or that any order whatever was entered by the court commanding Wyatt to permit such inspection. Nor does it state any fact tending to show that Wyatt ever disobeyed an order of court. It does not specify the nature or grade of the offense under investigation by the grand jury, or even assert that the inspection was sought in connection with a criminal charge. For aught appearing in this affidavit, the grand jurors might have been endeavoring to view the property for the purpose of gratifying their idle curiosity. It is impossible to read the instrument without receiving the impression that its author regarded Wj'att’s refusal to obey the demands of the foreman as constituting a contempt subjecting him to punishment by the court. It is not necessary to consider whether this jurisdictional defect could be waived, or could be cured by answer or other subsequent proceeding; for certain it is that such waiver or correction did not here take place. The judgment, it is true, says that an order of court was disobeyed, and also that the grand jury was investigating a criminal offense. But this judgment was rendered upon the pleadings wherein no such order or its disobedience was alleged or admitted. The motion to quash the attachment expressly specified as a distinct ground that “a view and inspection of said property by said grand jury has never been ordered by this *266 court or any other court of competent jurisdiction, and such view and inspection is beyond the power and jurisdiction of said grand jury.” This motioir being overruled, Wyatt filed an answer which averred, inter alia, that the grand jury had never been directed by the court to inspect the property, and without such direction or order possessed no jurisdiction to do so. Also, that the grand jury was not considering any charge warranting investigation, and that the attachment proceeding was not based upon any official action of that body in reporting facts to the court. Nowhere in.the motion to quash or in the answer do we-find any admission that an order of court in the premises was made or disobeyed. There is absolutely nothing in the record, save the judgment, intimating the existence of this order. To say that such recitals in the judgment are sufficient, would be to nullify all attempts by appellate tribunals to inquire into the jurisdiction of the- court pronouncing the same. It would be to make, that court the sole arbiter as to what does or does not constitute a contempt, and render the judgment itself conclusive of this jurisdictional question. It will be observed that the present opinion intimates no view touching the right of a grand jury under an. order of court, in the absence of statute, to examine public records, documents or papers in the custody or under the control of designated officials. And we must not be understood as encouraging the annoyance in this way of official custodians of other .state property upon light or trivial pretexts. In this, as in many other instances, we must presume that the discretionary power lodged in the courts will be sparingly, cautiously and judiciously exercised. This opinion deals with an alleged constructive contempt. In view of its bearing upon the contempt chapter in the Civil Code, we deem it proper, however, to add a word with reference to “ actual ” contempts — those committed in the presence of the court. Whether the common law requires that the orders of court in this class of contempts shall recite the facts, it would obviously be improper for us now to deter *267 mine. But whatever may be the common law rule, a due regard for the rights of the accused strongly sanctions the propriety of such a course, and the proceeding would certainly not be vitiated thereby. We suggest the wisdom of a substantial compliance with the provision in this respect of section 322 of the Civil Code, though the contempt be criminal and therefore not within its purview. In re Summers, supra. In view of the foregoing conclusions, we must hold that a contempt was not shown in the present case, and hence that the judgment of the criminal court was entered without jurisdiction and is void.