Larensen v. Karp

Borden, J. This case involves a nighttime collision between the plaintiff’s motorcycle and the defendants’ automobile 1 on June 2,1974, at the intersection of Cottage Grove Road and Prospect Street in Bloomfield. The plaintiff appeals 2 from the judgment rendered on a verdict for the defendants, claiming that the trial court erred in two rulings on evidence. Cottage Grove Road runs generally east and west. Prospect Street intersects with it on its northerly side. On its southerly side there are three utility poles: pole No. 2215, which was located opposite the Prospect Street intersection and which had a street light on it; pole No. 2214, which was located approximately ninety-seven feet further east and which had no street light on it; and pole No. 2213, which was located approximately 210 feet further east from pole No. 2215 and which had a street light on it. The lights on poles No. 2215 and No. 2213 were on at the time of the accident. The collision took place as the plaintiff was traveling west on Cottage Grove Road and the defendant, traveling east on Cottage Grove Road, was making a left hand turn onto Prospect Street. The defendant operator claimed that he had his headlights on; that he stopped for about fifteen seconds in the center of the road before making his turn; that he did not see the plaintiffs motorcycle before the collision; and that the *230 motorcycle was traveling without headlights on. Both parties offered evidence on the issue of whether the plaintiff’s headlight was on or off at the time of the collision. The point of impact was located in the westbound lane of Cottage Grove Road, eighteen feet from the southerly curb, opposite pole No. 2215 and about six feet east of the intersection. A critical and hotly contested issue in the case was the visibility of the plaintiff’s motorcycle. I The plaintiff first claims that the court erred in permitting cross-examination of the plaintiff’s witness, Earl Flynn, beyond the scope of his direct examination. We disagree. On direct examination, Flynn, a consulting engineer hired by the plaintiff, testified as to the general conditions and topography of the area. His testimony included the locations of the utility poles, which of them had illumination and the daytime visibility in either direction from the intersection. On cross-examination he testified without objection to the type of illumination in the area. He then testified, over the plaintiff’s objection based on the scope of the direct examination, that pole No. 2215 had a dented eggshell-type reflector which created a shadowy area to the east, opposite pole No. 2214. 3 The trial court has broad discretion in determining whether cross-examination is beyond the scope of the direct examination. Gurecki v. Johnson, 175 Conn. 297, 298, 398 A.2d 311 (1978). Flynn’s testimony on direct examination included the location of and illumination on the utility poles, and the visibility in the area, albeit and ostensibly in the daytime. The principal issue in *231 the case, however, was nighttime, not daytime, visibility. It was within the court’s broad discretion to permit this inquiry into the effect on visibility of the illumination on pole No. 2215. II The plaintiff next argues that the court erred in admitting, on further cross-examination of Flynn, evidence of an out-of-court experiment at the scene of the accident on the issue of the visibility of the plaintiff’s motorcycle. Prior to the ruling, Flynn testified essentially as follows. On the night of April 12,1977, approximately three years after the accident, he visited the scene with the plaintiff’s counsel. He placed an unmanned motorcycle up against the fence, opposite pole No. 2214, off the traveled portion of and on the northerly side of Cottage Grove Road. The eggshell-type reflector on pole No. 2215 had a dent in it which increased the shadowy area to its east, which was the area opposite pole No. 2214, but he did not know if that dent had been there on June 2,1974. 4 He did not know the condition of the light on pole No. 2213 on June 2, 1974. There was no moonlight on the night of April 12, 1977, but he did not know whether there was moonlight on the night of June 2, 1974. There was no evidence offered prior to the testimony at issue that the motorcycle used in the experiment had the same kind of front reflectors as that of the plaintiff, or any such reflectors; or that it was of the same orange, metallic and black colors as that of the plaintiff, or of similar colors. Over the plaintiff’s objection that insufficient similarity of conditions had been shown, the defendants were permitted to elicit from Flynn that from a standing *232 position in the road about eighty feet west of the intersection he could not see the motorcycle. “To make evidence of experiments performed out of court admissible the conditions need not be identical but should be essentially similar, that is, similar in all those factors necessary to make the comparison a reasonably fair and accurate one.” Wray v. Fairfield Amusement Co., 126 Conn. 221, 225, 10 A.2d 600 (1940); McPheters v. Loomis, 125 Conn. 526, 536, 7 A.2d 437 (1939). We are mindful that the question of the similarity of conditions lies in the sound discretion of the trial judge, to be disturbed only in case of an abuse of that discretion. State v. Castagna, 170 Conn. 80, 90, 364 A.2d 200 (1976); State v. Vennard, 159 Conn. 385, 395, 270 A.2d 837 (1970), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 1011, 91 S. Ct. 576, 27 L. Ed. 2d 625 (1971). We are constrained, nonetheless, to conclude that the court erred in overruling the plaintiffs objection. The visibility of the plaintiffs motorcycle at and prior to the collision was a key issue and was seriously disputed in the case. The collision took place eighteen feet from the southerly curb of the road, in the westbound travel lane, six feet east of the intersection. It was between an automobile, which had stopped for fifteen seconds at the intersection with its headlights on and was turning left, and a moving, manned motorcycle traveling west on the highway. The experiment demonstrated the lack of visibility, from a standing position eighty feet west of the intersection, of an unmanned motorcycle leaning up against a fence off the travel portion of and on the northerly side of the road opposite an area made more shadowy by a dent in a reflector not shown to be present on the night of the accident. There was no showing that there was any similarity of the colors or reflecting ability of the experimental motorcycle, or that the amount of moonlight on the night of the experiment was comparable to that of the *233 night of the collision. Both Flynn and the motorcycle were stationary in the experiment and Flynn did not have the benefit of automobile headlights shining forward. Under these circumstances the conditions of the experiment on visibility were not sufficiently similar in those factors necessary to make the comparison to the conditions on the night of June 2, 1974, a reasonably fair and accurate one. Wray v. Fairfield Amusement Co., supra. There is error, the judgment is set aside and the case is remanded for a new trial. In this opinion Testo, J., concurred. Footnotes [1] The defendants were the operator and the owner of the automobile. [2] This appeal, originally filed in the Supreme Court, was transferred to this court. Public Acts, Spec. Sess., June, 1983, No. 83-29, § 2 (c). [3] The plaintiff did not raise here the objection that the condition of the reflector found by Flynn was not shown to be similar to its condition on the night of the accident. See footnote 4, infra. [4] The court had earlier sustained the plaintiff’s objection to Flynn’s testimony as to the visibility of the motorcycle because of an absence of evidence that the dent was also there on June 2,1974. The defendants made no subsequent effort to provide this evidence.