Doe D. Potts v. Dowdall

Gilpin, G. J., delivered the opinion of the court. The modern doctrine of estoppel, resulting from the covenant of warranty, as at present recognized and enforced in the courts of this country, may be said to be mainly of American growth. The ancient common law doctrine of warranty, finds its origin in the feudal constitution and tenures; and the obligation which they imposed, was created without any express covenant to that effect between the Lord of the fee and his vassal. By that constitution the Lord was bound to protect and defend the fee, which his vassal had derived from him; and in case he failed to do so, *376 and the vassal was evicted, the Lord was hound to give him another feud of equal value as a recompense or satisfaction for the one which he had lost. And this obligation descended upon the heir of the grantor, so long as he had any lands from his ancestor, to answer the claim of the vassal. And subsequently when a deed of feoffment accompanied the gift, the word of feoffment “ dedi” was construed to imply a warranty of the land; and sometimes, though it is supposed but rarely, the deed contained an express warranty of the estate. It is to these several kinds of warranty, and the doctrine of estoppel growing out of them, that the learning to be found in Lord Coke’s institutes properly applies. Covenants for title, as they are called, were unknown in his day. Lord Coke died in the year 1634. And these covenants, five in number,— of seizin, of right to convey, for quiet enjoyment, against incumbrances, and for further assurance, which were invented by Sir Orlando Bridgeman, during his practice, but after the death of Lord Coke, were probably introduced by him into use towards the close of the protectorate; for, Sir Orlando Bridgeman came to the bar in 1632, was appointed by Charles lion his restoration, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas in 1660, was made Lord Keeper of the Great Seal in 1667, and died in 1674. So that, it is quite clear, those covenants for title, invented at a time of insecurity and revolutionary change, came into general use in the mother country in the latter half of the seventeenth century, and that in fact they very soon became, in a great measure, a substitute for the old modes and forms of warranty, whether express or implied, and were brought over to this country by our English ancestors. They also brought over with them, another covenant of a mixed character analogous to the ancient express warranty, but more comprehensive in its scope, which in practice has become our great covenant for title. This is our covenant of warranty. Hvmvphres on Real Property. Bawle on Covenants for Title. *377 It is not my purpose to enter into the many refinements and subtilties which confuse and obscure the old law of warranty, rebutter and estoppel; nor shall I attempt to explain or reconcile the conflicting decisions on this subject, either ancient or modern. Lord Coke in commenting on the 667 Sec. of Litt. says, “ it is called an estoppel or conclusion, because a man’s own act or acceptance stoppeth or closeth up his mouth to allege or plead the truth, and Littleton’s case here proveth this description.” 2 Coke Litt. 352 a. Mr. Butler in his comments on this passage says, the reasons why estoppels are allowed seem to be these—“ no man ought to allege anything but the truth for his defence, and what he has alleged once is to be presumed true, and therefore he ought not to be contradicted ’’***** “ that some evidence should be allowed of so high and conclusive a nature as to admit of no contradictory proof,” note to Co. Litt. 352 a. Rawle on Covenants for Title, 319. In other words, it is but reasonable that a man should be estopped by his own deed to aver or prove anything contrary to that which he has once solemnly alleged under seal. And, although this doctrine has often been denounced as odious, and declared to be unworthy of recognition by the courts, yet it would seem, when properly understood, to be founded upon such principles of morality and justice as commend themselves to our best conscience. Because its proper application only debars the averment of the truth, in a case where such an averment would convict the party of a previous falsehood, and where to permit it. would be to allow him to deny a previous affirmation, upon the faith of which, other persons had been induced to deal with him. The very purpose and intent of the doctrine, when properly understood, is to prevent fraud and falsehood; and it only closes the mouth of a party, when to let him speak would be contrary to honesty and good conscience. Estoppels are said to be of two kinds—the one personal in its charac *378 ter, operating as a personal rebutter and preventing the grantor, and those claiming under him, from asserting title, or contradicting the intent and effect of his deed, which Lord Coke calls a “kind of estoppel;” the other, however, is of larger scope, for whilst it carries with it all the qualities and attributes of the former, it also possesses the additional function of operating an actual transfer'of an after acquired estate. “The interest when it accrues feeds the estoppels,” Doe v. Oliver et al. 5 M. & Ryl. 202 S. C. 2 Smith’s Leading Cases 417. Helps v. Hereford. 2 Barn. & Ald. 242. Shep. Touch. 204 (¿margin.) According to the doctrine of the English cases thelatter effect was confined to feoffments, fines, recoveries and leasee Eeither can mere grants, releases or quit claims be said to possess the high function of transferring an after acquired interest, bTor, indeed, were conveyances under the statute of uses, held to have this operation. But this doctrine when applied to deeds of bargain and sale, must be confined to that description of conveyance strictly and properly so defined, that is, to naked deeds of bargain and sale. For it is well settled by numerous authorities, that if it is manifest on the face of the con • veyance, either by recital, admission, covenantor in any other way, that the parties actually intended to convey and receive the identical estate and interest which is the subject matter purporting to be conveyed by the instrument, they shall be held estopped from denying the operation of the deed according to its manifest intent. Goodtitle v. Bailey, Cowper 559. Bensley v. Burdon, 2 Sim. & Stee. 524. Marchant v. Errington, 8 Scott 210. Anandale v. Harris, 2 P. Wm. 432. Sheely v, Wright, Willes Rep. 9. Trevivan v. Lawrence, 1 Salk. 276. Penrose v. Griffith, 4 Binn. 231. Denn v. Cornell, 3 Johns. Cases, 174. 8 Cow. 586. Carver v. Astor, 4 Peters 83-86. Root v. Crock, 7. Barr 380. Kinsman v. Lomis, 11 Ohio 478. Van Rensselaer v Kearney, 11 Howard. Bensley v. Burdon, was a case of recital in the deed of the grantor, that he was entitled to a remainder in fee expectant on the determina *379 tian of a life estate, when in fact he had no interest in the premises at the time, but afterward having acquired an estate for life in a part of them, he conveyed the same ! o the defendant, and it was held by the Vice Chancellor that the grantor having averred (by recital) in the deed that he was seized of a remainder in fee, he was estopped from setting up that he was not so seized at the time of the grant, and further that the estoppel .ran with the land and bound not only the grantor but all claiming under him. This judgment was afterward affirmed by the Lord Chancellor who put his decision on the ground that the recital of the interest of the grantor in the premises, was an averment of a particular fact by which the defendant was concluded. Marchant v. Errington was the case of a recital, and it recognizes the same principle, although the esloppel was held by Lord Tindall not to apply, for the reason that there was no privity in estate between the plaintiff and defendant Jackson ex dem. Munroe v. Parkhurst, et al. 9 Wend. 209, was a case of recital,and the decision accords with the cases just mentioned. The doctrine that a solemn recital or admission under seal concludes both parties and privies, seems to be fully sustained by the cases of Bowman v. Taylor 2 Ad. & Ell. 278. Lainson v. Tremere, 1 Ad. & Ell. 792. Hill v. Manchester & Salford Waterworks Co.,2 Barn. & Adol. 244. Inskeip v. Shield et al. 4 Harrington 345. Jefferson v. Howell, 1 Houston 183. Van Rensselaer v. Kearney, 11 Howard 325, and the cases of Bensley v. Burdon; Monroe v. Parkhurst et al. and Merchant v. Errington above cited. In the case of Fairbanks v. Williams, 7 Greenleaf 96, there was no covenant for title, properly so called, the covenant of the grantor being simply, that neither himself, his heirs or assigns would ever make any claim to the premises; and yet the court held that this covenant operated as an estoppel, not only upon the grantor, but upon all claiming under him, from setting up an after acquired title to the premises against the grantor or those in privity with him. I am aware that the case of Fairbanks v. Williams has *380 been shaken, if not overruled by Pike v. Galvin, 29 Maine 185 ; and yet upon principle, as well as authority, I think the former is the sounder decision of the two. That decision had been recognized as sound law in Maine and elsewhere for more than twenty years. It is in perfect harmony with principles well settled in the courts of.other Hew England States. It is cited and approved in White v. Patten, 24 Pick. 324, in Trull v. Eastman, 3 Metcalf 121, and in Van Rensselaer v. Kearney, 11 Howard 297. Mr. Rawle, the learned author of the treatise on the law of covenants for title, in his note on the case of Pike v. Galvin remarks that it is difficult to support the authority of this case upon the principles so well settled in Hew England. See also the dissenting opinion of Wells, J., published in 30 Maine. In the case of Trull v. Eastman the words of non-claim were substantially, if not literally, the same as those contained in Fairbanks v. Williams; and yet, the court held that they amounted to a covenant real running with the land, and were in effect a warranty that the grantor would not, and that his heirs and assigns should not, thereafter, claim the premises; and that, although the grantor or releasor had not then a present right, yet the subsequent acquisition of it, should inure to the use of the grantee. And the learned Judge who delivered the opinion of the Court, remarked, “there is nothing to the contrary in the case of Comstock v. Smith, 13 Pick. 116.” The case in 13 Pick. 116, is materially different from this, being in effect against and quit claim oí all “right, title, claim and demand” in and to the premises, and not of the land itself, or any particular estate in the land; and therefore, the warranty was held to be restricted in its scope, and to apply only to the estate and interest then vested in the grantor. The same general remarks apply with equal force to the case of Blanchard v. Brooks, 12 Pick. 67. That was a case in which the grantor bargained and sold all his right, title and interest, and the recitals show that in a part of the premises, he had but a contingent remainder, so that the extent of the estate and interest which he had in *381 the premises, was disclosed by the recital contained in the deed, and it was thus manifest that the conveyance was fully satisfied by applying the warranty to the then vested interest. And these cases, as well as others of their class, are clearly distinguishable from cases in which the grantor undertakes to convey the land itself, or the very estate which is the subject of the instrument of conveyance. It is certainly a matter of some difficulty to comprehend the wisdom of the distinction which is to be found in the books, between covenants and admission, which operating by way of personal rebutter, prevent the grantor and all others claiming under him, from setting up the after acquired title,—and covenants which operating by way of estoppel in the technical and absolute sense of that term, actually transfer the after acquired title. This distinction, however, so far as concerns the case now in hand, seems to be of no practical importance, as the result according to either theory, must be substantially the same. Because if it operates by way of personal rebutter, then the only person who has, as it were, a better title, is under such a legal disability as to preclude him from asserting his claim to the estate : and, in either case, the grantee, or person in whose favor the rebutter operates, is equally secured in his possession. But the safer doctrine, and that which, in our judgment, is fully sustained by the weight of the American authorities is, that the covenant of warranty operates as an estoppel in the absolute sense of that term, so as to transfer and pass the after acquired estate. The authorities are full and conclusive on this point. Where one who has no title conveys land with warranty, and afterward acquires title, and conveys to another, the second grantee is estopped to say that the grantor was not seized at the time of the first conveyance. And where both parties claim under the same person they are privies in estate, and can not, as such, deny the title of the grantor at the time of the first conveyance ; and the estoppel working upon the estate, binds both parties and privies. In the language of the court in the case of Douglass v. Scott, *382 “ the obligation created by the estoppel, not only binds the parties making it, but all persons privy to him ; the legal representatives of the party,—those who stand in his situation by act of law,—and all those who take his estate by contract stand in his stead, and subject to all the consequences which accrue to him. It adheres to the land, is transmitted with the estate, it becomes a muniment of title, and all , who afterward acquire, take it subject to the burden which the existence of the fact imposes on it.” Douglass v. Scott, 5 Ohio 198. Hill v. West, 8 Ohio 222. Lawry v. Williams, 1 Shep. 281. Murphy v. Burnett, 2 Murphy 251. White v. Patten, 24 Pick. 324. Green v. Clark, 13 Verm. 158. Massie v. Sebastian, 4 Bibb. 436. Ward v. Williard, 13 New Hampshi re389. Dudey v. Cadwell, 19 Connect. 227. Brown v. McCormick, 6 Watts 64. McCall v. Coover, 4 Watts v. Serg. 161. Root v. Crock. 7 Barr 380. Shaw v. Galbreath, 7 Barr 111. Bank of Utica v. Mercereau, 3 Barbour’s Ch. Reps. 567. French v. Spencer, 21 Howard 228. How let us advert to the facts of the case in hand, and see how far the principles just stated apply to them. Before doing so, however, it is hut proper to remark that the case stated presents the ease imperfectly and incorrectly. It is only by examining the terms of the deed itself, from Menough and wife to Dowdall, that we are enabled to arrive at a correct understanding of the case before us. By the case, as stated, Menough and wife are represented as conveying all their “ estate, right, title, interest, property, claim, and demand whatsoever” in the land,—merely this and nothing more, which would seem to make the case very similar to that of Comstock v. Smith, and other cases of that class. But this is not so, for when we examine the deed of Menough & wife to Dowdall, which is referred to, and thus made a part of the case stated, we find that they therein grant and convey the corpus of the thing, —the land itself,—as well as the estate and interest in the land. In the first place their deed to Dowdall recited that by virtue of a certain indenture of bargain and sale executed by Samuel Woolston, the said John Menough *383 “became lawfully seized in fee of and in a certain tract of land situate in the City of Wilmington, south side of Seventh Street, at the distance of eighteen feet from the southeast corner of Seventh and Madison Streets, containing within its bounds seven thousand two hundred and ninety square feet more or less.” Then follows the granting part of the deed in which the parties of the first part “ grant, bargain, sell, alien, enfeoff, release, convey, and confirm unto the said party of the second part (Dowdall,) and to his heirs and assigns, all that part of the above mentioned and aforesaid property or tract of land, bounded and described as follows, to wit: beginning, &c.” particularly describing the same by meets and bounds, “together with the buildings and improvements &c.,” “ and also, all the estate, right, title, interest, property, claim and demand whatsoever of them the said parties of the first part and their heirs.” “ To have and to hold the said lot or tract of land herein above described, with the buildings, improvements, hereditaments and premises, &c.” unto the party of the second part, his heirs and assigns forever. Then comes the following covenant. “ And the said John Menough for himself, his heirs, executors, and administrators doth covenant with the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, that he is lawfully seized in fee of the aforesaid and conveyed premises, and that they are free from all incumbrances, and that he has good right to sell and convey the same to the said party of the second part as aforesaid, and that he will, and that his heirs, executors and administrators shall, warrant and defend the same to the said Joseph Dowdall his heirs and assigns forever, against the lawful demands of all persons whomsover, claiming, or to claim, the same or any part thereof, by, from, or under them or any of them.” blow, as to the intention of the parties to the conveyance, did Menough intend to convey merely his right and title in the land be the same much, or little, or nothing, as the case might be ? Or did he not, rather, intend to convey the land itself, and the absolute estate and interest in *384 the land so as to vest the same in Dowdall in fee simple ? Dowdall certainly expected to obtain the fee. So that the parties intended to convey and receive, reciprocally, the very land, estate, and interest, which the deed purported to convey. The grantor recites that he is. seized in fee, he covenants that he is seized in fee, and he grants and conveys the land to Dowdall, in fee simple, by apt and sufficient words. Now as to the warranty. It is said that the terms of the warranty in this case, are not sufficiently comprehensive to estop the plaintiff, or to transfer the after acquired title. It is said that all the cases cited from the books in which it has been held that the after acquired title passed, are eases of general warranty, and that this is a special warranty. But how can this difference in the terms of the covenant effect the case before us. There seems to he no rule of law better settled in this country at the present day than that the estoppel working upon the estate hinds both parties and privies. It is true the grantor does not covenant to warrant and defend against all persons, or against a stranger claiming by title paramount; hut he does covenant to warrant and defend the conveyed premises against all persons claiming through or under him. William Potts, the plaintiff, claims as a purchaser at sheriff sale under a mortgage executed by Menough & wife to George W. and Thomas P. Hawley, subsequently to the conveyance to Dowdall. Standing, therefore, as he does, in the shoes of these mortgagees, he claims under Menough, and is a privy in estate. We are, therefore, of the opinion that he is estopped to deny the title of the defendant; and that Menough’s after acquired title passed to the defendant immediately upon the execution of the deed from William S. Boyd and wife. As the defendant has been in possession from the date of his deed, it is not material in this ease to consider the effect" of recording the several deeds referred to in the case stated. Let judgment be entered in favor of the defendant.