Brown v. Ragsdale Motor Co.

MacIntyre, J. This was an action for fraud and deceit. Steve Brown alleged in his petition that he purchased a Hudson automobile from the defendant; that he traded in his old car, was allowed $450 therefor, and gave notes for the balance, $744, payable $31 per month for 24 months; that at the time plaintiff bought the car the defendant falsely and fraudulently represented that it was new; that several months previously the defendant had sold the car to one W. G. Patton of Ben Hill, Georgia, and had turned back the speedometer so that the ear appeared to be new and not to have been driven at all; that the price of a new Hudson sedan, which plaintiff understood he was buying, was $1036, whereas as a second-hand car it was worth only $673.40, and the plaintiff was damaged in the sum of $362. “Plaintiff alleges that the said representations of the defendant Bagsdale Motor Company Incorporated, and of his said agent and servant, A1 Bagsdale, were false and fraudulent, and were made for the purpose of deceiving plaintiff and did actually deceive plaintiff, and by reason of said fraud and deceit practiced on plaintiff by the defendant Bagsdale Motor *729 >Co. Inc., and the aggravated nature of the wrong, plaintiff is entitled to punitive damages in the amount of $2000.” The answer in effect denied the essential allegations of the petition, and further stated that the car had only been driven from the freight depot to defendant’s place of business, and was in truth .a new car as represented; that the defendant had previously sold the car, which was black in color, to the said W. G. Patton, and had obtained a tag for it, but when Patton and his wife called for -the ear Mrs. Patton changed her mind as to the color, wanting instead a blue one, and the car in question was never moved from the salesroom by Patton or any one else, and the true mileage was revealed on the car’s speedometer; all of which was explained to the plaintiff and his counsel before the filing of this suit. The evidence for the plaintiff was in effect that the ear had been ■driven several thousand miles before it was sold to the plaintiff; that the speedometer had been turned back; that these facts were known to the defendant and unknown to the plaintiff; that the defendant knowingly and fraudulently represented to the plaintiff -that the car was brand new, and induced the plaintiff to enter into the contract to his damage. The defendant introduced the contract of sale which provided: “Said property is purchased solely ■on judgment of vendee without any warranty or representations from vendor except that the title is unencumbered. This contract .and said note, together with all stipulations and agreements therein, are to be construed together and they constitute the entire contract -of purchase and sale, of said property. All prior or contemporameous conditions and agreements are therein merged.” The judge directed a verdict for the defendant in the following language: “There being no repudiation of the contract set out in the plaintiff’s petition, and no offer to rescind, the court is of the opinion that the petition should be construed as standing on the contract, ■ and a verdict is hereby directed, in view of the introduction of the ■contract, for the defendant in the case.” “A material misrepresentation constituting actual fraud may give rise to an independent action in tort for deceit, to recover for ■damage thus occasioned.” (Italics ours.) Penn Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Taggart, supra. It might be well to bear in mind that the .action here is an affirmative one, in which the party against whom -the alleged fraud was committed was on the offensive, seeking re *730 dress by instituting a suit in tort occasioned by actual fraud. This is not a case where the injured party is merely attempting to defend himself against attack in a suit brought by the party who-made the misrepresentation. An independent affirmative action in tort based on fraudulent misrepresentations, in order to be actionable (furnish legal ground for an action), must be based on actual fraud. Code, § 105-302; Penn Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Taggart, supra. The petitioner (the injured party) before he can recover in such an action must show or prove, (1) that the defendant made the representations; (2) that at the time he knew they were-false (or what the law regards as the equivalent of knowledge);. (3) that he made them with the intention and purpose of deceiving the plaintiff; (4) that the plaintiff relied on such representations; (5) that the plaintiff sustained the alleged loss and damage-as the proximate result of their having been made. Young v. Hall, 4 Ga. 95, 98. "Fraud or duress, by which the consent of a party has been obtained to a contract of sale, renders the sale voidable at the election of the injured party.” Code, § 96-201. See, also, Code, § 20-502. Fraud ordinarily gives the injured party the right either to rescind the contract, or, by affirming the same, to claim damages. Barfield v. Farkas, 40 Ga. App. 559 (150 S. E. 600); Wright v. Zeigler, 70 Ga. 501 (5). One who commits an actual fraud which induces another to contract can not protect himself against answering for such fraud by any form of limitation which he may introduce in the terms of such fraudulent contract if the-contract is rescinded by the injured party. A collateral provision-in the contract that the buyer (the injured party) is acting on his-own judgment and is not relying on the representations of the seller, as is here made, is as much the offspring of the fraud as the-principal provisions of the contract, and the collateral as well as the principal provisions of such contract are voided and are of no-force or effect when the contract is rescinded for actual fraud. Beasley v. Huyett & Smith Co., 92 Ga. 273, 279 (18 S. E. 420). For the written contract of sale, as it relates to showing actual fraud, stands as if it had never been made, hence the buyer can not be affected by any of the provisions of the contract. In the case of the sale of an automobile, if the buyer is the defrauded party and elects to rescind, he must manifest his election-by distinctly communicating to the other party his intention to re *731 pudiate the contract; but still the contract is not rescinded until the buyer returns or offers to return the automobile and restore the other party to the position in which he was before the contract; and if the buyer (the injured party) has thus completed the re-scission the contract, whether oral or written, is voided, and none ■of its provisions are binding on the buyer. Thus, a provision such -as the one involved in the instant case would, after the rescission •of the contract, be of no force and effect. Tiffany on Sales, 121; Dove v. Roberts, 50 Ga. App. 321 (178 S. E. 169). And if the injured party alleges and proves the five elements necessary to maintain a suit in tort for deceit based on actual fraud as stated ■above, he can recover. However, in the instant case the buyer brings his independent action for deceit, and the retaining of the ■automobile and the asking of damages for the difference between its value as represented and the value as it actually was amounts •to an affirmance of the contract. Tiffany on Sales, 120. The buyer did not offer to return the automobile or restore the status ■quo. And, there being in this written contract a provision that "said property is purchased solely on judgment of vendee without ••-any warranty or representations from vendor except that the title is unencumbered. This contract and said note, together with all ■stipulations and agreements therein, are to be construed together ••and they constitute the entire contract of purchase and sale of said property. All prior or contemporaneous conditions and agreements ■are therein merged,” the buyer is bound by the statement that he did not rely on any representations of the defendant (the seller) but relied solely on his own judgment. Parol contemporaneous •evidence is inadmissible generally to contradict or vary the terms •of a valid written contract. Code, § 38-501; Floyd v. Woods, 110 Ga. 850 (36 S. E. 225). Thus, when the contract, with this provision therein, and duly signed by the buyer, was introduced, the ■evidence demanded a finding that the plaintiff did not rely on the representation of the defendant, and hence the fourth element nee•essary to sustain the action as stated above was not proved, and the buyer could not recover in such action. The judge did not err in directing the verdict for the defendant. Purser v. Rountree, 142 Ga. 836, 839 (83 S. E. 958); Manget v. Cunningham, 166 Ga. 71 (2) (142 S. E. 543); Tuttle v. Stovall, 134 Ga. 325 (67 S. E. 806, 20 Ann. Cas. 168) ; Wright v. Zeigler, supra; Barfield v. Farkas, *732 supra; Morgan v. Williams, 46 Ga. App. 774 (2) (169 S. E. 211). It was not error to admit in evidence the written contract of sale. In this action for deceit it was necessary to prove the sale-of the automobile. The bill of sale was the highest evidence of that fact, and although it was not set forth in the answer or in the-petition it was admissible for that purpose. Dye v. Wall, 6 Ga. 584, 587. Judgment affirmed. Broyles, C. J., concurs.