Karsner v. Commonwealth

Opinion op the Court by Drury, Commissioner Reversing. The appellant lias been here before; see 196 Ky. 560, 245 S. W. 155. His name is incorrectly spelled there, but we are now correcting that. About 3:00 p. m. Saturday, February 2, 1929, in the village of Monterey, in Owen county, he shot and killed Raymond Simpson. Two indictments for felony resulted. By No. 3202 he was charged with voluntary manslaughter, and by No. 3203 he was charged with a recidivistic offense of carrying concealed a deadly weapon. Upon this trial under No. 3202 he was found guilty and his punishment fixed at two years in the penitentiary. As one of his contentions is that he was entitled to a peremptory instruction we shall give a short statement of the facts. Slayer and slain had been neighbors and friends. Not long before this homicide Karsner had bought some tobacco and had taken it to Lexington and delivered it to some loose-leaf warehouse for sale. *712 Simpson saw the tobacco there and bought it from Karsner at a price that gave Karsner a small profit. When market day arrived and the tobacco was sold it failed to bring as much as Simpson had paid for it and Karsner twitted him. On the day of this homicide Simpson was in Monterey and was drinking. Karsner had come to mill, and, while waiting for his grinding, was walking about the village buying some- household supplies. Simpson was engaged in a conversation with some men, and, as Karsner came along, Simpson hailed Karsner, turned to him, laid his hand on his shoulder and said: “What’s the matter with your lips? Bramble will fix them up for you all right.” Thus referring to a difficulty between Bramble and Karsner, some mention of which is contained in the old case. Simpson’s language to Karsner soon became grossly abusive and insulting. His mother came up and pleaded with Simpson to go home. He refused. Karsner said to him, “I have a wife and six children and I do not want any trouble.” Karsner backed away, Simpson followed him and with his right hand grabbed him by the lapel of his coat, so some say, others that he grabbed Karsner by the collar and began choking him, then Karsner threw his left hand behind the neck of Simpson and drew him to him; Karsner says he did this to relieve the pressure on his throat. The insulting and abusive nature of Simpson’s language became more so, if that is possible for such language. Karsner backed out into the street, Simpson followed, neither released his hold upon the other. Simpson saw a pistol in Karsner’s pocket and said “that-gun you have, this is one time it will do you no good.” The two men struggled for possession of the pistol, Karsner got the better hold upon it, he thrust it against Simpson’s left side and fired. Upon these facts reasonable men might differ, whether this killing was excusable or not, the question was properly submitted to the jury, and, if the court did not err in his rulings on the evidence and the conduct of .counsel for the commonwealth, it should be affirmed. We shall now state these matters, but shall preface that statement by saying that Karsner by his counsel objected to all of it, and, when his objections were overruled, excepted to the ruling. *713 The Evidence Complained oe. Karsner was asked on cross-examination if on the day following the homicide, when he surrendered to the authorities, he or his brother A1 Karsner, in defendant’s presence, had not asked the county judge to give him a permit to carry a pistol, to date it back to a date prior to the shooting, and had told the county judge that a good lawyer had advised that he could issue such a permit. Karsner denied remembering this. The county judge testified that in substance such a request and statement was made by either Karsner or his brother, in Karsner’s presence. The commonwealth asked Karsner about a conversation with Nelse Cunningham one day some time after the homicide while he was leading a cow, and asked Karsner this: “I will ask you if during your conversation with Mr. Nelse Cunningham at the time you had that cow there on the road, if, during your conversation, that Mr. Nelse Cunningham asked you how it felt when you killed a man, you responded to him that you felt no more about it than to shoot a cow?” Karsner answered: “Not that way. Mr. Cunningham came out as I was coming along with the cow, he stopped and was talking to me. The cow was hot, it was hot weather, been driving the cow from John Boner’s up in Franklin County. He came out and said, ‘Hub, how does a man feel when he kills a man?’ I said, ‘I don’t know, Mr. Cunningham, I never killed a man.’ He said, ‘You killed Baymond Simpson.’ I said*, ‘No, sir, I shot him, he died later.’ ‘Well,’ he said, ‘that is the same thing,’ I said, ‘Absolutely not, Mr. Cunningham.’ That was the statement.” The date of this conversation was August or September. This is taken from the evidence of Cunningham: “ You asked him how a man felt who had shot another, and if he did say in substance, ‘In a way, no more than shooting that cow?’ Yes, sir.” We shall first refer to the latter conversation. The purpose of the commonwealth in introducing this was to induce the jury to believe Karsner was utterly devoid of proper feeling for his fellow man, and to evidence malice. Such expressions as this, introduced to show callosity of heart as bearing on question of malice, are often admitted against a defendant. See 30 C. J. 159', sec. 375. It would seem, however, they must have been made within a reasonable time after the killing, for exam- *714 pie here are some instances when such have been admitted, and we have followed these citations with a brief statement of the intervening time: Duncan v. Commonwealth, 12 S. W. 673, 11 Ky. Law Rep. 620 (2 hours); Howard v. Commonwealth, 227 Ky. 142, 12 S. W. (2d) 324 (just a few minutes); Maddox v. State, 159 Ala. 53, 48 So. 689, (20 minutes); Morris v. State, 146 Ala. 66, 41 So. 274 (10 minutes); Henderson v. State, 70 Ala. 29 (6 minutes); Taggart v. Commonwealth, 104 Ky. 301, 46 S. W. 674, 20 Ky. Law Rep. 493 (shortly after the killing); Smith v. State, 183 Ala. 10, 62 So. 864 (10 minutes); State v. Poole, 156 La. 434, 100 So. 613 (60 minutes); State v. Adams, 128 Wash. 419, 223 P. 9 (immediately); People v. Brown, 62 Cal. App. 96, 216 P. 411 (shortly after the shooting); Kilpatrick v. State, 213 Ala. 358, 104 So. 656 (a few minutes after the shooting); State v. Messervey, 105 S. C. 254, 89 S. E. 662 (before victim was buried); Brown v. State, 149 Ark. 588, 233 S. W. 762 (when body of victim was picked up); Ballentine v. State. 169 Ark. 871, 276 S. W. 1002 (when accused was arrested); McManus v. State, 36 Ala. 285 (30 minutes); State v. Albanes, 109 Me. 199, 83 A. 548 (24 hours); Bowman v. U. S., 59 App. D. C. 90, 267 F. 648 (night after the homicide). The last two cases are the longest spaces of intervening time between the homicide and the making of the admitted remark, we have found; except the domestic case of May v. Commonwealth, 153 Ky. 141, 154 S. W. 1074. In that case five conversations are detailed in the evidence, all of which come within the scope of the question under consideration. The court in stating the evidence against May sets out these statements, but nothing further is said about them in that opinion. We have examined that record and have read the evidence in that case as well as the briefs, and we find there was no objection to this evidence at any time or attack made upon it further than an attack upon the reputation of the witness Speed Bryant. Thus there was no occasion in that case for the court to pass upon the admissibility of such evidence, and from an examination of the opinion it will be seen the court did not do so, and that opinion is of no help in passing on the question before us. Such statements are admitted as bearing on the question of malice. The guilt or innocence of Karsner is to be measured by the appearances to him at the time of the shooting and his good faith belief then in the necessity therefor, in the exercise of a *715 reasonable judgment. Evidence of malice then entertained by Karsner would be admissible, and his statements showing callosity of heart then or shortly thereafter made would be competent evidence, but it would seem that such remarks to be admissible must be shown to have been made within a reasonable proximity to the homicide; and this remark made more than six months after this homicide, if made at all, was certainly entirely without all possible range of admissibility. Mr. Wigmore, in his work on evidence, vol. 1, sec. 395, treats of such expressions as these under the heading “Prior and Subsequent Emotion.” In his discussion he says: ‘ ‘ The existence of the same emotion at a prior or at a subsequent time can enter only as evidential of its existence at the time in issue; and then is presented the question how far it is thus evidentially available. . . . The peculiar opportunity for error here is that prior existing emotion may have been brought to an end before the time in issue, and that the subsequent emotion may have been first produced since the time in issue. ’ ’ Human emotions change. Some almost trifling occurrence may destroy a friendship of long standing and establish an enmity in its stead, and bitter enmities are often forgotten and succeeded by cordial friendships. Love and hate are the strongest of all emotions, yet they do not perdure. Men may today hate persons they loved six months ago and vice versa. Snch changes in emotion are of such common occurrence, this court cannot say they are unknown to it. All statements made in the full blaze of the homicide by either of the participants are parts of the res gestae and admissible either for or against the accused. Beyond the blaze of res gestae, there is a twilight zone in which any statement made by the accused may be used not for but against him, as an admssion or declaration against his interest, whether it relates to his emotions or relates to when, where, how, why, by whom, etc., the homicide was done, hut beyond this twilight zone there must come a time when statements by the accused relative to his emotions will not be admissible because made at such a length of time from the homicide that it is no longer reasonably inferrable that he had those same emotions then. It is this that renders a statement about emotion, made after lapse of considerable time, inadmissible, whereas statements against his interest made by an *716 accused, relating to when, where, how, why, by whom, etc., the deed was done may be admitted no matter when made. In the light of this let us notice the question propounded to Cunningham and his answer: “You asked him how a man felt who had shot another, and if he did say in substance, ‘In a way no more than shooting that cow?’ Yes, sir.” Thus Cunningham’s evidence does not show Karsner felt that way about it when he did the killing, but that he so felt about it at the time of this conversation, six months afterwards. Karsner may have had no such feeling when he did this killing, yet as time went on, as he battled for the existence and subsistence of himself and family, a battle complicated by the expense of employing counsel, the preparation of his defense, the attitude of Simpson’s family, their efforts, and aid given to prosecute him, all of which he had reason to feel was thrust upon him by the act of Simpson in stopping him and beginning the difficulty, which all the witnesses say Simpson did, Karsner, after brooding over his troubles, may have come to feel even as Cunningham makes him say he felt, and yet he may not have so felt at the time of the tragedy. This is the very danger Mr. Wigmore so ably points out. It is proper the jury should know what were the emotions of the accused at the moment he did the killing, for the jury is charged with the difficult task of viewing the situation as Karsner saw it, as he struggled with his infuriated adversary, and then saying whether he shot Simpson needlessly in heat of passion, as defined in the instruction on manslaughter, or shot him in his necessary self-defense, as defined in the instruction on that subject. While it is seeking a solution of such questions, the way should not be opened for the jury to enter the field of conjecture, which the admission of this evidence did by giving the jury an opportunity to guess that, because Karsner so felt in the latter part of August, he felt the same way aboutit on February 2d. We will now return to the conversation relative to the permit to carry a pistol. This should not have been admitted. Men should be tried for their offenses one at a time. Slone v. Commonwealth, 230 Ky. 199, 18 S. W. (2d) 1005. Ordinarily evidence of other crimes is irrelevant and inadmissible. See Cook v. Commonwealth, 232 Ky. 613, 24 S. W. (2d) 269. There are exceptions to *717 this rule as pointed out in the Cook case, but this evidence in question comes within none of the exceptions. The court erred in admitting it. We have called attention to the fact that this record discloses Karsner has a felony charge against him for carrying this pistol, and it was perhaps the fear of such a charge that induced the defendant’s brother to discuss this pistol permit with the county judge. Misconduct op Attorneys. After the prosecuting attorneys had led the court into error and secured the admission of this evidence then they seized onto it, they took it as their text, and we have taken these remarks from among those which the judge certifies they used: “Mr. Howe further stated to the jury in the course of his argument: ‘That Vincent Johnson was the one that wanted to put the pistol back in his hand and did put the pistol back in his hand, and it has been in this man’s hand ever since; it was not produced here, it was not turned over to the commonwealth, although a permit has been asked and refused by Judge Howard Ellis, while apparently the gentlemen representing the accused in this case expect the jury to give this man a permit to carry a pistol and date it back and let him continue to carry it so it will be dated in the future for all time in order that he may go over to Monterey bull-ragging and bulldozing the people there with a pistol in his pocket, bragging about the fact that he doesn’t want to have any trouble because he has a wife and six children.’ “In the course of the argument of Honorable Ward Vager, he made the following statement to the jury: “ ‘ G-entlemen of the jury, one of the strongest things to me in this case is that occurrence in the County Judge’s office when he (Karsner) was trying to get his defense in order. He was forced, or thought he would be forced or called upon to account for having carried that pistol; and he even asked the County Judge if he would issue bim a permit to carry that pistol, or his brother did in his presence and date it back to a day before the shooting. *718 Why did he want that permit dated back before the day upon which Raymond Simpson was shot? To show his feeling in the matter; look at what he said there to Nelse Cunningham about shooting a cow, “that he felt no different than if he had shot a cow.” ’ ” The attorney who prosecuted this man in the trial court has briefed the case here. He cites Denham v. Commonwealth, 119 Ky. 508, 84 S. W. 538, 27 Ky. Law Rep. 171, which holds that evidence of a robbery committed at the time of an assault is admissible as a part of the res geste, but it is a far cry from res gestae to a disconnected conversation the next day. He quotes from Helton v. Commonwealth, 84 S. W. 574, 27 Ky. Law Rep. 137: “On a trial for killing a person everything done at the time, etc., is admissible,” but certainly that does not include a conversation the next day. He cites Romes v. Commonwealth, 164 Ky. 334, 175 S. W. 669, and Richardson v. Commonwealth, 166 Ky. 570, 179 S. W. 458, as authority for the admission of this pistol permit episode, but they are against him. He cites Morse v. Commonwealth, 129 Ky. 294, 111 S. W. 714, 33 Ky. Law Rep. 831, 894; May v. Commonwealth, 153 Ky. 141, 154 S. W. 1074; O’Brien v. Commonwealth, 115 Ky. 608, 74 S. W. 666, 24 Ky. Law Rep. 2511;. and Thomas v. Commonwealth, 185 Ky. 226, 214 S. W. 929; all of which are valuable opinions, but the do not, as we see it, bear on the question before us. Hall v. Commonwealth, 189 Ky. 72, 244 S. W. 492, 495, is cited, but that was a case dealing with evidence of an effort to suppress evidence, but in this conversation with the county judge no effort was made to suppress evidence. If it were possible for Karsner to have procured such a permit, antedating the killing, it would not render him any less or any more culpable for this homicide. It has ño bearing on his guilt or innocence of the crime for which he was on trial. The Attorney General, in his brief defending the admission of this evidence, says it was a part of the res gestae, the answer to which is it occurred next day. The courts have uniformly condemned all efforts on the part of the accused to suppress, destroy, or conceal the evidence against him, but this is not such. *719 The charge against Karsner was voluntary manslaughter; he admits the homicide and pleads he had to do it in his necessary self-defense. The issue is simple. This evidence bore on it in no way. Whether Karsner had or had not a right to carry a pistol is not in issue. He was not being tried for carrying a pistol. The admission of this evidence did the very thing condemned in Brashear v. Commonwealth, 178 Ky. 499, 199 S. W. 21, it tended to prejudice the minds of the jurors against him, and to make it easier for them to believe him guilty of the crime for which he was being tried. If it does not do this, then the commonwealth will not be hurt by its exclusion, and, if it does do this, then the defendant was prejudiced by its admission, for his guilt or innocence (malice not being involved) is determined, not by whether he had a right to have a pistol or not, but by whether it appeared to him in the exercise of a reasonable judgment that he was in such danger of death or great bodily harm, as to induce him in good faith to believe that nothing less than the slaying of his adversary would avert that danger. Against the argument of the prosecuting attorneys and the cases they have cited, we will place the folowing: Slone v. Commonwealth, 230 Ky. 199, 183 S. W. (2d) 1005; Cook v. Commonwealth, 232 Ky. 613, 24 S. W. (2d) 269; Brashear v. Commonwealth, 178 Ky. 499, 199 S. W. 21; Coleman v. Commonwealth, 204 Ky. 652, 265 S. W. 1; Maiden v. Commonwealth, 225 Ky. 673, 9 S. W. (2d) 1018; Romes v. Commonwealth, 164 Ky. 334, 175 S. W. 669; Avery v. Commonwealth, 223 Ky. 248, 3 S. W. (2d) 624; Barnes v. Commonwealth, 219 Ky. 38, 292 S. W. 492. While the use of the language quoted from the arguments of the prosecuting attorneys must be disapproved by us, yet it does not reflect upon them, as the court had admitted the evidence, and it was their duty to use every honorable effort, in presenting the admitted evidence, to secure a conviction. They erred in using this argument, but it was a reflected error, for which they are excusable. The basic error was committed when they led the court into admitting this evidence; the error in the arguments grew out of that. As a result of the admission of the evidence criticized, and the prominence given thereto by the prosecution, the minds of the jurors were led away from the *720 real issue and the accused was tried upon a false issue thus injected. His substantial rights were prejudiced thereby and his motion for a new trial should have been sustained. The judgment is reversed.